diseases to write a research paper on

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Why Choose Our Disease Research Topics?

Educators want you to convince them that you have taken the time to think about your topic and research it extensively. What’s more, your research should make a meaningful contribution to your study field. Therefore, select a good topic and research it extensively before you start writing. Analyze your information to determine what will make it to your research paper. Here is a list of 100 disease research paper topics worth considering for your paper or essay.

Infectious Disease Topics for Research Papers

Are you interested in infectious disease research topics? If yes, you will find this list interesting. This category comprises hot topics in infectious disease fields. Consider some of these ideas for your research paper.

The virology, epidemiology, and prevention of COVID-19
The diagnosis of COVID-19
Prevention vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Questions people ask about COVID-19
Clinical features of COVID-19
COVID-19 management in a hospital setting
Infection control for COVID-19 in homes and healthcare settings
Skin abscess and cellulitis in adults
Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and epidemiology of yellow fever
Transmission and epidemiology of measles
Role of untreated inflammation of genital tract in HIV transmission
Racial inequities of COVID-19 and HIV in black communities
Community-acquired pneumonia overview in adults
The use of procalcitonin in the infections of lower respiratory tract
Herpes simplex virus prevention and treatment
Uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhea treatment
Society guidelines for COVID-19
Why public education is crucial in fighting COVID-19
Overview of Ebola over the last two decades
Investigations into the use of monoclonal antibody in treating Ebola

This category also has some of the best infectious disease presentation topics. Nevertheless, learners should prepare to research extensively before writing academic papers on these topics.

Interesting Disease Topics

Maybe you want to research and write a research paper on a topic that most people find interesting. In that case, consider these disease topics for research paper.

Discuss bulimia as a common eating disorder
Why are so many young people suffering from anorexia?
What causes most eating disorders
How serious are sleep disorders
Discuss rabies treatment- The Milwaukee protocol
Is assisted suicide a way to treat terminal diseases?
What are the effects of brain injuries?
What are professional diseases?
Is autism a norm variant or a disease?
The history of pandemics and epidemics
The role of antibiotics in treating diseases
What causes insomnia?
What are the effects of insomnia?
How to cope with insomnia
Can sleeping pills cure insomnia?
Explain what causes long-term insomnia
Using traditional medicine to fight insomnia
How to deal with bulimia and nervosa
How eating disorders affect self-harm behavior
How feminism affect anorexic women phenomenon

This is a list of easy disease topics for papers. What’s more, most people will find these research paper disease topics interesting to read about. Nevertheless, students should take time to research their preferred topics to come up with brilliant papers on any of these human disease research paper topics.

Cardiovascular Disease Research Topics

Maybe you’re interested in topic ideas on heart disease. Perhaps, you want to write about an illness of the respiratory system. In that case, consider these heart disease research topics.

An investigation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A research of the causes of coronary artery disease
Antithrombotic therapy in surgical valve and prosthetic heart valve repair
Intervention choice for severe cases of calcific aortic stenosis
Prognosis and treatment of heart failure using preserved fraction of injection
Infective endocarditis management in adults
Risk assessment for cardiovascular disease for primary prevention
Prognosis and treatment of acute pericarditis
Treatment of reflex syncope in adolescents and adults
Anticoagulant therapy for preventing thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 in adults
Acute decompensated heart failure treatment
What is hypertriglyceridemia?
How to manage elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in cardiovascular disease
Management and evaluation of cardiac disease
Conduction system and arrhythmias disease and COVID-19
Myocardial infarction in COVID-19
Can somebody inherit a cardiac disease?
How effective are treatments for irregular heartbeat?
How to determine the risk for a sudden cardiac death

This list comprises some of the best special disease topics. That’s because most people reading about these topics might not have heard about them before. Nevertheless, this category also has interesting research topics for disease control that may help individuals that want to avoid or manage some illnesses.

Research Topics for Chronic Disease

You probably know somebody living with a chronic illness. Unlike controversial topics in infectious disease, people don’t talk much about chronic illnesses. And for this reason, some people don’t know about these illnesses. When writing about non-communicable illnesses, you can settle for human genetic disease topics or even research topics for sickle cell disease. Here are some of the topics about non-communicable diseases that you can write about.

The risk of breast cancer after childbirth
Postpartum PTSD- Effective preventative measures
Experiences of females suffering from cardiac disease during pregnancy- A systematic review
Husbands attendance and knowledge of wives’ postpartum care in rural areas
Postpartum depression screening by perinatal nurses in hospitals
Gestational diabetes mellitus screening from the rural perspective
Maternal mortality- How to help cardiac and pregnant patients
Sex differences in cardio metabolic disorders and major depression- Effect of immune exposures and prenatal stress
Determinants and prevalence of anxiety and antepartum depressive symptoms in fathers and expectant mothers- Outcomes from perinatal psychiatric morbidity
Evaluating the effect of community health workers on non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malnutrition, antenatal care, and family planning
History of women with postpartum affective disorder and the risk of future pregnancies recurrence
New self-care guide package and its effect on neonatal and maternal results in gestational diabetes
Depressive symptoms and life events in pregnant women- Moderating the resilience role and social support
Gestational diabetes and ethnic disparities
Pregnancy and diabetes- Opportunities and risks
Cardiovascular disease maternal death reduction- A pragmatic investigation
Meta-analysis and systematic review of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis with a two-step or one-step associations and approaches with negative pregnancy outcomes
Gestational diabetes mellitus treatment in women- A Cochrane systematic overview
Research in non-communicable diseases in Africa- A strategic investment
How to finance the national response to non-communicable diseases

Whether you opt to write about research paper topics in Huntington’s disease or non-communicable liver disease topics, you have to engage in extensive research to come up with a brilliant paper. We have more health research topics for you, so don’t hesitate to check them. Therefore, select an idea you will be comfortable researching and writing about. That way, you will avoid enduring a boring process of investing your topic and writing the paper. If you want to hire someone to help you with your assignment, just c ontact us with a “ do my research paper now ” request and we’ll get your papers done.

77 interesting medical research topics for 2024

Last updated

25 November 2023

Reviewed by

Brittany Ferri, PhD, OTR/L

Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead

Medical research is the gateway to improved patient care and expanding our available treatment options. However, finding a relevant and compelling research topic can be challenging.

Use this article as a jumping-off point to select an interesting medical research topic for your next paper or clinical study.

How to choose a medical research topic

When choosing a research topic , it’s essential to consider a couple of things. What topics interest you? What unanswered questions do you want to address?

During the decision-making and brainstorming process, here are a few helpful tips to help you pick the right medical research topic:

Focus on a particular field of study

The best medical research is specific to a particular area. Generalized studies are often too broad to produce meaningful results, so we advise picking a specific niche early in the process.

Maybe a certain topic interests you, or your industry knowledge reveals areas of need.

Look into commonly researched topics

Once you’ve chosen your research field, do some preliminary research. What have other academics done in their papers and projects?

From this list, you can focus on specific topics that interest you without accidentally creating a copycat project. This groundwork will also help you uncover any literature gaps—those may be beneficial areas for research.

Get curious and ask questions

Now you can get curious. Ask questions that start with why, how, or what. These questions are the starting point of your project design and will act as your guiding light throughout the process.

For example:

What impact does pollution have on children’s lung function in inner-city neighborhoods?

Why is pollution-based asthma on the rise?

How can we address pollution-induced asthma in young children?

77 medical research topics worth exploring in 2023

Need some research inspiration for your upcoming paper or clinical study? We’ve compiled a list of 77 topical and in-demand medical research ideas. Let’s take a look.

Exciting new medical research topics

If you want to study cutting-edge topics, here are some exciting options:

COVID-19 and long COVID symptoms

Since 2020, COVID-19 has been a hot-button topic in medicine, along with the long-term symptoms in those with a history of COVID-19.

Examples of COVID-19-related research topics worth exploring include:

The long-term impact of COVID-19 on cardiac and respiratory health

COVID-19 vaccination rates

The evolution of COVID-19 symptoms over time

New variants and strains of the COVID-19 virus

Changes in social behavior and public health regulations amid COVID-19

Vaccinations

Finding ways to cure or reduce the disease burden of chronic infectious diseases is a crucial research area. Vaccination is a powerful option and a great topic to research.

Examples of vaccination-related research topics include:

mRNA vaccines for viral infections

Biomaterial vaccination capabilities

Vaccination rates based on location, ethnicity, or age

Public opinion about vaccination safety

Artificial tissues fabrication

With the need for donor organs increasing, finding ways to fabricate artificial bioactive tissues (and possibly organs) is a popular research area.

Examples of artificial tissue-related research topics you can study include:

The viability of artificially printed tissues

Tissue substrate and building block material studies

The ethics and efficacy of artificial tissue creation

Medical research topics for medical students

For many medical students, research is a big driver for entering healthcare. If you’re a medical student looking for a research topic, here are some great ideas to work from:

Sleep disorders

Poor sleep quality is a growing problem, and it can significantly impact a person’s overall health.

Examples of sleep disorder-related research topics include:

How stress affects sleep quality

The prevalence and impact of insomnia on patients with mental health conditions

Possible triggers for sleep disorder development

The impact of poor sleep quality on psychological and physical health

How melatonin supplements impact sleep quality

Alzheimer’s and dementia

Cognitive conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are on the rise worldwide. They currently have no cure. As a result, research about these topics is in high demand.

Examples of dementia-related research topics you could explore include:

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a chosen population

Early onset symptoms of dementia

Possible triggers or causes of cognitive decline with age

Treatment options for dementia-like conditions

The mental and physical burden of caregiving for patients with dementia

Lifestyle habits and public health

Modern lifestyles have profoundly impacted the average person’s daily habits, and plenty of interesting topics explore its effects.

Examples of lifestyle and public health-related research topics include:

The nutritional intake of college students

The impact of chronic work stress on overall health

The rise of upper back and neck pain from laptop use

Prevalence and cause of repetitive strain injuries (RSI)

Controversial medical research paper topics

Medical research is a hotbed of controversial topics, content, and areas of study.

If you want to explore a more niche (and attention-grabbing) concept, here are some controversial medical research topics worth looking into:

The benefits and risks of medical cannabis

Depending on where you live, the legalization and use of cannabis for medical conditions is controversial for the general public and healthcare providers.

Examples of medical cannabis-related research topics that might grab your attention include:

The legalization process of medical cannabis

The impact of cannabis use on developmental milestones in youth users

Cannabis and mental health diagnoses

CBD’s impact on chronic pain

Prevalence of cannabis use in young people

The impact of maternal cannabis use on fetal development

Understanding how THC impacts cognitive function

Human genetics

The Human Genome Project identified, mapped, and sequenced all human DNA genes. Its completion in 2003 opened up a world of exciting and controversial studies in human genetics.

Examples of human genetics-related research topics worth delving into include:

Medical genetics and the incidence of genetic-based health disorders

Behavioral genetics differences between identical twins

Genetic risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders

Machine learning technologies for genetic research

Sexual health studies

Human sexuality and sexual health are important (yet often stigmatized) medical topics that need new research and analysis.

As a diverse field ranging from sexual orientation studies to sexual pathophysiology, examples of sexual health-related research topics include:

The incidence of sexually transmitted infections within a chosen population

Mental health conditions within the LGBTQIA+ community

The impact of untreated sexually transmitted infections

Access to safe sex resources (condoms, dental dams, etc.) in rural areas

Health and wellness research topics

Human wellness and health are trendy topics in modern medicine as more people are interested in finding natural ways to live healthier lifestyles.

If this field of study interests you, here are some big topics in the wellness space:

Gluten sensitivity

Gluten allergies and intolerances have risen over the past few decades. If you’re interested in exploring this topic, your options range in severity from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to full-blown anaphylaxis.

Some examples of gluten sensitivity-related research topics include:

The pathophysiology and incidence of Celiac disease

Early onset symptoms of gluten intolerance

The prevalence of gluten allergies within a set population

Gluten allergies and the incidence of other gastrointestinal health conditions

Pollution and lung health

Living in large urban cities means regular exposure to high levels of pollutants.

As more people become interested in protecting their lung health, examples of impactful lung health and pollution-related research topics include:

The extent of pollution in densely packed urban areas

The prevalence of pollution-based asthma in a set population

Lung capacity and function in young people

The benefits and risks of steroid therapy for asthma

Pollution risks based on geographical location

Plant-based diets

Plant-based diets like vegan and paleo diets are emerging trends in healthcare due to their limited supporting research.

If you’re interested in learning more about the potential benefits or risks of holistic, diet-based medicine, examples of plant-based diet research topics to explore include:

Vegan and plant-based diets as part of disease management

Potential risks and benefits of specific plant-based diets

Plant-based diets and their impact on body mass index

The effect of diet and lifestyle on chronic disease management

Health supplements

Supplements are a multi-billion dollar industry. Many health-conscious people take supplements, including vitamins, minerals, herbal medicine, and more.

Examples of health supplement-related research topics worth investigating include:

Omega-3 fish oil safety and efficacy for cardiac patients

The benefits and risks of regular vitamin D supplementation

Health supplementation regulation and product quality

The impact of social influencer marketing on consumer supplement practices

Analyzing added ingredients in protein powders

Healthcare research topics

Working within the healthcare industry means you have insider knowledge and opportunity. Maybe you’d like to research the overall system, administration, and inherent biases that disrupt access to quality care.

While these topics are essential to explore, it is important to note that these studies usually require approval and oversight from an Institutional Review Board (IRB). This ensures the study is ethical and does not harm any subjects.

For this reason, the IRB sets protocols that require additional planning, so consider this when mapping out your study’s timeline.

Here are some examples of trending healthcare research areas worth pursuing:

The pros and cons of electronic health records

The rise of electronic healthcare charting and records has forever changed how medical professionals and patients interact with their health data.

Examples of electronic health record-related research topics include:

The number of medication errors reported during a software switch

Nurse sentiment analysis of electronic charting practices

Ethical and legal studies into encrypting and storing personal health data

Inequities within healthcare access

Many barriers inhibit people from accessing the quality medical care they need. These issues result in health disparities and injustices.

Examples of research topics about health inequities include:

The impact of social determinants of health in a set population

Early and late-stage cancer stage diagnosis in urban vs. rural populations

Affordability of life-saving medications

Health insurance limitations and their impact on overall health

Diagnostic and treatment rates across ethnicities

People who belong to an ethnic minority are more likely to experience barriers and restrictions when trying to receive quality medical care. This is due to systemic healthcare racism and bias.

As a result, diagnostic and treatment rates in minority populations are a hot-button field of research. Examples of ethnicity-based research topics include:

Cancer biopsy rates in BIPOC women

The prevalence of diabetes in Indigenous communities

Access inequalities in women’s health preventative screenings

The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in Black populations

Pharmaceutical research topics

Large pharmaceutical companies are incredibly interested in investing in research to learn more about potential cures and treatments for diseases.

If you’re interested in building a career in pharmaceutical research, here are a few examples of in-demand research topics:

Cancer treatment options

Clinical research is in high demand as pharmaceutical companies explore novel cancer treatment options outside of chemotherapy and radiation.

Examples of cancer treatment-related research topics include:

Stem cell therapy for cancer

Oncogenic gene dysregulation and its impact on disease

Cancer-causing viral agents and their risks

Treatment efficacy based on early vs. late-stage cancer diagnosis

Cancer vaccines and targeted therapies

Immunotherapy for cancer

Pain medication alternatives

Historically, opioid medications were the primary treatment for short- and long-term pain. But, with the opioid epidemic getting worse, the need for alternative pain medications has never been more urgent.

Examples of pain medication-related research topics include:

Opioid withdrawal symptoms and risks

Early signs of pain medication misuse

Anti-inflammatory medications for pain control

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567 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas

Are you tired of disease essay topics lists simply enumerating common illnesses? Then this article is exactly what you need! Here, you will find an outstanding list of interesting diseases to write a report on or make a presentation about.

🏆 Best Disease Topics for Project

✍️ disease essay topics for college, 👍 good disease research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot disease project ideas, 🎓 interesting diseases to write a report on, 📌 easy disease essay topics, 💡 simple disease essay ideas, ❓ disease research questions.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Role of a Nurse
Research Proposal: Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease
Peru – Globalization, Environment, Crime and Disease
“The Bear Came Over the Mountain”: True Love and Alzheimer’s Disease
Diabetes: Causes and Effects of Disease
Levels of Disease Prevention
Sickle Cell Disease: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
Dealing with the Disease Outbreak A disease is a condition of the body in which some abnormality occurs, which may, in turn, cause pain, distress, or discomfort.
Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review This paper focuses on the definition of Alzheimer’s disease, including the diagnosis, symptoms, prevalence, participating factors, and a description of more vulnerable groups.
Chickenpox: Disease Control and Prevention This paper will present a list of epidemiologic information about Chickenpox, including its description, relation to the epidemiologic triangle, and other factors from a perspective of a nurse.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Disease Diabetic ketoacidosis is a condition that can appear in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and, in most severe cases, may turn out to be fatal if not addressed in due time.
Lifestyle Diseases: Causes and Treatment Implementing the smart goals requires aspects such as consuming healthy food and establishing healthy eating habits, engaging in physical activity.
Real-Life Story of Post-traumatic Stress Disease Philips’s case is an actual representation of the manifestation and intervention of PTSD, a piece of evidence the condition is treatable.
The Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Intervention Nursing intervention has often been cited as a valuable component in preventing coronary artery disease through patient interaction and education.
Cardiovascular Disease: General Information This paper focuses on cardiovascular diseases, drawing from evidence-based studies and scientific data to understand the causes and develop recommendations for lowering CVD prevalence.
Obesity as a Disease: Arguments For and Against Although some people consider that obesity is a disease caused by biological and psychological factors, others are confident that it should not be perceived as a disease.
Theories in Epidemiology. Stress and Heart Disease The impact of stress on heart diseases is highly controversial among scientists. Various studies support the hypothesis that stress is highly associated with heart disease.
Infectious Disease and Public Health Focus Infectious disease may be defined as the clinically manifest infection, resulting from the sickness caused by pathogens.
Kidney Stones Disease: Causes and Treatment The renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, is caused by an imbalance between the precipitation and solubility of the salts in the urinary bladder and the kidneys.
Understanding Ebola: Epidemiology of Virus Disease This paper describes the epidemiology of Ebola, related determinants of health, the epidemiologic triangle, the role of community health nurse in containing outbreaks and a global implication of this disease.
Risk Factors for Hypokinetic Disease This study gives a short definition of the diagnosed health condition of two family members including information on risk factors for hypokinetic disease.
ADHD: The Center’s for Disease Control and Prevention Webpage The Center’s for Disease Control and Prevention webpage on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder sufficiently employs ethos, pathos, and logos rhetoric allures.
Using Mobile Health to Manage Chronic Diseases and Empower Patients The utilization of m-health and electronic health information in CDM ensures more active and knowledgeable patients in the move towards a patient-centered healthcare delivery paradigm
The Ebola Virus and Disease Prevention The Ebola virus belongs to the filioviridae family in the order of mononegaviruses. The virus is single-stranded and exhibits a distinct heterogenous threadlike structure.
Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease This paper aims to discuss Alzheimer’s disease focusing on the problem, affected population, cultural, financial, legal, and ethical implications of the condition.
Caregiver Burden for Adult Children Whose Parent Has Alzheimer’s Disease The purpose of the proposed study is to critically explore the relationship between caregiver burden and social stigma for adult children whose parents have AD.
Heart Disease and Stroke: Project Proposal and Budgeting This paper is a project proposal for the management of heart disease and stroke in Minnesota, outlines a leadership and strategic plan for addressing the high incidences.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease One of the most recognizable symptoms of GERD is regular heartburn, resulting in a burning, painful sensation in the chest.
Disease Management and Effects Regulation Disease management entails excellent healthcare interventions that aim at regulating the effects of a disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease This paper includes educational lessons targeted at teaching how to overcome the burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The CDC can contribute to the enhancement of public health and safety, the promotion of equal opportunities, and the improvement of the quality of life.
Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention Representatives of the philosophical and sociological direction in medicine and prevention consider a healthy lifestyle as a global social problem.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Symptoms, Treatment Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has varied pathophysiology, which provides for the need of assessment data while diagnosing and assessing the needs of patients.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Preventive Measures There are many ways of helping patients with chronic kidney disease to manage their chronic condition and avoid worsening of the illness.
Disease Research: Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a multifactorial, complex illness that demands proper clinical understanding and a multidisciplinary way to determine diagnosis and treatment.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Community Teaching Plan This paper is a summary and reflection of my personal teaching experience for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Chronic Kidney Disease Patient Nursing Care Plan Patients with renal failure are the target population the needs of which will be addressed in the course of the study.
Alzheimer’s Disease in the “Away From Her” Movie This paper analyzes the movie “Away from Her” that presents an accurate portrayal of the lives of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treatment Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive life-threatening illness characterized by an inflammatory component, a violation of bronchial patency.
The Coronary Heart Disease Analysis This paper presents the analysis of coronary heart disease, including treatment, alleviating symptoms, and preventing complications.
The Sexually Transmitted Diseases Screening, vaccinations, and awareness are required because of sexually transmitted diseases’ rising trends, negative effects on the public’s health, and escalating costs.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patient Case Study A patient arrived at the ER with severe shortness of breath, persistent coughing, wheezing, and complaining of overwhelming fatigue.
Nursing Assessment of Patient With Respiratory Disease As the patient has a history of COPD diagnosis, it is vital to consider the pathophysiology of his disease process through the prism of potential exacerbations of COPD.
Dementia Disease and Its Physiological Effects The rarest manifestations for people with dementia are euphoria and hallucinations. The significant clinical presentations of this condition are depression, apathy, and anxiety.
Final Care Coordination Plan: Alzheimer’s Disease Facts Care coordination serves as an essential practice in patient-centered care, targeting patients’ needs, preferences, and values and ensuring access to care and holistic treatment.
Drug Addiction: A Choice or a Medical Disease? This article examines two opposing points of view on the problem of drug addiction – does a person have a choice to be a drug addict or is drug addiction a medical disease?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Awareness Campaigns Even though new problems have emerged, toning down the gravity of the HIV- and STD-related ones, there is still the necessity to educate young people about the threat of STD.
Health Belief Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health Belief Model is important in prevention of illness and promotion of health. As a result, the nurse should apply it to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Sickle Cell Disease Analysis Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) also referred to as Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is an autosomal blood disorder that occurs in individuals who possess a pair of recessive Sickle Cell genes.
Cell Organelles in Health and Diseases Organelles are structures in a cell that have specific functions such as energy production and controlling growth.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Rates in Prince George’s County This paper focuses on the rate of sexually transmitted diseases in county of Prince George, in Maryland. More specifically the community diagnosed is that of Upper Marlboro City.
Assignment on Cardiovascular Disease Prolonged chest pain is a symptom that can indicate different conditions and requires immediate attention from a healthcare professional.
A Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as “an infection-induced inflammation of the female upper reproductive tract predominantly caused by sexually-transmitted pathogens
Public Health Policies for Disease Prevention Health policies and interventions addressing public health concerns have a clearly positive effect on people’s lives. Education is the main outcome of nurses’ actions.
Diseases in the Elderly Population Over the recent years, there has been a significant increase of incidence rates for various diseases in the elderly population.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Impacts STD is an infectious disease transmitted through unprotected sexual activities such as anal sex, vaginal penetration, intravenous drug use or IV.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention The research of the work is focused on finding the roots of the development of common adult diseases and addressing these roots at the early stages.
Alzheimer’s Disease Among the Elderly People Community-based long-term planning has developed over time. Today, a higher level of specialized knowledge and organizational lessons may be used to better the healthcare system.
Heart Disease in the Elderly: Risks, Pathological Changes, and Solutions Heart conditions or cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent among elderly individuals and are considered a leading cause of mortality among individuals over 65 years.
Cancer: Disease Specifics and RNA-Based Detection The paper presents the analysis of cancer as one of the most common causes of death. It shows that there are many types of this disease.
Healthy People 2030: Addressing Cardiovascular Diseases Healthy People 2030 develop programs and interventions to address the cardiovascular diseases issue from different angles simultaneously.
Improving Performance in Disease-Specific Indicators Despite following the recommendations of the Medicare Hospital, the hospital performances for pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure vary.
Common Lung Diseases Overview The human lung is a respiratory organ made up of secondary lobules and Broncho vascular bundles, alveoli and blood vessels, and an interstitial.
Oral Hygiene in Hospital Patients: Preventing Infectious Diseases Having an effective oral care program is a must for every hospital in order to protect patients from contracting infectious diseases.
Type II Diabetes: Disease Analysis Diabetes is one of the diseases that can cause several complications on patients. Evidence has revealed that diabetic complication range from stroke, heart disease or death.
Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease: Correlation The evidence presented in studies provides a direct correlation between hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Diet and Exercise In this research paper, the effects of exercise and diet on human hearts were discussed through the prism of the analysis of cardiovascular diseases, its types, and risk factors.
Limitations and Solutions Related to Diseases Discussion of the possible limitations and solutions is vital. It would be appropriate to speak of the disease itself, its treatment and prevention, its barriers, and solutions.
Dementia – The Disease of the Older Generation The research paper explores the ways in which the quality of life of patients with dementia could be improved.
Crohn’s Disease: A Patient Education Plan Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory disease that affects different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It needs an effective schedule created by a patient for personal needs.
Health Promotion: Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Assessment of the clinical history of the patient shows that the patient had demonstrated an elevated blood pressure level five years back, which is under control with medication.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Description As time goes by, people are more likely to encounter memory problems. This can be both a natural sign of aging or illness.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treatment Protocols When Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) begets acute exacerbations, symptoms deteriorate, and patients experience breathlessness and overall reduced quality of life.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Readmission Adult Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a very common lung disease often caused by smoking, fumes, and a polluted environment.
Patient Teaching Plan: Hypertension as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Kidney Disease The patient has been diagnosed with renal failure. The present assignment shall focus on hypertension as a modifiable risk factor for kidney disease.
Chronic Diseases in Elderly People and Education It is suggested to provide an elderly patient who has a chronic disease with education in order to improve their health status in a certain time frame.
Parkinson’s Disease: Categories, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment The nerve cells (or the neurons) are located in the substantia nigra of the brain which is pigmented part of the brain that secrete a chemical substance known as dopamine.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Non-Pharmacological Treatment This study reviews the existing evidence on non-pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
Parkinson’s Disease: Care and Treatment As Parkinson’s disease can impact the patient and their family, it is critical to comprehend the condition, the range of treatment options, and the patient care requirements.
Female Patient With Hypotension and Alzheimer’s Disease The paper presents the case study analysis of a female patient with hypotension and Alzheimer’s disease who recently suffered a fall.
Gerontology Assignment: Aging and Chronic Diseases Most people on the planet long to have a long life, and many people make preparations on how to live their sunset years gracefully.
Health Profile Assessment: Coronary Heart Disease Health Profile Assessment is a way of understanding the health conditions of individuals and families. It aids individuals to make decisions relating to their health.
DNP: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention The goal of this paper is to introduce a self-assessment that represents my skills and proves my readiness to work on the DNP project to prevent STD in elderly male patients.
Cholera Infectious Disease. Disease Spread Pattern Cholera is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium. The disease is transmitted through the consumption of food or water that is contaminated with fecal material.
Tarui’s Disease Due To Phosphofructokinase 1 Deficiency Tarui’s disease is a metabolic ailment that arises from the deficiency of the enzyme phosphofructokinase. The glycolytic pathway does not go to completion in the muscles.
The Spread of Preventable Diseases One of the most impressive examples of the disease, which is widespread due to the willingness of part of the population to make vaccines, is measles.
Reproductive Diseases and Disorders This exemplar focuses on analyzing reproductive diseases and disorders and on determining the benefits of using assisted reproductive technology like in vitro fertilization
An Algorithm for Coronary Artery Disease Coronary heart disease can be dangerous if not treated at the right time. This paper provided a general formula that can be used to treat and manage coronary artery disease.
The Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors The three main risk factors for cardiovascular disease include hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. They are modifiable since they are treatable and we can change them.
Health Promotion Theory for Chronic Kidney Disease Effective prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD), clearly, requires different approaches to lessen the number of deaths in the world.
Pathophysiology of Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease With new variants of Creutzfield-Jakob disease being discovered, it becomes one of the significant public health issues to properly establish the true causes of the disease.
Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men The paper that was identified for critical analysis was that of Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men.
Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: Tuberculosis Although tuberculosis has gained massive notoriety within the first several months of its premiere, a lot of people remain unaware of the effects that the disease produces.
Nutrition, Disease, and Malnutrition The paper remarks on the essence of nutrition as a critical component of an individual’s overall health, and stresses the malnutrition outcomes.
Human Disease Course Importance for Nursing Students For a nursing student, the information obtained during the Human Disease course provides a framework on top of which one may build further knowledge, skills, and competencies.
Heart Disease: Post-interventional Practice and Monitoring Patient education plays a key role, as the man must be aware of physical conditions characterized by negative dynamics.
The Impact of Climate Change on Inflectional Diseases This paper will examine the increasing spread of infectious diseases as one of the effects of climate change, as well as current and possible measures to overcome it.
Single Children Caregivers vs. Married Couple Caregivers: Alzheimer’s Disease The purpose of this topic is to expand research on Dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease from the standpoint of the caregiver perspective.
Epidemiology: Waterborne Diseases Development The article highlights the problem of water-borne diseases, the author also explains the reasons for the increase in the number of these diseases.
Communicable Disease Control. Medical Issues. Communicable diseases are those diseases that are easily spread from person to person by way of contact, food, water, contaminated objects or even through the air.
Infectious Disease Trends and Nursing Epidemiology This paper studies infectious disease trends and nurses’ role in epidemiology. It defines the commonly used terms and discusses how caregivers can reduce contaminations.
Physiology of Parkinson’s Disease The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease manifest themselves as a result of decreased activity of cells secreting dopamine.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in High School Students This study of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among adolescents will entail the use of a quasi-experimental design.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes and Risk Factors The main causes of cardiovascular diseases are lifestyle choices such as smoking and obesity coupled with physical inabilities.
Alzheimer’s Disease: The Case Study Alzheimer’s disease is associated with dementia symptoms and cognitive disability. Two-thirds of people with dementia develop Alzheimer’s at age 65 or older.
Childhood Sexual Abuse: Impact on Psychiatric Diseases Childhood sexual abuse is an increasing problem in modern society, and the victims of it often develop various mental and physical health issues later in life.
Bacterial and Non-Bacterial Diseases: Chlamydia and HIV Sexually transmitted diseases seriously threaten the world’s healthcare system because they affect many individuals.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Case Study A lady discovers her husband, who is 68 years old, dead in bed. Respiratory failure brought on by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the most probable cause of death.
Advancements in Sickle Cell Disease Treatment A comprehensive overview of emerging gene therapy techniques, including lentivirus-based approaches and CRISPR-Cas9 technology, for treating Sickle Cell Disease.
Early Chronic Kidney Disease Screening Advocacy This advocacy emphasizes the importance of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) screening to prevent complications and reduce healthcare costs.
Disease Control and Education Plan Fighting HIV/AIDS has taken the U.S. and other nations worldwide more than three decades to find the right strategies for controlling its spread.
Reducing Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Hypertension Teaching patients about the importance of maintaining normal blood pressure has increased patient engagement and adherence to medication.
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): Flow Chart IHD is a condition that results in distress in the heart due to a lack of enough blood supply. It is also referred to as coronary illness and is a major cause of death worldwide.
Aspects of the Genetic Diseases Genetic diseases are disorders that happen through mutations that occur in the human body. They can be monogenic, multifactorial, and chromosomal.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Mild Dementia The client has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a progressive respiratory disorder characterized by difficulty breathing and inflammation of the airways.
Explanation of the Salmonella Disease The paper gives a detailed explanation of the Salmonella disease. It gives comprehensive details of the signs and symptoms of the disease.
Assessing the Efficacy of the CONNECT App for Cardiovascular Disease Management The CONNECT app, an innovative health management tool, aims to improve the health outcomes of individuals with or at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Quality Long-Term Care for Patients With Chronic Diseases The provision of quality long-term care for patients with chronic diseases can increase their life expectancy and improve its quality, although not cure the disease.
Family Planning: Human Reproductive Diseases Regular follow-up involves assessing satisfaction with the contraceptive method, changes in lifestyle and diet, or changes in medications.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Autoimmune Disease The paper states that rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease caused by inflammation in the body. It occurs when the body’s immunity targets healthy cells.
Heart Disease Risk Profiles and Gender Differences There are gender differences in heart disease risk profiles and associated chronic conditions, despite the similarity of the classical risk factors.
Shifting Disease Burden and Age Discrimination The disease burden is exacerbated by social and economic disparities affecting healthcare access. Age discrimination and challenges caused by multimorbidity should be addressed.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic Risk and Ethical Considerations Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that causes brain shrinkage and the death of brain cells. It is the most prevalent form of dementia.
Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease While Alzheimer’s disease can be found in every state, Texas’ statistics indicate the special prevalence of the condition, making dementia a permeating public health issue.
Feeding Patients With Dementia or Alzheimer’s Disease The effectiveness of probes in feeding persons with dementia/Alzheimer’s disease remains high. However, because of the risks, other less invasive methods are recommended.
Chronic Diseases’ Effects on Emotional & Social States Many people are diagnosed with various illnesses, and often those conditions are chronic. A significant number of people across the US face long-standing diseases.
Policy Changes to Control Disease Better Concerns and inquiries about the most effective ways to prevent and control viruses are raised by the increasing trend of disease transmission.
The COVID-19 Infectious Disease Analysis Talking about infectious diseases, modern people should remember the threat of COVID-19 and the necessity of taking certain precautionary steps.
Differences Between Illness and Disease If people do not realize they have it, the illness will not affect them, but someone may pass away from it. In a perfect world, the sickness is healed, and the ailment goes away.
Diabetes Disease, Its Prevention and Treatment This paper states that the critical element of achieving success in the precluding of diabetes and its complications appears to be the prevention of diabetes.
Discussion: Disease and Homeostasis Not all diseases can be cured, but some can be managed through treatments that help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
A Critical Review of Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019 The critical review examines the psychological and behavioral responses of individuals to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the influence of personality traits.
Akan Adults with Hypertension: Self-Disease Management This essay discusses the necessary change models applicable for the Akan adult population in West Africa living with hypertension.
The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Nigeria Ebola is a highly infectious disease with elevated mortality and spread rates. The paper examines the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria.
Drug Addiction: A Disease or a Choice? Drug addiction remains a serious health concern for contemporary society. The problem of whether drug addiction can be viewed as a disease or a choice remains topical.
Analysis of Ebola Virus Disease This paper discusses the Ebola virus disease, including its transmission mode, symptoms, and prevention mechanism deeply.
Cholera as a Water-Related Disease This paper explores the relationship between water and global health problems, focusing on cholera as a specific water-related disease.
Tuberculosis: Family Medicine and Disease Prevention This essay focuses on tuberculosis infection, prevention and control, surveillance, epidemiology, and significant events.
Aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD is the main nursing diagnosis. It is a chronic ailment that needs to be treated. Long-acting bronchodilators and steroid inhalation can be used to treat it.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease poses a serious threat to public well-being. The population must be informed about the early symptoms of the disease.
Drug Addiction: The Brain Disease Drug addiction acts similarly to neurological diseases. Substances directly affected the brain, with addiction being the most acute phase of substance use disorder.
Graves’ Disease Symptoms and Treatment The purpose of this paper is to explore the symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment, and possible prognosis of Graves’ disease.
Genetics in Diagnosis of Diseases Medical genetics aims to study the role of genetic factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of various human diseases.
Microbe-Human Interaction in Health and Disease One of the most critical topics in microbe-human interaction concerns microbial reservoirs since they inform one about the various places pathogens can be found.
The Syphilis Bacterial Infection and Disease By engaging in sexual activity with an infected person, an individual can contract the bacterial infection syphilis. This paper aims to analyze syphilis infectious disease.
The E-Cigarettes Impact on Respiratory Diseases Scientific studies prove that e-cigarettes impede the smoker’s immune system leading to increased levels of pneumonia and respiratory disease.
Heart Disease and Its Causes: Stroke Statistics According to a study published in the American Journal of Nursing, the leading cause of heart disease is lifestyle choices.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Symptoms Alzheimer’s disease is considered to be one of the most common causes of the development of dementia. Currently, there is no treatment that can cure the disorder.
Heart Diseases in the United States Cardiovascular diseases lead as causes of death worldwide, and they are credited with 10% of overall deaths, with 85% of these occurring in low-income countries.
Effect of Bananas and Other Compounds on Lyme Disease Bananas contain many bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. Antioxidants such as Vitamin C are present in bananas as well.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Disease This paper discusses the most common type of lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which affects the lymphatic system and can cause tumors in various parts of the body.
The Causes of the Spread of Disease in Hinckley Water contamination with hexavalent chlorine spread in local reservoirs due to unwise PG&E activities to protect gas pipes from corrosion.
Sex Chromosomes’ Impact on Metabolic Diseases Sex chromosomes should not only be associated with genetic illnesses because their impact is more profound, and metabolic diseases are responsible for a high percentage of deaths.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Transmission Involving Drug Use Preventive techniques need to target drug addicts and sex workers to combat the STD epidemic and offer interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviors and drug use.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Osteopathic interventions appear to be beneficial in decreasing GERD symptoms in the long term. OMT may be an additional or alternative treatment.
Care Services for Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease The growing number of Alzheimer’s cases requires the addition of new updated requirements to nursing care centers.
Epidemiology of Deadliest Diseases in History Deadly diseases continue to affect whole communities to this day. Such diseases as AIDS still do not have an effective cure, and some countries have many cases.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Mitochondrial Dysfunction Alzheimer’s is a mitochondrial dysfunction that affects the nervous system and the rest of the body. The disorder slowly and steadily destroys thinking and memory skills.
Guillain-Barré Disease and Therapy Options Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an uncommon condition in which the immune system targets the nerves in the body leading to muscle weakness, tingling in the extremities, etc.
The Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease on Relationships “Understanding how your relationship may change” provides a clear picture of the potential impact of Alzheimer’s disease on family and personal relationships.
Alzheimer’s Disease: The Challenges Imposed on Family Members Specific strategies can be implemented to reduce the negative impact of Alzheimer’s dementia on families and relatives.
Patient Navigation Initiative in Care Coordination for Chronic Diseases The Patient Navigator Outreach and Chronic Disease Prevention Act of 2005 is legislation that curbs variability in the quality of healthcare delivery affecting vulnerable groups.
Stereotyping Related to Parkinson’s Disease The current paper will focus on analyzing the stereotypes relating to Parkinson’s disease. Specifically, the patient group which will be the subject of the study is older men.
Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis as Treatment for End Stage Renal Diseases Recent studies in the field of the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure show that there is a wide multitude of factors influencing the outcomes of the treatment.
Parkinson’s Disease: Description, Causes, and Symptoms Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prominent neurodegenerative complications, primarily affecting the individual’s motor system.
Lewy Body Disease in Aging Patients With Dementia By using extensive professional support, as well as active education of family members, one can improve the quality of Lewi Body Disease patients’ lives significantly.
Heart Failure as Dangerous Heart Disease Heart failure is a syndrome arising from the deterioration of the heart’s pumping function, resulting in its inability to provide a regular blood supply to the entire body.
Tuberculosis as an Infectious Disease
Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative
Vitamin 12 and Its Deficiency and Excess Diseases
Chronic Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Rural America
Researching the Disease Prevention
Acromegaly: Disease Prognosis and Treatment
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Tasks and Aims
Sickle Cell Disease: Background, Issues & Effects
Aspects of Glycogen Storage Diseases
Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Small Vessel Disease
Obesity and How It Can Cause Chronic Diseases
Physical Wellness to Prevent Obesity Heart Diseases
Sickle Cell Anemia as a Gene Mutation Disease
Literature Review: COVID-19 and Eye Diseases
Ethical Dilemma of Patient’s Disease Awareness
Lymphedema as a Lymphatic System Disease
Career Burnout in Nurses Serving Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Effect of Weight on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Each BMI Range
Organelles Disease and Its Consequences on Human Health
Infectious Disease Prevention in the Orlando, FL
Cardiovascular Disease: Study Analysis
Cardiac Health and Disease Prevention
Osteoporosis: The Metabolic Bone Disease
Thyroid Disease as Chronic Complex Endocrine Condition
Strategies to Control Disease Incidence
Screening Tools for Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Marketing to Promote Parkinson’s Disease Studies
Traveling With Congestive Heart Failure Disease
Disease in Vaccinated Populations
Nutritional Therapy and the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology
Measures of Disease Frequency: Zika Virus
The Treatment of the Patient with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Epidemiologic Methods in Infectious Diseases Study
Multiple Myeloma. Disease Analysis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Recovery Plan
Overview of African Americans’ Genetic Diseases
Child Health and Communicable Disease
Genes and Epigenetic Regulation of Learning and Memory, Addiction, and Parkinson’s Disease
Diseases and Their Risk Factors
Women and Heart Disease: Knowledge, Worry, and Motivation
Schizophrenia as Dangerous Mental Disease
Tuberculosis: Control of Non-Endemic Communicable Diseases
HIV Disease’s and Kaposi Sarcoma’s Relationship
Communication Between Sadness and Disease in the Elderly
Public Health Nursing: Alzheimer’s Disease
The Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease
Epidemiologic Methods in the Study of Infectious Diseases
Disease Outbreaks: Toxicity of Fatty Acid Profiles
An Analysis of the Health Conditions of the Patient with Alzheimer’s Disease
Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Self-Management Behaviors
Disease Emergence in Multi-Patch Stochastic Epidemic Models
Evaluating Electronic Disease Surveillance Systems
Epistemology of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
Cardiovascular Disease Etiology and Prevention
Cocaine Addiction and Parkinson Disease
Disease and Circulatory System Correlation Analysis
Epidemiology and Prevention Policy for Non-Communicable Diseases
Health Promotion Among Australian Aborigines with Respiratory Diseases
Covid-19 as an Emerging Infectious Disease
Heart Disease Is a Silent Killer
Role of Nurses in Preventing the Spread of Diseases and COVID-19
Analyzing Disease Frequency What Impact on Mortality
Hispanic or Latino Populations of the USA: Health Status and Promotion and Disease Prevention
Sexually Transmitted Disease: Chlamydia Trachomatis
Distribution of Oral Diseases
Lysosomes and Krabbe Disease: Overview
Effects of Parkinson’s Disease on Victims and Family
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Sickle Cell Disease: Symptoms
Cardiac Disease During Pregnancy
Management and Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Change of Lifestyle
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Review
Autoimmune Disease: Sarcoidosis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Seasonal Influenza Program
Heart Disease: An Epidemiological Problem in the U.S.
Peritonitis: Description of the Disease and Treatment
Analysis of a Preventing Chronic Disease
Addison’s Disease: Symptoms and Effects
The Spectrum of Infectious Diseases
A Preliminary Care Coordination Plan: Alzheimer’s Disease
Preventing Iodine Deficiency Disease in China
Lyme Disease: Causes and Treatment
Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overview: Diagnosis, Treatment, Care, and Condition
Life Stories of Older Adults With Sickle Cell Disease
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies for Access to Care
Lyme Disease in Children. The Lyme Disease Bacterium
Managing Communicable Disease in the Complexities of a Humanitarian Emergency
Mental Health Diseases: Diagnostic Assessment
Disease Management and Its Relevance to the Managed Care System
Parkinson’s Disease and Toxoplasma Gondii Correlation
Sexually Transmitted Disease: Public Health Campaign
Alzheimer’s Disease as a Neurological Disease
Genetics and Public Health: Disease Control and Prevention
Leprosy (Hansen’s) Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Identification, Control and Prevention of Mesothelioma Disease in the UK
The Prevalence and Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases Among Hispanics
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Key Points
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism in Terms of Disease Prevention
Infectious Disease: The CDC’s Malaria Program
Disease Processes. Traumatic Brain Injury
Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapeutics for Patients With Psychosocial Diseases
Living With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management Plan
Heart Disease Risk Factors and Assessment Approach
Specific Disease Condition of Women Life Span
Brain Disease: Bipolar Disorder
Congenital Heart Disease in Children
Predicting Disease Occurrence With Statistical Model
Improving Disease Surveillance in Developing Countries
Integrated Concepts of Disease Management
Child’s Auto Immunological Diseases
Degenerative Diseases: Alzheimer’s Disease – Causes and Treatment
Crohn’s Disease Pathophysiology and Treatment
Alzheimer’s Disease: Overview and Analysis
Sexually Transmitted Disease Overview
The Importance of Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease
Mental Diseases and Violent Offenders
Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in South Florida
Researching the Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Symptoms
Gene Modification: Means of Disease Prevention
Chronic Kidney Disease: Medical Analysis
Quality Metrics for Chronic Disease Management
Alzheimer Disease: Causes and Treatment
Health Promotion Project for Chronic Diabetic Kidney Disease
The Link Between Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease
Public Health Campaign on Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Teenagers
The Cardiovascular Disease: Crucial Issues
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluating Intervention Plan
Alzheimer’s Disease: Study Instruments
Universal Healthcare for Chronic Respiratory Diseases from Economic Perspective
Heart Disease: Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms and Treatment
Fever, Cold, or Pfeiffer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Conditions
Heart Disease’s Fundamental Pathophysiologic Mechanism
Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology Principals
Economics of End-Stage Renal Disease
Effects of Nutrition on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Control
Chronic Kidney Disease: Causes and Treatment
Defining The Harm of Alcoholism Disease
Universal Healthcare for Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Barriers and Supports
Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Blood Sickle Cell Disease: Etiology and Treatment
Cesarean Section and Immune Function Disease
Chronic Disease Prevention: Program’s Effectiveness
Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Coronary Artery Disease: Prevalence of Risk Factors in African American Society
Alzheimer’s Disease – Diagnostic Picture and Treatment
Arteriosclerosis in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases
The Herniated Disk Disease: Causes and Treatment
The Prevalence of Fiber-Implicated Diseases
Lupus Disease: The Causes, Symptoms, and Types
Cholera: Overview of the Affected Population and Description of the Disease
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Radiation Effect and Human Disease Correlation
Huntington’s Chorea Disease: Genetics, Symptoms, and Treatment
A List of Blood Diseases and Their Overview
Chronic Kidney Disease: Program Planning Project
Epidemiology. Tuberculosis as Communicable Disease
Registries as the Tools in Improving Disease Treatment: An Overview
A Connection Between Chronic Degenerative Diseases
Genetic Diseases: Hemophilia
Alzheimer’s Disease and Recent Study Findings
Transcranial Doppler in Sickle Cell Disease
Genetics: Gaucher Disease Type 1
Chronic Disease: Occupational Health Promotion Interventions for Individuals at Risk
New Technology in Diagnosing Respiratory Diseases
Measles Disease Among Children Comprehensive Study
Analysis of Disease and Caring for the Nguyens
Methamphetamine, the Root Cause of Trauma Disease
Medical History Patient With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Healthcare IT in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
Chronic Kidney Disease: the Evaluation Plan
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Symptoms and Causes
About International Classification of Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostics: Mr. M.’s Case Evaluation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment
The Alzheimer’s Disease: Key Issues
The Use of Medical Marijuana in the Fight Against Various Diseases
The Alzheimer’s Disease: Basic Facts
Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease
The Disease of Breast Cancer: Definition and Treatment
Risk of Heart Disease in Obese Individuals
Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Health Promotion: Disease Control and Prevention
Binge Drinking May Cause Alzheimer’s Disease
The Disease of Seborrheic Dermatitis
Overview of Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Education
Alzheimer’s Disease Through the Lens of a Relationship
An Outbreak of the Irrational: Refusion from Measles Disease Vaccination
Epidemiology. Disease Burden in Miami-Dade County
Chronic Renal Disease: Treatment and Management
The Parkinson’s Disease Process of Diagnosis
Survey on Non-Infectious and Blood-Borne Diseases
Stigma Associated With Disease
Universal Healthcare: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Management
Researching the Issue of Tuberculosis Disease in the World
Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Heart Disease
Multifactorial Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Disease Management: Therapeutic Education Research
Encouraging Alternative Medicinal Solutions to Diseases Before Attempting Conventional Treatments
Heart Disease and Stroke (HDS): Pathophysiology and Treatment
On the Influence of the Disease on the Personality
Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms, Prevalence, Treatment
Myasthenia Gravis: An Autoimmune Disease
Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Discussion Board Post on the Huntington’s Disease
Mental Disorders in the US: Alzheimer’s Disease
Cardiovascular Disease and Framingham Global Risk Model
Disease Pathology, Management, and Pharmacological Impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus
Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Global Prevalence
Anemia of Chronic Diseases, The Review of Literature
Donepezil for Dementia Due to Alzheimer’s Disease by Govind
Manifestations of Lyme Disease
Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Case of Mrs. J
Management of Kawasaki Disease
Vaccination Challenges and New Disease Outbreaks
Dupuytren’s Disease: A Unified Treatment Protocol
Obesity Disease: Symptoms and Causes
Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Concussion Initiative Evaluation
The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and its Burden on Society
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the US Society
Skin Diseases: Pseudomonas Dermatitis, Propionibacterium Acnes
Women’s Disease: Breast Cancer and Its Consequence
Tar Sands Pipelines: Source of Dutch Disease in Canada?
Delirium Disease and Older Adult Patients
The Dissemination of Infectious Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Evaluation
Project and Study Design of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Teeneagers
Obesity: Is It a Disease?
Truths and Myths About Alzheimer’s Disease
Lou Gehrig’s Disease, Symptoms and Treatment
Polycystic Kidney Diseases: Types, Symptoms, and Complications
Antigens, Cure, and Disease in Immunology
Parkinson’s Disease: Evaluation of Nursing Care
Diseases Prevention and Management. Nursing Research
Drug Addiction Is a Chronic Disease
Gangs, a Social Causation, Societies Disease
STD: Proportion of Females Aged 15-44 Years Who Required Treatment for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Reducing Readmission in Patients with Lung Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy People 2020
Identifying Alzheimer’s Disease in Elderly Patients
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Miami Community
Contagious Diseases in the United States in 21st Century
Communicable Diseases: Measles and Its Impact on the Population
Communicable Diseases: The Epidemiological Potential of HIV
Communicable Diseases: Influenza Analysis Through the Lenses of Determinants of Health and the Epidemiological Triangle
An Elderly Patient’s Diseases and Interventions
Alzheimer’s Disease Effects: Public Policy Meeting
Incurable Disease in Christianity and Buddhism
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Nursing Activities
Health Statistics and Populations With Coronary Heart Disease
Preventing Occupational Respiratory Disease
Communicable Disease Health Education in Uganda
Respiratory Diseases Caused by Climate Change
Prevention of Chronic Disease in the Modern Society
Hospital-Acquired Diseases & Hand Hygiene Studies
Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer Diseases
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Symptoms
Readmissions in Patients With Lung or Heart Diseases: Methodology
Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer Diseases
Personal Genetics and Risks of Diseases
Genetic Predisposition to Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol-Related Diseases
The Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Community Teaching Plan
Anthropology: Infectious Disease Education for Indian People
Effectiveness of Acupuncture on the Treatment of Nervous System Diseases
Psychology: Prejudice as Disease Protection
Patient Medication Education for Chronic Diseases
Health Informatics: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Evidence-Based Practice
Sickle Cell Disease Concept
Alzheimer’s Disease and Family Counseling Services
Communicable Diseases: Empowerment and Management
The Advocacy Model in the Diseases Problem Addressing
Acute Pancreatitis as a Life-Threatening Disease
Heart Disease Prevention and Patient Teaching Plan
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Public Health Programs and Their Role in Disease Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control: Regulatory Agency
Alzheimer’s Disease Care: Project Implementation
Transition in Terms of Chronic Diseases
Diseases and Health Promotion in African Americans
Prostatitis Disease Treatment: Principles and Practice
Communicable Diseases in Miami
Patient History with Respiratory Disease
Disease Control and Prevention Centers
The Physiology of Parkinson’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease in Pinecrest Community
Communicable Disease Reporting Systems in the World
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Its Prevention
Miami Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Action Plan
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Treatment
Heart Disease Patients’ Education
School-Based Interventions for Preventing Diseases
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Analysis and Symptoms of the Disease
Parkinson’s Disease and Primary Headache Disorder
Dialysis Patient Population: Chronic Kidney Disease
Clinical Question: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Fight Against Infectious Diseases in Humans
Smoking and Heart Disease Rates in African-Americans
Heart Disease Patients’ Education and Barriers
Chronic Kidney Disease: Locating Resources
Human Immunodeficiency Virus as Infectious Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease Identifying
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescents
Self-Management Skills in Chronic Disease Management
Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Affecting Factors
“Zika Virus Disease: A Public Health Emergency of International Concern”: Article Summary and Significance
Research Utilization: Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Therapy
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Programs in the US
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Description
US Geriatric Population and Its Chronic Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Chronic Kidney Disease: Progress Decreasing
Chronic Disease: Diabetes Mellitus
Heart Disease in American Women: Raising Awareness
Lupus, Lyme Disease, Mononucleosis Diagnostics
Climate Change: Changing Patterns of Malaria Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease as One of the Mortality Causes
Residence and Genetic Predisposition to Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory Dysfunction
Patients With Diabetes and Concomitant Diseases’ Risk
Elderly With Alzheimer’s Disease: Functions and Falls
Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Strategies
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Treatment and Care
Sickle Cell Disease and Family Involvement
Strategies for Empowerment and Communicable Diseases
Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Pain Management
Venereal Diseases and Sex Education in Adolescents
Healthy People 2020 Program and Infectious Diseases
Chronic Kidney Disease: Prediction and Recognition
Cardiovascular Disease: Issues and Research
Sexually Transmitted Diseases’ Prevention and Management
Sickle Cell Disease and Healthcare Decisions
Sickle Cell Disease Gene Mutation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Behavioral Risk
Miami Infectious Diseases and Healthy People 2020
Descriptive Epidemiology: Alzheimer’s Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease: Identification and Control
Miami-Dade County’s Communicable Diseases
The Patients Suffering from Chronic Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Patient Education
Ebola Virus Disease and Global Health Risk
Child Disease in “First Look: U.S. Youth and Seizures”
Miami Communicable Diseases and Action Plan
Tay-Sachs Disease, Its Signs and Symptoms
Education for Patients with Heart Disease
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Impact and Prevention
Alzheimer’s Disease, Statistics and Disparities
Parkinson’s Disease Case: Patient’s History, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Communicable Diseases in Miami-Dade County
Cardiovascular Diseases in African Americans
Brucellosis, Gonorrhea, Lyme Disease in Miami
Type 2 Diabetes: Disease Process and Screening
Breast Cancer: Disease Screening and Diagnosis
Chronic Kidney Disease: Dimension and Perspectives
Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Supporting Resources
Chronic Kidney Disease Patient’s Support Needs
Herpes Zoster: Disease Features and Prevention Strategies
Air Ventilation Effectiveness for Advanced Disease Patients
Cardiovascular Disease in African American Population
“Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease”: Article Critique
Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease: The Most Frequent Illness in the Elderly
Seven Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease Stages and Risk Factors
Physical Activity Role in Cardiovascular Diseases
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease
Psychology: Amyloid Deposition and Alzheimer’s Disease
How Does Healthy Eating Prevent Disease?
Can Neurostimulation Prevent the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Elderly Individuals With Schizophrenia?
Does Better Disease Management in Primary Care Reduce Hospital Costs?
Can Embryonic Stem Cells Be Used in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease?
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StudyCorgi . "567 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/disease-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "567 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/disease-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Disease were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 21, 2024 .

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Andrei V. Alexandrov; How to Write a Research Paper. Cerebrovasc Dis 1 August 2004; 18 (2): 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079266

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Background: Busy strokologists often find little time for scientific writing. They sometimes develop a mental condition equivalent to that known by neurologists as writer’s cramp. It may result in permanent damage to academic career. This paper provides advice how to prevent or treat this condition. Methods: Prepare your manuscript following the IMRaD principle (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), with every part supporting the key message. When writing, be concise. Clearly state your methods here, while data belong to Results. Successful submissions combine quality new data or new thinking with lucid presentation. Results: Provide data that answer the research question. Describe here most important numeric data and statistics, keeping in mind that the shorter you can present them, the better. The scientific community screens abstracts to decide which full text papers to read. Make your point with data, not arguments. Conclusions: Conclusions have to be based on the present study findings. The time of lengthy and unfounded speculations is over. A simple message in a clearly written manuscript will get noticed and may advance our understanding of stroke.

By now you probably wrote an abstract and submitted it to a stroke conference. Your mentor reminds you several times to start drafting a paper, and you have no idea where to start. As a simple trick, copy and paste your abstract so that Background becomes your introduction. For the rest, follow the IMRaD principle: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion [ 1, 2, 3 ]. Think what ‘take home message’ you’d like to deliver and to whom. The title sells the paper.

‘Busy strokologists often find little time ... to treat this condition’: this introduction concisely describes the study hypothesis, rationale, purpose, and objectives. A three-paragraph introduction is plenty for most topics. Expand with facts from papers previously published by others, among whom you may occasionally find your mentor. Do a thorough literature search for earlier sources dealing with your subject [ 4, 5, 6 ]. Tell here what is known in the field. You do not need to refer to every paper ever written on this topic. Select key references and remember that for publishing purposes, less is better than more. Consult your mentor as often as possible – he is the senior author after all.

The third paragraph should state the research question [ 7 ]. You may take an original paper already published in Cerebrovascular Diseases to use as a template. Formulate the research question clearly since data presentation should provide equally clear answers.

The first author drafts the manuscript and determines co-authors [ 8 ]. Although general guidelines are available [ 8 ], the reality often demands seeking advice from your mentor. Inappropriate inclusion of authors will decrease the likelihood of manuscript acceptance.

Describe subject selection criteria and data collection tools. Make this description detailed enough so that if someone wants to repeat the study, it will be possible. If new imaging technology was used, tell how and by whom these tests were validated. Avoid presenting actual data in this section: ‘Study subjects were recruited from 1,215 patients admitted to our stroke unit from August 1999 through August 2002’. Instead say: ‘Study subjects were recruited from consecutive patients admitted to our stroke unit. Inclusion criteria were ...’. Methods may disclose power calculations, estimated sample size, and stopping rules.

Provide additional evidence that would increase confidence in the reliability of your methods. Control for biases, validation of research tools, ‘blinding’ of observers – all of these facts, if established before the study initiation, will strengthen the manuscript. Describe in detail the outcome models or dependent variables. For clinical outcomes or surrogate markers, reference a pivotal trial or study that established their relevance.

Documentation of protection of research subjects is essential. Clearly state if a local ethics committee approved your study. This ensures patients or animal rights protection, particularly if experiments were performed. The author also needs to disclose funding sources and potential for commercial bias such as connections with the pharmaceutical industry. Data safety monitoring, independent data acquisition and analysis during clinical trials and appropriate overseeing committees should be mentioned if applicable.

Major scientific journals currently accept less than 25% of submitted manuscripts. If rejected, it does not necessarily mean your manuscript is poor. Rejection means that reviewers did not give it a high enough priority. You should not be too disappointed because, after all, you got very good advice how to improve your manuscript. Follow reviewers’ suggestions and you increase the likelihood that another esteemed journal will accept it. The most important factors for publication are the quality, novelty, reliability and scientific or clinical importance of your work. A manuscript should disclose new information or a new way of thinking about old information. If not, it will not be published – regardless of how well it is written. Avoid redundant or duplicate publications since these should not be published. Scientific publishing is extremely competitive, and chances are that by the time you conceived the project, 10 other groups were already doing it and 5 others have already published it. Stay on top of current literature and know the limitations of research done by others.

The last paragraph of this section should describe tools of statistical analysis appropriate to study design. Consult a statistician before embarking on a project, work with a statistician to analyze and interpret the data, and have a statistician reviewing the whole manuscript for clarity of statistical analysis and data presentation.

Your results are the most important part of the manuscript. Present them clearly by avoiding long and confusing sentences. The shorter you can present your data in tables and figures, the better. Remain focused and disciplined. The flurry of numbers and ‘p’ values should follow simple logics. Start by describing your study subjects, use actual numbers for study demographics. Avoid opening sentences like: ‘Table 1 summarizes our findings in sub-group C’. This makes reviewers frustrated since they have to flip back and forth through pages to understand what was done to study subjects.

Make data presentation so clear and simple that a tired person riding late on an airplane can take your manuscript and get the message at first reading. Very few people can write a perfect manuscript on the first draft. Return to the draft, read it, change cumbersome parts, read other papers and change the draft again, and again, and again. I still do it before I give the manuscript to my co-authors. But do not hold it for too long. Remember, ‘10 other groups ...’.

Present results to colleagues since they would likely ask for more data or analyses. Most likely the reviewers of any esteemed journal would do the same, so include data in the first draft of your manuscript. The internal review is helpful to determine sufficient data to answer the research question.

Most importantly, provide data relevant to the research question. Observations beyond the primary research question can be included in the manuscript, if they strengthen your case. Remember to stay in focus. If you get lost from the aim of the study, so will be reviewers. Prestigious journals have a strict word limit for papers they accept. You need all this space to deliver the key message, so do not mess around but concentrate on the essential. Packing manuscript with data is better than splitting the paper into separate small ones.

Mention a statistical test that generated specific ‘p’ values or coefficients. Show absolute numbers as well as percentages so that reviewers can judge the significance of your observations. Remember that statistical difference does not necessarily translate into clinical significance.

Make your point with data, not arguments.

This section should start with: ‘Our study showed ...’ to lucidly summarize your study findings. Discussion is often the weakest part of the manuscript. Do not repeat the introduction. Do not present any new data that were not shown in the results section and avoid repeating data presentation. There is no reason to underline how terrific your results are – let them speak for themselves.

The second paragraph may describe the novelty of your findings or if they parallel previous research. Remember, only the beginners try to refer to all published papers in the field. No esteemed journal can afford the space needed for this. A skillful selection of the most pertinent references demonstrates a command of the relevant literature. Confirmatory research makes passing the review process more difficult. Arbitrarily, the ratio of abstracts to original papers in curriculum vitae should be less than 3 to 1. If there are too many abstracts, you either have writer’s cramp or the quality of your research is insufficient for publication.

The third paragraph may describe how your study contradicts previous research or established dogmas. If there was disagreement about study interpretation by co-authors, mention different conclusions drawn from your results or other studies [ 9, 10 ]. Avoid general statements that are not founded in data. Do not provide your opinion how to solve a problem that was not directly evaluated in your study. Do not write a review of all possible mechanisms that you have not accounted for in your study. You can write a short but to-the-point Discussion.

The fourth paragraph should describe study limitations. If you do not discuss study weaknesses, the reviewers will. Study limitations may be contrasted with study strengths. This part may also mention unresolved questions and direction of future research.

The concluding paragraph can summarize the potential significance of your findings and what changes to research or clinical practice your data may support. This is a critical part since it is easy to overestimate the significance of your research. Avoid broad claims and strong statements. Remember that even pioneer break-through studies require independent confirmation. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal means completion of your project and dissemination of research results [ 11, 12 ].

Clinicians need to develop skills in scientific writing. If you make a significant observation, a proper and fast scientific communication is required [ 12 ]. Improving your scientific writing is a life-long process. If and when your papers are rejected, remember that most manuscripts face the same fate. Avoid choosing an inappropriate journal for your manuscript submission. Common reasons for rejection include inappropriate or incomplete statistics; over-interpretation of results; inappropriate or sub-optimal instrumentation; a sample too small or biased; difficult-to-follow writing; insufficient problem statement; inaccuracy or inconsistency of the data reported; incomplete, inaccurate, or outdated review of the literature; insufficient data presented, and defective tables or figures [ 13, 14, 15 ]. When reading criticism, learn from your mistakes or the advice given to you. While wrestling with reviewers, you will become a better scientific writer but also a better, more critical scientist. In the long run this will make a major difference to your academic career, and probably will also improve your patient care. Most likely, your way of writing will become more evidence based.

An anonymous and probably frustrated academician once said: ‘Publish or perish!’. This brutally honest statement should motivate you to learn yet another set of useful skills. Good luck!

The author is not a native English speaker. I am indebted to John Norris, MD, FRCP, for – among many things during fellowship training – his patience with my ‘a’s and ‘the’s, and the first lessons in study design, analysis, and presentation. The infamous ‘Norris Rules’ that he taught his fellows are partly reflected in this paper.

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Research Topics & Ideas: Healthcare

100+ Healthcare Research Topic Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project

Healthcare-related research topics and ideas

Finding and choosing a strong research topic is the critical first step when it comes to crafting a high-quality dissertation, thesis or research project. If you’ve landed on this post, chances are you’re looking for a healthcare-related research topic , but aren’t sure where to start. Here, we’ll explore a variety of healthcare-related research ideas and topic thought-starters across a range of healthcare fields, including allopathic and alternative medicine, dentistry, physical therapy, optometry, pharmacology and public health.

NB – This is just the start…

The topic ideation and evaluation process has multiple steps . In this post, we’ll kickstart the process by sharing some research topic ideas within the healthcare domain. This is the starting point, but to develop a well-defined research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , along with a well-justified plan of action to fill that gap.

If you’re new to the oftentimes perplexing world of research, or if this is your first time undertaking a formal academic research project, be sure to check out our free dissertation mini-course. In it, we cover the process of writing a dissertation or thesis from start to end. Be sure to also sign up for our free webinar that explores how to find a high-quality research topic.

Overview: Healthcare Research Topics

Allopathic medicine
Alternative /complementary medicine
Veterinary medicine
Physical therapy/ rehab
Optometry and ophthalmology
Pharmacy and pharmacology
Public health
Examples of healthcare-related dissertations

Allopathic (Conventional) Medicine

The effectiveness of telemedicine in remote elderly patient care
The impact of stress on the immune system of cancer patients
The effects of a plant-based diet on chronic diseases such as diabetes
The use of AI in early cancer diagnosis and treatment
The role of the gut microbiome in mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety
The efficacy of mindfulness meditation in reducing chronic pain: A systematic review
The benefits and drawbacks of electronic health records in a developing country
The effects of environmental pollution on breast milk quality
The use of personalized medicine in treating genetic disorders
The impact of social determinants of health on chronic diseases in Asia
The role of high-intensity interval training in improving cardiovascular health
The efficacy of using probiotics for gut health in pregnant women
The impact of poor sleep on the treatment of chronic illnesses
The role of inflammation in the development of chronic diseases such as lupus
The effectiveness of physiotherapy in pain control post-surgery

Topics & Ideas: Alternative Medicine

The benefits of herbal medicine in treating young asthma patients
The use of acupuncture in treating infertility in women over 40 years of age
The effectiveness of homoeopathy in treating mental health disorders: A systematic review
The role of aromatherapy in reducing stress and anxiety post-surgery
The impact of mindfulness meditation on reducing high blood pressure
The use of chiropractic therapy in treating back pain of pregnant women
The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine such as Shun-Qi-Tong-Xie (SQTX) in treating digestive disorders in China
The impact of yoga on physical and mental health in adolescents
The benefits of hydrotherapy in treating musculoskeletal disorders such as tendinitis
The role of Reiki in promoting healing and relaxation post birth
The effectiveness of naturopathy in treating skin conditions such as eczema
The use of deep tissue massage therapy in reducing chronic pain in amputees
The impact of tai chi on the treatment of anxiety and depression
The benefits of reflexology in treating stress, anxiety and chronic fatigue
The role of acupuncture in the prophylactic management of headaches and migraines

Topics & Ideas: Dentistry

The impact of sugar consumption on the oral health of infants
The use of digital dentistry in improving patient care: A systematic review
The efficacy of orthodontic treatments in correcting bite problems in adults
The role of dental hygiene in preventing gum disease in patients with dental bridges
The impact of smoking on oral health and tobacco cessation support from UK dentists
The benefits of dental implants in restoring missing teeth in adolescents
The use of lasers in dental procedures such as root canals
The efficacy of root canal treatment using high-frequency electric pulses in saving infected teeth
The role of fluoride in promoting remineralization and slowing down demineralization
The impact of stress-induced reflux on oral health
The benefits of dental crowns in restoring damaged teeth in elderly patients
The use of sedation dentistry in managing dental anxiety in children
The efficacy of teeth whitening treatments in improving dental aesthetics in patients with braces
The role of orthodontic appliances in improving well-being
The impact of periodontal disease on overall health and chronic illnesses

Free Webinar: How To Find A Dissertation Research Topic

Tops & Ideas: Veterinary Medicine

The impact of nutrition on broiler chicken production
The role of vaccines in disease prevention in horses
The importance of parasite control in animal health in piggeries
The impact of animal behaviour on welfare in the dairy industry
The effects of environmental pollution on the health of cattle
The role of veterinary technology such as MRI in animal care
The importance of pain management in post-surgery health outcomes
The impact of genetics on animal health and disease in layer chickens
The effectiveness of alternative therapies in veterinary medicine: A systematic review
The role of veterinary medicine in public health: A case study of the COVID-19 pandemic
The impact of climate change on animal health and infectious diseases in animals
The importance of animal welfare in veterinary medicine and sustainable agriculture
The effects of the human-animal bond on canine health
The role of veterinary medicine in conservation efforts: A case study of Rhinoceros poaching in Africa
The impact of veterinary research of new vaccines on animal health

Topics & Ideas: Physical Therapy/Rehab

The efficacy of aquatic therapy in improving joint mobility and strength in polio patients
The impact of telerehabilitation on patient outcomes in Germany
The effect of kinesiotaping on reducing knee pain and improving function in individuals with chronic pain
A comparison of manual therapy and yoga exercise therapy in the management of low back pain
The use of wearable technology in physical rehabilitation and the impact on patient adherence to a rehabilitation plan
The impact of mindfulness-based interventions in physical therapy in adolescents
The effects of resistance training on individuals with Parkinson’s disease
The role of hydrotherapy in the management of fibromyalgia
The impact of cognitive-behavioural therapy in physical rehabilitation for individuals with chronic pain
The use of virtual reality in physical rehabilitation of sports injuries
The effects of electrical stimulation on muscle function and strength in athletes
The role of physical therapy in the management of stroke recovery: A systematic review
The impact of pilates on mental health in individuals with depression
The use of thermal modalities in physical therapy and its effectiveness in reducing pain and inflammation
The effect of strength training on balance and gait in elderly patients

Topics & Ideas: Optometry & Opthalmology

The impact of screen time on the vision and ocular health of children under the age of 5
The effects of blue light exposure from digital devices on ocular health
The role of dietary interventions, such as the intake of whole grains, in the management of age-related macular degeneration
The use of telemedicine in optometry and ophthalmology in the UK
The impact of myopia control interventions on African American children’s vision
The use of contact lenses in the management of dry eye syndrome: different treatment options
The effects of visual rehabilitation in individuals with traumatic brain injury
The role of low vision rehabilitation in individuals with age-related vision loss: challenges and solutions
The impact of environmental air pollution on ocular health
The effectiveness of orthokeratology in myopia control compared to contact lenses
The role of dietary supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, in ocular health
The effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure from tanning beds on ocular health
The impact of computer vision syndrome on long-term visual function
The use of novel diagnostic tools in optometry and ophthalmology in developing countries
The effects of virtual reality on visual perception and ocular health: an examination of dry eye syndrome and neurologic symptoms

Topics & Ideas: Pharmacy & Pharmacology

The impact of medication adherence on patient outcomes in cystic fibrosis
The use of personalized medicine in the management of chronic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease
The effects of pharmacogenomics on drug response and toxicity in cancer patients
The role of pharmacists in the management of chronic pain in primary care
The impact of drug-drug interactions on patient mental health outcomes
The use of telepharmacy in healthcare: Present status and future potential
The effects of herbal and dietary supplements on drug efficacy and toxicity
The role of pharmacists in the management of type 1 diabetes
The impact of medication errors on patient outcomes and satisfaction
The use of technology in medication management in the USA
The effects of smoking on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics: A case study of clozapine
Leveraging the role of pharmacists in preventing and managing opioid use disorder
The impact of the opioid epidemic on public health in a developing country
The use of biosimilars in the management of the skin condition psoriasis
The effects of the Affordable Care Act on medication utilization and patient outcomes in African Americans

Topics & Ideas: Public Health

The impact of the built environment and urbanisation on physical activity and obesity
The effects of food insecurity on health outcomes in Zimbabwe
The role of community-based participatory research in addressing health disparities
The impact of social determinants of health, such as racism, on population health
The effects of heat waves on public health
The role of telehealth in addressing healthcare access and equity in South America
The impact of gun violence on public health in South Africa
The effects of chlorofluorocarbons air pollution on respiratory health
The role of public health interventions in reducing health disparities in the USA
The impact of the United States Affordable Care Act on access to healthcare and health outcomes
The effects of water insecurity on health outcomes in the Middle East
The role of community health workers in addressing healthcare access and equity in low-income countries
The impact of mass incarceration on public health and behavioural health of a community
The effects of floods on public health and healthcare systems
The role of social media in public health communication and behaviour change in adolescents

Examples: Healthcare Dissertation & Theses

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a healthcare-related research topic, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses to see how this all comes together.

Below, we’ve included a selection of research projects from various healthcare-related degree programs to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

Improving Follow-Up Care for Homeless Populations in North County San Diego (Sanchez, 2021)
On the Incentives of Medicare’s Hospital Reimbursement and an Examination of Exchangeability (Elzinga, 2016)
Managing the healthcare crisis: the career narratives of nurses (Krueger, 2021)
Methods for preventing central line-associated bloodstream infection in pediatric haematology-oncology patients: A systematic literature review (Balkan, 2020)
Farms in Healthcare: Enhancing Knowledge, Sharing, and Collaboration (Garramone, 2019)
When machine learning meets healthcare: towards knowledge incorporation in multimodal healthcare analytics (Yuan, 2020)
Integrated behavioural healthcare: The future of rural mental health (Fox, 2019)
Healthcare service use patterns among autistic adults: A systematic review with narrative synthesis (Gilmore, 2021)
Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Combatting Burnout and Compassionate Fatigue among Mental Health Caregivers (Lundquist, 2022)
Transgender and gender-diverse people’s perceptions of gender-inclusive healthcare access and associated hope for the future (Wille, 2021)
Efficient Neural Network Synthesis and Its Application in Smart Healthcare (Hassantabar, 2022)
The Experience of Female Veterans and Health-Seeking Behaviors (Switzer, 2022)
Machine learning applications towards risk prediction and cost forecasting in healthcare (Singh, 2022)
Does Variation in the Nursing Home Inspection Process Explain Disparity in Regulatory Outcomes? (Fox, 2020)

Looking at these titles, you can probably pick up that the research topics here are quite specific and narrowly-focused , compared to the generic ones presented earlier. This is an important thing to keep in mind as you develop your own research topic. That is to say, to create a top-notch research topic, you must be precise and target a specific context with specific variables of interest . In other words, you need to identify a clear, well-justified research gap.

Need more help?

If you’re still feeling a bit unsure about how to find a research topic for your healthcare dissertation or thesis, check out Topic Kickstarter service below.

Research Topic Kickstarter - Need Help Finding A Research Topic?

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16 Comments

I need topics that will match the Msc program am running in healthcare research please

Hello Mabel,

I can help you with a good topic, kindly provide your email let’s have a good discussion on this.

Can you provide some research topics and ideas on Immunology?

Thank you to create new knowledge on research problem verse research topic

Help on problem statement on teen pregnancy

This post might be useful: https://gradcoach.com/research-problem-statement/

can you provide me with a research topic on healthcare related topics to a qqi level 5 student

Please can someone help me with research topics in public health ?

Hello I have requirement of Health related latest research issue/topics for my social media speeches. If possible pls share health issues , diagnosis, treatment.

I would like a topic thought around first-line support for Gender-Based Violence for survivors or one related to prevention of Gender-Based Violence

Please can I be helped with a master’s research topic in either chemical pathology or hematology or immunology? thanks

Can u please provide me with a research topic on occupational health and safety at the health sector

Good day kindly help provide me with Ph.D. Public health topics on Reproductive and Maternal Health, interventional studies on Health Education

may you assist me with a good easy healthcare administration study topic

May you assist me in finding a research topic on nutrition,physical activity and obesity. On the impact on children

I have been racking my brain for a while on what topic will be suitable for my PhD in health informatics. I want a qualitative topic as this is my strong area.

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Research paper

How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

Organize your thoughts
Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

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Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.

Definition of measles
Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
Symptoms and timeframes of disease
Risk of fatality, including statistics
How measles is spread
Immunization procedures in different regions
Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
Immunization figures in affected regions
High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
Illnesses that can result from measles virus
Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
Summary of arguments of different groups
Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
Which side of the argument appears to be correct?

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Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:

Decide on the subject of the paper
Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
Organize related ideas into sub-groups
Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
Create headings and subheadings that are effective
Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format

There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.

Alphanumeric
Full-sentence

An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.

Sub-point of sub-point 1

Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.

Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A

A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.

1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
1.2 Second point

To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.

There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.

Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form

Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.

Example of parallelism:

Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization

Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight

Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.

Example of coordination:

Include immunization figures in affected regions
Illnesses that can result from the measles virus

Subordination: Work from general to specific

Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.

Example of subordination:

Division: break information into sub-points.

Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.

Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .

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Basics of Writing a Research Paper on a Disease

Writing a research paper on a disease can look like an overwhelming task at the outset, but when you have a general topic it makes it a little easier to start out. There are so many different kinds of diseases and it’s such a well-researched topic that it should be a relatively simple set of tasks compared to other kinds of research papers.

Find a Topic

You already have the first struggle done: finding your umbrella topic, which in this case is diseases. Now you just have to narrow it down. There are several ways to do this.

Consider your experience. Have you ever known anyone with a particular kind of disease? Has there been something in the news recently about an outbreak or epidemic? Do you yourself have any kind of disease?
Chances are you are connected to someone with a disease in some way. Draw from your own experience to zero in on a topic.
Ask a medical professional what diseases he or she most frequently comes across. This may be your best bet as far as finding information if it is widely known.

Researching

A simple internet search will get you far, but there are other ways to find information too.

Take advantage of whatever resources are available in your school’s library. Most times, a school or university’s library will have access to journals and information databases that contain vast quantities of academic and research publications. Ask your librarian what sort of resources are available to you in this thread.
It might be old school, but look through paper versions of publications too. Oftentimes there is information present in physical books that never get scanned and entered into an online database or published online. Look in your school’s library for this too, as well as looking at your local discount book store.
Again, if you know people in the medical field, ask them for references as to how to find information. Most of them have to renew their license or do tests once every few years, so it is likely they would know where to find study information, text books, or information on new research. These people are valuable resources to you.

Once you’ve selected a topic and researched it thoroughly, treat your research paper on disease like any other paper. Do a thorough outline to organize your paper, write your paper with references and a reference page, and conclude strong. Once you’ve written it, read it aloud and have a friend read it, too, so you know what to revise.

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Disease Research Paper

View sample disease research paper. Browse research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a health research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates.

Disease is a phenomenon that appears to have struck people globally at all times. However, the conceptions of what disease is have varied with time and place. This research paper gives an overview over various conceptions of disease and highlights what is at stake in the debates on the concept of disease. The core questions for the article are: what is disease and what are the ethical issues entangled in this question?

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Disease is a phenomenon experienced by most people during their lifetime, and it is something most people fear. Disease is a core concept in the health sciences, in philosophy, and in bioethics, but it is difﬁcult to deﬁne. Broadly speaking there are three types of deﬁnitions of disease: descriptivist, normativity, and hybrid deﬁnitions of disease, claiming that disease is given by phenomena described in nature, by human norms, or both nature and human norms, respectively.

The concept of disease is ethically important as it sets standards and limits, e.g., to what a health-care system is supposed to do and who deserves access to certain goods. It also inﬂuences people’s self-conception, their relations to others, their social roles, and their social status. Disease also raises a series of ethical issues, especially related to overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, undertreatment and overtreatment, medicalization, and just distribution of healthcare resources. This makes disease an important concept with far-reaching implications for individuals, health professionals, health insurers, health policy makers, bioethicists, and politicians.

History And Development

From the interest of understanding and helping people, a wide range of theories and conceptions of disease have emerged. Such theories have altered with time and place. Table 1 gives a brief outline of some theories of disease.

This eagerness to understand disease can make us wonder, why is it so important to understand what disease is? Why is the concept of disease needed? There appear to be many reasons why the concept of disease is important:

Disease implies a right to attention and care, as disease is related to suffering.
Disease (in many countries) implies a right to treatment and is thus of great importance to individuals, health professionals, health-care institutions, health insurers, and health policy makers.
Disease (in many countries) implies exemptions from duties, such as the duty to work or to take care of others (e.g., relatives or friends).
Disease (in many countries) implies a right to economic compensation (e.g., during sick leave) and therefore is important to individuals, employers, insurers, and health policy makers.
Disease may exempt from accountability and moral responsibility (in cases of crime).
Disease is important for individuals to understand their own situation: “I cannot do or be as I would like, because I am diseased.”
Disease is important for individuals to explain situation to themselves and others.
Disease has been important to delimit the tasks of health care from other social tasks and topics.
Disease has been important to classify and organize the tasks of health care, e.g., in taxonomies and hospital departments.
Disease has been important to delineate the subject matter of health-related sciences.

Table 1 . Brief overview of some influential theories of disease throughout the history of medicine

Hence, disease is an important concept with far-reaching implications for individuals, health professionals, health insurers, health policy makers, bioethicists, and politicians. It sets standards, e.g., for how health professionals are educated and how health insurance is regulated, and it sets limits, e.g., who deserves access to certain goods. It also inﬂuences people’s self-conception, their relations to others, their social roles, and their social status (see below).

Conceptual Clarification/Definition

There have been many deﬁnitions of disease, all trying to highlight or clarify the various important aspects of disease given in the list above (Reznek 1987; Humber and Almeder 1997; Caplan et al. 1981; Cooper 2002; Murphy 2008; Ereshefsky 2009). At present, there is little agreement on how to deﬁne disease. The various deﬁnitions can be classiﬁed in descriptivist, normativist, and hybrid deﬁnitions.

Descriptivist positions deﬁne disease in terms of biological or mental phenomena which can be described in nature (Davies 2003). Hence, such deﬁnitions are often also called naturalist deﬁnitions. According to the most referred descriptivist deﬁnition, disease is an internal condition disturbing natural functioning. Hence, if a bodily or mental function is reduced below what is statistically normal, then there is disease. This deﬁnition is oftentimes called “the biostatistical theory of disease,” and it takes into account differences due to gender, age, and species, so that functional differences in such factors do not become diseases (Boorse 1975). That is, a person is not diseased although the person’s heart has reduced functioning at the age of 100 years old compared to the total population. Diseases are kinds that occur in nature, i.e., natural kinds, and they can be classiﬁed on the basis of characteristics that can be described in nature.

According to normativist deﬁnitions, disease is a social convention. Disease is the judgment that someone is harmed in a way that (is decided that) can be explained in terms of bodily or mental conditions or processes. Hence, human norms of harm decide what disease is and not biological or mental phenomena, therefore the name normativist. Accordingly, diseases are not natural kinds, although they may be classiﬁed according to phenomena which are considered to occur in nature. The reason is that the phenomena that is studied and classiﬁed in nature are so classiﬁed because they serve human interests, e.g., helping people. The electrical signals in the heart (measured by ECG) are of relevance for medicine because professionals think that they relate to something harmful that can be avoided. When the troponin level in the blood appears to be better in order to characterize, treat, or prevent disease, e.g., myocardial infarction, professionals (and subsequently laypersons) will pay attention to troponin. Correspondingly, it is because blood pressure is related to something harmful that hypertension is of interest in medicine. According to a normativist conception of disease, the phenomena that are measured and manipulated in medicine are relevant to medicine due to human interests (to understand and to help).

Table 2 . Three levels apparent in reflections on disease

Hybrid deﬁnitions of disease can be placed between descriptivist and normativist deﬁnitions of disease, as they combine elements from both. For example, disease has been deﬁned as harmful dysfunction, where dysfunction is a description of phenomena in nature, while the issue whether it is harmful is a value judgment. Only those deviations from normal functioning that are harmful can be termed disease (Wakeﬁeld 1992).

The debates on the concept of disease are sometimes complex and confusing. One reason for this can be that it is not always clear what is discussed, e.g., because the three levels described in Table 2 are confused.

There are also a wide range of terms related to disease, which sometimes are used synonymously, such as malady, illness, sickness, injury, wound, lesion, defect, deformity, disorder, disability, impairment, deﬁcit, etc. (Culver and Gert 1982). This research paper will not address all these terms but will try to clarify the relationship between some of them below, i.e., disease, illness, and sickness.

The Ethical Dimension Of Disease

Inherent in the debates on the concept of disease, there are a series of ethical issues, such as disease’s inherent imperative to help, over diagnosis, overtreatment, medicalization, and justice. These will be brieﬂy discussed in the following.

The Imperative To Help

The most obvious ethical aspect of disease is the imperative to help persons who suffer from disease. The term disease indicates that there is something that may be eased. Hence, disease calls us to help persons who are diseased in the best possible manner, either from duty (deontology), in order to maximize the total well-being (consequentialism); from the character of the professional (virtue ethics); or from the calling in the sufferer’s face (proximity ethics).

Who Decides What Disease Is?

In clinical practice as well in public debates, there are controversies on whether speciﬁc conditions count as disease. Previously, drapetomania (slaves running away), homosexuality, and dissidence have been counted as disease. Today it is discussed whether obesity, sorrow, baldness, freckles, and caffeine-induced insomnia count as disease. Speciﬁc interest groups may argue that something is a disease, while professionals may be hesitant, or conversely professionals may measure certain biological conditions that are not experienced by persons at all (and may be never will). Correspondingly, society may consider something to be a disease, while persons and professionals disagree. Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be but one example. Hence, who decides? This is a moral question that relates to the debate between descriptivists and normativists.

Descriptivists tend to claim that nature decides. It is given by nature whether something is a disease or not, i.e., by abnormal functioning of some organ or process. But where to set the limits between normal and pathological? Does nature tell us the limit of glycated hemoglobin (A1C) in the blood for having diabetes type 1? Although hard core descriptivists claim that nature does, critiques argue that such limits are deﬁned from human interests of trying to help people in the best possible manner. If they are right, there are normative aspects at the core of the descriptivists’ conception of disease. Normativists on the other hand are clear that disease is based on human interests and values. However, it is not clear how values and interests are to be balanced. Is it the patients’, the professionals’, relatives, or society’s values and interests that will decide what disease is?

In order to try to clarify some of the conceptual and normative issues, it has been suggested to differentiate between various perspectives of disease, as indicated in Table 3.

Table 3 . Characteristics of three perspectives of human ailment: disease, illness, and sickness

The three perspectives can explain some of the conceptual controversies, as it may be difﬁcult to cover all perspectives of human ailment by one concept. Moreover, the perspectives may also clarify some of the normative issues in terms of conﬂict of interest between persons, professionals, and society (Hofmann 2002). Impotence (at the age of 70) may not be considered to be a disease from a medical perspective or a sickness from a social perspective, but it deﬁnitely may be perceived to be an illness, i.e., it is illness, but not disease and sickness. If all perspectives cohere, there is little controversy. If the perspectives diverge, there may be conceptual and ethical challenges.

Figure 1 indicates the relationship between the concepts of illness, sickness, and disease. Other perspectives, such as existential and risk-related perspectives, may be added.

Figure 1 . The relationship between the concepts of illness, sickness, and disease

As can be seen from vast and vivid debates on speciﬁc diseases, such as obesity, ADHD, and myalgic encephalomyelitis, there is no general agreement on whose perspective is prevailing. While descriptivist deﬁnitions of disease will favor the professional perspective, normativist deﬁnitions will have a higher afﬁnity to social perspectives. Several positions in bioethics will favor the personal perspective on human ailment, i.e., illness (Toombs 1990; Carel 2008).

Underdiagnosis And Overdiagnosis, Undertreatment And Overtreatment

The concept of disease delimits diseased from non-diseased, and where this limit is set is of ethical signiﬁcance. If the limit is set so that suffering persons who could have been helped are excluded, this is morally wrong. They are underdiagnosed, may be undertreated, and may experience unnecessary uncertainty, anxiety, pain, and death. Conversely, if the limits are too low, it is morally wrong as well. Then healthy persons are diagnosed as having a disease. They may become anxious from being diagnosed and they may be treated unnecessarily and have side effects from unnecessary treatment. While underdiagnosed persons oftentimes gain attention in the media (“could have been saved”), over diagnosed persons get little attention. They do not know that they are over diagnosed but are actually happy that “they found something and saved my life.” Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may be one example, as it can result in invasive breast cancers, but it does not always do so. When found, DCIS are oftentimes treated as breast cancer, although one does not know whether they would actually have caused symptoms, suffering, or death.

Making Risk A Disease

Another ethical issue related to the concept of disease is the predictive aspirations in modern medicine. A wide range of tests are able to predict diseases. The ethical drive for this is to detect disease before it becomes noticeable and, by prevention or early treatment, to avoid disease or diminish its consequences. However, very few tests are perfect. The outcomes of tests are uncertain and so are the outcomes of subsequent treatment. Hence, the test provides a risk, or a range of risks, for a certain disease. For example, 55–65 % of women who inherit a BRCA1 mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70 years, while about 12 % of women in the general population will develop breast cancer sometime during their lives. Hence, testing positive for the BRCA1 mutation signiﬁcantly increases the risk of breast cancer but does not mean that the person will have breast cancer. It is a risk estimate. Such risk estimates do not only give people important opportunities to save their lives and reduce suffering; it also gives them difﬁcult choices, as it is uncertain whether they will become diseased, e.g., should a woman prophylactically remove her breasts? Hence, handling risk factors as disease poses ethical challenges to health policy makers, health professionals, and, last but not least, to individual persons. This also connects to ethical challenges with the right to know and the right not to know. The issue of making risk a disease relates to another ethical issue in modern medicine: medicalization.

Medicalization

It has been widely argued that the conception of disease has become too wide and inclusive, e.g., that it has come to include conditions that are considered to be part of ordinary life, such as sorrow (Horwitz and Wakeﬁeld 2007), stress, unhappiness, and various kinds of social behavior. It may be ethically challenging when the conceptions of disease make ordinary life conditions or behaviors subject to medical attention. Hence, the critique of medicalization is closely connected to the (unreﬂective) expansion of the concept of disease.

Disease As An Existential Threat

As disease traditionally has been life threatening and because most people die from a disease, disease is an existential issue. Hence, getting the message of having a disease may be disturbing and challenging, meriting attention and care, beyond handling the disease. Moreover, some diseases have symbolic attributes. Cancer has been considered to be a death sentence and has been a stigma. While the existential aspects of disease have been were at the core in the hospital tradition and still are in many parts of the world, they have gained less attention in modern Western medicine.

Social Prestige And Stigma

Disease is normally considered to be something negative. However, it may also have some positive aspects, such as increased attention, right to treatment, economic compensation, and freedom from duties (work), as pointed out before. Speciﬁc disease labels may give identity and strong relations between persons with the same disease. Conversely, not being labeled diseased may make people feel deserted, in despair, and guilty. Hence, disease labeling may inﬂuence people’s self-conception and self-esteem.

Moreover, professionals appear to have a relatively stable prestige hierarchy for disease entities (Album and Westin 2008). Organ speciﬁc diseases have higher prestige than vague diseases. Diseases related to organs placed in the upper part of the body, such as brain and heart, have higher prestige than those related to organs in lower body parts. Acute diseases prevail over chronic diseases. Hi-tech diseases trump low-tech or no-tech diseases. Such prestige hierarchies of disease tend also to be present in laypeople and patients as well. When disease hierarchies inﬂuence how patients are handled or how resources are allocated or prioritized, it becomes ethically challenging.

Conceptions of disease also raise ethical concerns beyond prestige hierarchies. The 90–10 gap is ethically relevant, as 90 % of research resources go to diseases relevant for 10 % of the global population. Correspondingly, it may also be argued that the disease concepts used in the economically richer part of the world is of little relevance to the poorer part of the world. It appears to be ethically important to increase the attention to disease entities that prevail in poorer populations, as well as avoiding a general disease concept that is biased toward afﬂuent populations.

Disease is a phenomenon experienced by most people during life. It is something most people fear, and it is a core concept in the health sciences, in philosophy, and in bioethics. Descriptivists tend to deﬁne disease as the malfunctioning of some organ or process and argue that diseases are natural kinds. Normativists, on the other hand, argue that disease is not discovered in nature but is the judgment that someone is harmed in a way that can be explained in terms of bodily or mental conditions or processes. Hybrid conceptions of disease claim that disease is both descriptive and normative, e.g., as harmful dysfunction.

The concept of disease sets standards and limits, e.g., to what a health-care system is supposed to do and who deserves access to certain goods. It also inﬂuences people’s self-conception, their relations to others, their social roles, and their social status. Hence, disease is an important concept with far-reaching implications for individuals, health professionals, health insurers, health policy makers, bioethicists, and politicians. It also raises a series of ethical issues, especially related to over diagnosis and underdiagnoses, under treatment and overtreatment, medicalization, and just distribution of health-care resources.

Bibliography :

Album, D., & Westin, S. (2008). Do diseases have a prestige hierarchy? A survey among physicians and medical students. Social Science and Medicine, 66(1), 182–188.
Boorse, C. (1975). On the distinction between disease and illness. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 5, 49–68.
Caplan, A., Englehardt, H., Jr., & McCartney, J. (Eds.). (1981). Concepts of health and disease: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Carel, H. (2008). Illness: The cry of the ﬂesh. Dublin: Acumen.
Cooper, R. (2002). Disease. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology & the Biomedical Sciences, 33, 263–282.
Culver, C. M., & Gert, B. (1982). Philosophy in medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Davies, P. S. (2003). Norms of nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ereshefsky, M. (2009). Deﬁning ‘health’ and ‘disease’. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 40(3), 221–227.
Hofmann, B. (2002). On the triad disease, illness and sickness. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 27(6), 651–674.
Horwitz, A. V., & Wakeﬁeld, J. C. (2007). The loss of sadness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Humber, J. M., & Almeder, R. F. (Eds.). (1997). What is disease? Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Murphy, D. (2008). Health and disease. In A. Plutynski & S. Sarkar (Eds.), The blackwell companion to the philosophy of biology (pp. 287–298). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Reznek, L. (1987). The nature of disease. New York: Routledge.
Toombs, K. (1990). The meaning of illness: A phenomenological account of the different perspectives of physician and patient. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Wakeﬁeld, J. (1992). The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47, 373–388.
Mukherjee, S. (2011). The emperor of all maladies. A biography of cancer. New York: Scribner.
Sigerist, H. A. (1961). History of Medicine. Vol. II: Early Greek, Hindu, and Persian Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Taylor, F. K. (1979). The concepts of illness, disease and morbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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59 Communicable Disease Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best communicable disease topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 simple & easy communicable disease essay titles, 🔎 good research topics about communicable disease.

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Epidemiology Research Essay: A Guide with Steps, Insights, & Tips

As a nursing student, one of the best pieces of advice you will get is to learn how to write an epidemiology essay. Although not so challenging, an epidemiology class can easily fall within challenging nursing school classes . We are here to change that narrative. Epidemiology is the scientific study of the distribution and determinants of disease and health-related events in a specific population. While these essays or research papers seem challenging at first, you will be on your way to getting a top grade on your paper once you get the hang of it. The following guide will exhaustively explore all the steps you need to write a high-quality paper.

Steps for Writing an Epidemiology Essay

In nursing or med school, you will be assigned to write an essay about a specific disease either of your choice or one that your professor or instructor specifies. Instead of panicking, weâ€™ve compiled this step-by-step guide to writing an epidemiology research essay to help you write a paper that meets the rubric requirements. Our epidemiology essay writers find the entire process thrilling and rewarding, albeit tiresome. Having gone through the process endless times, we have mastered all it takes to write a perfect epidemiology research essay, and here are the steps:

1. Pick a Topic (Disease)

Sometimes professors will ask students to choose a topic for their epidemiology paper. While this is exciting, it can become challenging because there are tons of epidemiology topics available, and you may need help to pick the right one. To make things easier, you must be clear about the topic.

First, you need to understand what epidemiology entails. Consider any topic that covers health risks for people due to genetics and environmental conditions. Make sure you pick an interesting topic that can lead to powerful results.

2. Conduct the Research

You must have all the suitable material to write a compelling epidemiology essay. If your instructor still needs to give you materials for your research, start by doing the work yourself. The best places to start include organizations such as the CDC , WHO , PubMed , NIH , NHS , etc. You need to gather as much information as possible so that all the information flows well when you start writing.

3. Come Up with an Outline for Your Essay

To write a well-structured essay, you need to have a relevant outline. An outline will help organize your thoughts, which helps in creating a well-balanced paper. An example of an outline for an epidemiology essay would be like this:

Introduction

Disease Description
Social Determinants of Health
Epidemiologic Triangle
Community Health Nurse
National Agency or Organization Helping Out
Global Implication

Related Reading: Get over the embarrassment when you repeat a class .

This section introduces your topic, background data, and research details. If you are writing a paper about a disease like HIV/AIDS, share how it has affected people worldwide and briefly state how it is spread. Then show the aim of your essay. For instance, you can say: â€œ The following paper will provide a compelling overview of what HIV/AIDS is, including the social determinants leading to its progression.

Simultaneously, the essay will provide the epidemiological triangle showing how the disease is spread, the actions taken by the community health nurse, and the contribution made by the different government agenciesâ€¦etc.â€

Describe the Chosen Disease

Now that you have decided which disease to write about, it is time to describe it. The definition of the disease should be as straightforward as possible. Also, please provide what you think are the possible causes, common symptoms, how it is transmitted, complications, and treatment.

Moreover, include a demographic of interest (incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality). Incidence refers to the measure of disease that makes it possible to determine the probability of a person being diagnosed with a particular disease in a given period. For instance, if five women are diagnosed with HIV from a group of 200 women (HIV-free) for a year, then the incidence of HIV will be 0.025.

Prevalence is the measure of a disease that makes it easy to determine a person's likelihood of getting a disease. In other words, prevalence is the total number of disease cases in a given population.

Morbidity is simply another name for a disease. A patient can have several morbidities. These can range from heart disease to cancer and so much more. Mortality is also referred to as death. The mortality rate is the number of deaths caused by a disease.

Still, in this section, say whether the disease is reportable. If it is, provide details such as when it is reported and to whom.

Write Down the Social Determinants of the Disease

Social determinants are non-medical causes that influence the outcome of a disease. These conditions influence health outcomes, including stigma, poverty, lack of education, access to quality healthcare, etc. As you list them, show how they lead to the development of a disease.

This section is crucial, as it will help understand where the disease is coming from and those likely to be impacted. For instance, if you are writing about infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, you can say that poor people or those with proper education are the most likely to get the disease. Some can be lured to engage in sexual activities with promises of money, food, and shelter.

Discuss the Epidemiology Triangle Related to the Disease

As an epidemiologist, it is imperative to understand the process by which a disease spreads is essential. They use a tool to help them understand how this process occurs. This tool is referred to as an epidemiology triangle . In other words, an epidemiology triangle is a simple tool for explaining the organisms that cause disease and the conditions that allow this to happen.

You should be aware that diseases such as HIV/AIDS spread from one person to another. An epidemiology triangle can guide people to understand how disease spreads from one person in a given situation.

This triangle consists of the following:

Causative Agent
Environment

In the same example of HIV/AIDS, the causal agent is HIV. The host is the organism carrying the virus and transmitting it to another person. The environment is the social and economic factors that influence the rate at which the disease spreads.

You should also note whether any considerations are given to schools, communities, or the public. If so, please list them down. Also, mention if these regions are responsible for the spread of the disease through inappropriate behavior or practices. Show how all these people can benefit from measures that will keep them safe. These measures could be things like education, posters, and pamphlets.

Discuss the Role of Community Health Nurses

A community health nurse is responsible for encouraging healthy living, preventing diseases, and providing medical treatment. Research their role in case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-ups, and include them in your essay.

Additionally, say why the demographic data is essential. Demographic data encompasses all aspects of a population. This data helps in providing greater accountability and treatment measures. When done correctly, this data can help treat people of different ethnic backgrounds, gender, and age difference. These people can be treated with the correct data by considering specific demographic factors.

Point Out the Organization that Organization Helping Out

If an organization (s) addresses the disease you are discussing, please mention it. Also, mention the measures they have in place to resolve or combat the impact of the disease.

For instance, say how governments are actively involved in helping to find solutions to a particular disease. Include measures put in place by governments to support these organizations and society in general. You can list government-funded institutions that conduct studies to solve health problems.

What are the Global Implications?

List down the implications for the disease in question. What is the mortality rate? Have there been any economic damages or social or psychological impacts? How do different countries address these impacts? Has it affected different cultures? Is the particular disease endemic? All these questions are essential and must be addressed in the paper. For instance, if you are writing epidemiology of HIV, you can say the implications are;

HIV affects people in every country, thus resulting in governments and healthcare institutions prioritizing it. Researchers in every country have been engaged internationally to study and find ideas to help manage the disease.

In this section, write down the summary of your paper. Say what the epidemiology has discovered about the disease in question. Also, add what government agencies and international communities should do to solve the health problem.

Remember that this is a concluding paragraph and should be a summary of what you have written. Refrain from introducing any new points or ideas.

This section provides detailed information about all the materials you used in your epidemiology paper. Write this section in a separate paper and ensure you follow the same formatting style.

How to Format Your Epidemiology Paper

When writing your epidemiology essay, your paper should have the following sections: title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and references when writing in APA format

Title of 10-12 words reflecting the content of your essay, formatted in APA, AMA, or Harvard referencing styles.
Write and double-space the title, your name, and the name of the college
Create a page header and include the running head, which should be in capital letters.
The topic of the essay.

The purpose of an introduction paragraph is to provide the reader with a clear picture of what the body will be about.

A good introduction should summarize, incorporate and evaluate the collected data in a way that will set the stage for the body of the essay. It should also have the thesis statement of your paper, which is the main idea or argument in your entire paper.

If you want the readers drawn to reading your epidemiology paper, ensure that you have a catchy or thought-provoking hook statement or attention grabber.

Ensure there is also a logical flow of ideas to avoid confusing your readers. You can also signpost ideas so that the readers have a clear roadmap of the paper right from the start.

Related: Tips for writing an outstanding nursing class essay.

This is the longest and most important part of your essay. It contains all the main ideas and points you are trying to convey. This is where you guide the reader through all ideas, arguments, and points supporting your research topics. You must explain all of them in detail.

Related: How to formulate a PICOT Question or statement .

Use the insert page breaker feature in Microsoft Word to begin a new page when setting up your reference paper. Remember that the header and margins are similar to that of the body, and the pagination will continue from the body of your essay. The header and page number will also appear correctly in the reference section if the paper is set correctly.

To format your entries, include the following:

Author(s) name
The year and date(where applicable)
The source's full title
If it is a book, write the city where it was published.
If it is articles or essays, write down the name of the books where they appear.
Write the volume, issue number, and the page where you sourced the article.
Write the URL of the source if it is from the Web.

Other rules to keep in mind for APA format:

Your assignment must be printed on 8Â½-by-11-inch
Leave a 1-inch margin on each side
Make sure there are page numbers

Tips for Writing a Compelling Epidemiology Essay

Nursing epidemiology essays, just like other academic writing, must meet specific criteria to be A+ level. Follow these tips to avoid mistakes that could cost you a higher grade.

Avoid using Colloquialisms; this is an academic paper and needs to be written with some level of professionalism.
Make sure you revise the essay. Revising entails paying attention to the little things you missed while writing the essay. It involves checking the word choice to ensure clarity. Try to avoid the use of passive voice and use active voice instead. In addition, use online tools to edit your work.
This is the final polishing technique after revisions. It involves checking formatting issues, misspellings, punctuation, and any other mistakes you might have missed.
Read your work aloud to pick out any errors you might have missed. Remove all unnecessary words and repetition.
Make sure your work is precise and to the point. Consider checking that every sentence, word, or phrase makes sense.
Even when grammatically correct, long sentences can muddle the intended meaning, so avoid them.
If you are asked to make a concept map for your epidemiology paper, ensure that you develop a well-labeled, refined, and illustrative nursing concept map .

Writing an epidemiology essay as a nursing student can be challenging at first. However, once you have all the correct information and steps with you, it will be a smooth ride. Ensure you understand the topic and have all the right data before writing. With this in place, you can follow the above steps to perfect your paper. Also, revise and proofread your work to meet the required standards.

Related Reading: The cost of getting your paper done at NurseMyGrade .

Are you stuck with an epidemiology essay or paper? Do you need someone to pay to do your epidemiology essay? We can help. Our established nursing and medical writers at NurseMyGrade have a wealth of knowledge in writing epidemiology papers. It does not matter whether it is tough or challenging; they always get it right. The good thing, they use scholarly peer-reviewed nursing journals that are country specific. So, if you are an Australian nursing or med student, they will only use relevant Australian-based peer-reviewed journals. The same applies to our clients from Canada, the USA, or the UK.

We write 100% original, non-AI generated, and well-polished papers that can serve as excellent references for inspiration when writing your future nursing or med school papers. Trust us today and get top-quality papers. We also handle online classes for nursing students at an affordable fee. Just tell us, â€œ do my online nursing class ,â€ and we will reach out to you and figure out a personalized approach for mutual benefit.

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Successful Scientific Writing and Publishing: A Step-by-Step Approach

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES — Volume 15 — June 14, 2018

John K. Iskander, MD, MPH 1 ; Sara Beth Wolicki, MPH, CPH 1 ,2 ; Rebecca T. Leeb, PhD 1 ; Paul Z. Siegel, MD, MPH 1 ( View author affiliations )

Suggested citation for this article: Iskander JK, Wolicki SB, Leeb RT, Siegel PZ. Successful Scientific Writing and Publishing: A Step-by-Step Approach. [Erratum appears in Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15. http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2018/18_0085e.htm .] Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15:180085. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.180085 .

Introduction

Basic recommendations for scientific writing, sections of an original research article, beginning the writing process, acknowledgments, author information.

Scientific writing and publication are essential to advancing knowledge and practice in public health, but prospective authors face substantial challenges. Authors can overcome barriers, such as lack of understanding about scientific writing and the publishing process, with training and resources. The objective of this article is to provide guidance and practical recommendations to help both inexperienced and experienced authors working in public health settings to more efficiently publish the results of their work in the peer-reviewed literature. We include an overview of basic scientific writing principles, a detailed description of the sections of an original research article, and practical recommendations for selecting a journal and responding to peer review comments. The overall approach and strategies presented are intended to contribute to individual career development while also increasing the external validity of published literature and promoting quality public health science.

Publishing in the peer-reviewed literature is essential to advancing science and its translation to practice in public health (1,2). The public health workforce is diverse and practices in a variety of settings (3). For some public health professionals, writing and publishing the results of their work is a requirement. Others, such as program managers, policy makers, or health educators, may see publishing as being outside the scope of their responsibilities (4).

Disseminating new knowledge via writing and publishing is vital both to authors and to the field of public health (5). On an individual level, publishing is associated with professional development and career advancement (6). Publications share new research, results, and methods in a trusted format and advance scientific knowledge and practice (1,7). As more public health professionals are empowered to publish, the science and practice of public health will advance (1).

Unfortunately, prospective authors face barriers to publishing their work, including navigating the process of scientific writing and publishing, which can be time-consuming and cumbersome. Often, public health professionals lack both training opportunities and understanding of the process (8). To address these barriers and encourage public health professionals to publish their findings, the senior author (P.Z.S.) and others developed Successful Scientific Writing (SSW), a course about scientific writing and publishing. Over the past 30 years, this course has been taught to thousands of public health professionals, as well as hundreds of students at multiple graduate schools of public health. An unpublished longitudinal survey of course participants indicated that two-thirds agreed that SSW had helped them to publish a scientific manuscript or have a conference abstract accepted. The course content has been translated into this manuscript. The objective of this article is to provide prospective authors with the tools needed to write original research articles of high quality that have a good chance of being published.

Prospective authors need to know and tailor their writing to the audience. When writing for scientific journals, 4 fundamental recommendations are: clearly stating the usefulness of the study, formulating a key message, limiting unnecessary words, and using strategic sentence structure.

To demonstrate usefulness, focus on how the study addresses a meaningful gap in current knowledge or understanding. What critical piece of information does the study provide that will help solve an important public health problem? For example, if a particular group of people is at higher risk for a specific condition, but the magnitude of that risk is unknown, a study to quantify the risk could be important for measuring the population’s burden of disease.

Scientific articles should have a clear and concise take-home message. Typically, this is expressed in 1 to 2 sentences that summarize the main point of the paper. This message can be used to focus the presentation of background information, results, and discussion of findings. As an early step in the drafting of an article, we recommend writing out the take-home message and sharing it with co-authors for their review and comment. Authors who know their key point are better able to keep their writing within the scope of the article and present information more succinctly. Once an initial draft of the manuscript is complete, the take-home message can be used to review the content and remove needless words, sentences, or paragraphs.

Concise writing improves the clarity of an article. Including additional words or clauses can divert from the main message and confuse the reader. Additionally, journal articles are typically limited by word count. The most important words and phrases to eliminate are those that do not add meaning, or are duplicative. Often, cutting adjectives or parenthetical statements results in a more concise paper that is also easier to read.

Sentence structure strongly influences the readability and comprehension of journal articles. Twenty to 25 words is a reasonable range for maximum sentence length. Limit the number of clauses per sentence, and place the most important or relevant clause at the end of the sentence (9). Consider the sentences:

By using these tips and tricks, an author may write and publish an additional 2 articles a year.

An author may write and publish an additional 2 articles a year by using these tips and tricks.

The focus of the first sentence is on the impact of using the tips and tricks, that is, 2 more articles published per year. In contrast, the second sentence focuses on the tips and tricks themselves.

Authors should use the active voice whenever possible. Consider the following example:

Active voice: Authors who use the active voice write more clearly.

Passive voice: Clarity of writing is promoted by the use of the active voice.

The active voice specifies who is doing the action described in the sentence. Using the active voice improves clarity and understanding, and generally uses fewer words. Scientific writing includes both active and passive voice, but authors should be intentional with their use of either one.

Original research articles make up most of the peer-reviewed literature (10), follow a standardized format, and are the focus of this article. The 4 main sections are the introduction, methods, results, and discussion, sometimes referred to by the initialism, IMRAD. These 4 sections are referred to as the body of an article. Two additional components of all peer-reviewed articles are the title and the abstract. Each section’s purpose and key components, along with specific recommendations for writing each section, are listed below.

Title. The purpose of a title is twofold: to provide an accurate and informative summary and to attract the target audience. Both prospective readers and database search engines use the title to screen articles for relevance (2). All titles should clearly state the topic being studied. The topic includes the who, what, when, and where of the study. Along with the topic, select 1 or 2 of the following items to include within the title: methods, results, conclusions, or named data set or study. The items chosen should emphasize what is new and useful about the study. Some sources recommend limiting the title to less than 150 characters (2). Articles with shorter titles are more frequently cited than articles with longer titles (11). Several title options are possible for the same study (Figure).

Figure 1. Two examples of title options for a single study. [A text version of this figure is also available.]

Abstract . The abstract serves 2 key functions. Journals may screen articles for potential publication by using the abstract alone (12), and readers may use the abstract to decide whether to read further. Therefore, it is critical to produce an accurate and clear abstract that highlights the major purpose of the study, basic procedures, main findings, and principal conclusions (12). Most abstracts have a word limit and can be either structured following IMRAD, or unstructured. The abstract needs to stand alone from the article and tell the most important parts of the scientific story up front.

Introduction . The purpose of the introduction is to explain how the study sought to create knowledge that is new and useful. The introduction section may often require only 3 paragraphs. First, describe the scope, nature, or magnitude of the problem being addressed. Next, clearly articulate why better understanding this problem is useful, including what is currently known and the limitations of relevant previous studies. Finally, explain what the present study adds to the knowledge base. Explicitly state whether data were collected in a unique way or obtained from a previously unstudied data set or population. Presenting both the usefulness and novelty of the approach taken will prepare the reader for the remaining sections of the article.

Methods . The methods section provides the information necessary to allow others, given the same data, to recreate the analysis. It describes exactly how data relevant to the study purpose were collected, organized, and analyzed. The methods section describes the process of conducting the study — from how the sample was selected to which statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Authors should clearly name, define, and describe each study variable. Some journals allow detailed methods to be included in an appendix or supplementary document. If the analysis involves a commonly used public health data set, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (13), general aspects of the data set can be provided to readers by using references. Because what was done is typically more important than who did it, use of the passive voice is often appropriate when describing methods. For example, “The study was a group randomized, controlled trial. A coin was tossed to select an intervention group and a control group.”

Results . The results section describes the main outcomes of the study or analysis but does not interpret the findings or place them in the context of previous research. It is important that the results be logically organized. Suggested organization strategies include presenting results pertaining to the entire population first, and then subgroup analyses, or presenting results according to increasing complexity of analysis, starting with demographic results before proceeding to univariate and multivariate analyses. Authors wishing to draw special attention to novel or unexpected results can present them first.

One strategy for writing the results section is to start by first drafting the figures and tables. Figures, which typically show trends or relationships, and tables, which show specific data points, should each support a main outcome of the study. Identify the figures and tables that best describe the findings and relate to the study’s purpose, and then develop 1 to 2 sentences summarizing each one. Data not relevant to the study purpose may be excluded, summarized briefly in the text, or included in supplemental data sets. When finalizing figures, ensure that axes are labeled and that readers can understand figures without having to refer to accompanying text.

Discussion . In the discussion section, authors interpret the results of their study within the context of both the related literature and the specific scientific gap the study was intended to fill. The discussion does not introduce results that were not presented in the results section. One way authors can focus their discussion is to limit this section to 4 paragraphs: start by reinforcing the study’s take-home message(s), contextualize key results within the relevant literature, state the study limitations, and lastly, make recommendations for further research or policy and practice changes. Authors can support assertions made in the discussion with either their own findings or by referencing related research. By interpreting their own study results and comparing them to others in the literature, authors can emphasize findings that are unique, useful, and relevant. Present study limitations clearly and without apology. Finally, state the implications of the study and provide recommendations or next steps, for example, further research into remaining gaps or changes to practice or policy. Statements or recommendations regarding policy may use the passive voice, especially in instances where the action to be taken is more important than who will implement the action.

The process of writing a scientific article occurs before, during, and after conducting the study or analyses. Conducting a literature review is crucial to confirm the existence of the evidence gap that the planned analysis seeks to fill. Because literature searches are often part of applying for research funding or developing a study protocol, the citations used in the grant application or study proposal can also be used in subsequent manuscripts. Full-text databases such as PubMed Central (14), NIH RePORT (15), and CDC Stacks (16) can be useful when performing literature reviews. Authors should familiarize themselves with databases that are accessible through their institution and any assistance that may be available from reference librarians or interlibrary loan systems. Using citation management software is one way to establish and maintain a working reference list. Authors should clearly understand the distinction between primary and secondary references, and ensure that they are knowledgeable about the content of any primary or secondary reference that they cite.

Review of the literature may continue while organizing the material and writing begins. One way to organize material is to create an outline for the paper. Another way is to begin drafting small sections of the article such as the introduction. Starting a preliminary draft forces authors to establish the scope of their analysis and clearly articulate what is new and novel about the study. Furthermore, using information from the study protocol or proposal allows authors to draft the methods and part of the results sections while the study is in progress. Planning potential data comparisons or drafting “table shells” will help to ensure that the study team has collected all the necessary data. Drafting these preliminary sections early during the writing process and seeking feedback from co-authors and colleagues may help authors avoid potential pitfalls, including misunderstandings about study objectives.

The next step is to conduct the study or analyses and use the resulting data to fill in the draft table shells. The initial results will most likely require secondary analyses, that is, exploring the data in ways in addition to those originally planned. Authors should ensure that they regularly update their methods section to describe all changes to data analysis.

After completing table shells, authors should summarize the key finding of each table or figure in a sentence or two. Presenting preliminary results at meetings, conferences, and internal seminars is an established way to solicit feedback. Authors should pay close attention to questions asked by the audience, treating them as an informal opportunity for peer review. On the basis of the questions and feedback received, authors can incorporate revisions and improvements into subsequent drafts of the manuscript.

The relevant literature should be revisited periodically while writing to ensure knowledge of the most recent publications about the manuscript topic. Authors should focus on content and key message during the process of writing the first draft and should not spend too much time on issues of grammar or style. Drafts, or portions of drafts, should be shared frequently with trusted colleagues. Their recommendations should be reviewed and incorporated when they will improve the manuscript’s overall clarity.

For most authors, revising drafts of the manuscript will be the most time-consuming task involved in writing a paper. By regularly checking in with coauthors and colleagues, authors can adopt a systematic approach to rewriting. When the author has completed a draft of the manuscript, he or she should revisit the key take-home message to ensure that it still matches the final data and analysis. At this point, final comments and approval of the manuscript by coauthors can be sought.

Authors should then seek to identify journals most likely to be interested in considering the study for publication. Initial questions to consider when selecting a journal include:

Which audience is most interested in the paper’s message?

Would clinicians, public health practitioners, policy makers, scientists, or a broader audience find this useful in their field or practice?

Do colleagues have prior experience submitting a manuscript to this journal?

Is the journal indexed and peer-reviewed?

Is the journal subscription or open-access and are there any processing fees?

How competitive is the journal?

Authors should seek to balance the desire to be published in a top-tier journal (eg, Journal of the American Medical Association, BMJ, or Lancet) against the statistical likelihood of rejection. Submitting the paper initially to a journal more focused on the paper’s target audience may result in a greater chance of acceptance, as well as more timely dissemination of findings that can be translated into practice. Most of the 50 to 75 manuscripts published each week by authors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are published in specialty and subspecialty journals, rather than in top-tier journals (17).

The target journal’s website will include author guidelines, which will contain specific information about format requirements (eg, font, line spacing, section order, reference style and limit, table and figure formatting), authorship criteria, article types, and word limits for articles and abstracts.

We recommend returning to the previously drafted abstract and ensuring that it complies with the journal’s format and word limit. Authors should also verify that any changes made to the methods or results sections during the article’s drafting are reflected in the final version of the abstract. The abstract should not be written hurriedly just before submitting the manuscript; it is often apparent to editors and reviewers when this has happened. A cover letter to accompany the submission should be drafted; new and useful findings and the key message should be included.

Before submitting the manuscript and cover letter, authors should perform a final check to ensure that their paper complies with all journal requirements. Journals may elect to reject certain submissions on the basis of review of the abstract, or may send them to peer reviewers (typically 2 or 3) for consultation. Occasionally, on the basis of peer reviews, the journal will request only minor changes before accepting the paper for publication. Much more frequently, authors will receive a request to revise and resubmit their manuscript, taking into account peer review comments. Authors should recognize that while revise-and-resubmit requests may state that the manuscript is not acceptable in its current form, this does not constitute a rejection of the article. Authors have several options in responding to peer review comments:

Performing additional analyses and updating the article appropriately

Declining to perform additional analyses, but providing an explanation (eg, because the requested analysis goes beyond the scope of the article)

Providing updated references

Acknowledging reviewer comments that are simply comments without making changes

In addition to submitting a revised manuscript, authors should include a cover letter in which they list peer reviewer comments, along with the revisions they have made to the manuscript and their reply to the comment. The tone of such letters should be thankful and polite, but authors should make clear areas of disagreement with peer reviewers, and explain why they disagree. During the peer review process, authors should continue to consult with colleagues, especially ones who have more experience with the specific journal or with the peer review process.

There is no secret to successful scientific writing and publishing. By adopting a systematic approach and by regularly seeking feedback from trusted colleagues throughout the study, writing, and article submission process, authors can increase their likelihood of not only publishing original research articles of high quality but also becoming more scientifically productive overall.

The authors acknowledge PCD ’s former Associate Editor, Richard A. Goodman, MD, MPH, who, while serving as Editor in Chief of CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Series, initiated a curriculum on scientific writing for training CDC’s Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers and other CDC public health professionals, and with whom the senior author of this article (P.Z.S.) collaborated in expanding training methods and contents, some of which are contained in this article. The authors acknowledge Juan Carlos Zevallos, MD, for his thoughtful critique and careful editing of previous Successful Scientific Writing materials. We also thank Shira Eisenberg for editorial assistance with the manuscript. This publication was supported by the Cooperative Agreement no. 1U360E000002 from CDC and the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The findings and conclusions of this article do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC or the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. Names of journals and citation databases are provided for identification purposes only and do not constitute any endorsement by CDC.

Corresponding Author: John Iskander, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA. Telephone: 404-639-8889. Email: [email protected] .

Author Affiliations: 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 2 Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia.

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Xu F, Mawokomatanda T, Flegel D, Pierannunzi C, Garvin W, Chowdhury P, et al. ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for certain health behaviors among states and selected local areas — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ 2014;63(9):1–149. PubMed
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The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors’ affiliated institutions.

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Essay on Diseases

Students are often asked to write an essay on Diseases in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Diseases

Understanding diseases.

Diseases are health conditions that cause discomfort or pain. They can be caused by various factors like germs, unhealthy lifestyle, or genetics.

Types of Diseases

Prevention of diseases.

Prevention is better than cure. Healthy habits like eating balanced meals, exercising regularly, and maintaining hygiene can prevent diseases.

Treatment of Diseases

Treatment depends on the type of disease. Some need medicines, others need lifestyle changes, and some may need surgery. Always consult a doctor for treatment.

250 Words Essay on Diseases

Introduction.

Diseases, a ubiquitous part of life, are disruptions to the normal functioning of organisms, particularly humans. They are a complex phenomenon, interweaving biological, environmental, and social factors.

Diseases can be broadly categorized into infectious and non-infectious. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. They are transmissible, often leading to epidemics or pandemics, such as COVID-19. On the other hand, non-infectious diseases, including heart disease and diabetes, are typically caused by genetic predispositions, lifestyle choices, or environmental factors.

Impact of Diseases

The impact of diseases extends beyond the individual, affecting families, communities, and entire nations. They can cripple economies, strain healthcare systems, and disrupt social structures. Moreover, diseases often exacerbate existing inequalities, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations.

Prevention and Treatment

Prevention and treatment of diseases involve a multi-pronged approach. This includes public health measures, medical interventions, and individual behaviors. Vaccination, sanitation, and education are crucial in preventing infectious diseases. Lifestyle modifications and medications play a significant role in managing non-infectious diseases.

In conclusion, diseases are a significant challenge to global health, necessitating concerted efforts for prevention, treatment, and management. The study of diseases, therefore, is not just a biological or medical endeavor, but also a social and political one.

500 Words Essay on Diseases

Diseases, broadly defined, are conditions that impair normal tissue function. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic anomalies, environmental toxins, and infectious agents, among others. Understanding the nature and mechanics of diseases is crucial in developing effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.

Classification of Diseases

Non-infectious diseases, on the other hand, are not caused by infectious agents and are not transmissible. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Pathogenesis of Diseases

The pathogenesis of a disease refers to the biological mechanism that leads to the diseased state. It involves studying the interaction between the host’s cellular functions and the damaging agent. Understanding the pathogenesis of a disease is crucial for identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

For instance, the pathogenesis of cancer involves the accumulation of genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. By understanding these mechanisms, scientists have been able to develop targeted therapies that specifically inhibit these abnormal cellular processes.

Prevention and Control of Diseases

Vaccination is a highly effective method of preventing infectious diseases. It involves the administration of a vaccine, which stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize and fight off specific pathogens.

In conclusion, diseases are a significant challenge to human health and well-being. Their diverse nature, ranging from infectious to non-infectious, and their complex pathogenesis require a multifaceted approach to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. As we continue to deepen our understanding of diseases, we can develop more effective strategies to combat them and improve overall public health. It is a testament to the importance of continued research and public health efforts in the fight against disease.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Happy studying!

10 Easiest Genetic Disorders to Research for a Paper

Published on september 18, 2017 at 2:40 am by madison morgan in lists.

In college, I hated getting assigned a research paper. While it’s interesting to learn about a new, random topic, research papers are typically very lengthy and can range from ten pages to sixty or more, depending on the level of degree you are pursuing. If I recall correctly, my longest research paper requirement was somewhere between twelve and fifteen pages which isn’t so bad, I guess. As a journalism majority, most of my papers focused on journalism and communications, but I can’t imagine having to write a science-related paper. To be honest, I really don’t even know the protocol for writing a science-related research paper.

10 Easiest Genetic Disorders to Research for a Paper

If you’re pursuing medicine or most other science-related fields, it’s probably inevitable that you will one day be finding yourself searching “research paper topics genetics” to do your own paper. The study of genetics is constant and there is still much more to learn. In simplest terms, genetics is the study of genes and how they are inherited. There are a number of genetics topics of interest, and under that umbrella there’s the study of chromosomes, DNA, gene mutations and much more. So if you’re looking for genetic topics for presentation, you’re sure to find something to keep the group interested, whether you discuss how bacteria affect genes or how you can cross genes of species to make an animal that glows (weird, we know). For those of you who are researching because you’re pursuing a career in medicine, we have another great article – 10 Most in Demand Medical Specialties in America .

To begin a good research paper, you will first want to start with learning about some recent research topics in genetics and find some that you would consider interesting genetic topics. If you don’t find a topic you think of it as interesting, chances are, you won’t write the paper well, and it will be a pain to get through. The most popular and currently discussed (not to mention, interesting) topics include stem cell research, the Human Genome Project and DNA barcoding. You might even want to take a look at a genetics research paper example to get you off on the right foot to write your own. You should have no problem finding examples on a site like Google Scholar . Once you go through these steps, you should be well on your way to writing your own paper. While it doesn’t sound like there is any easy topic to write about when it comes to genetics, unless that stuff comes to you naturally, we tried to come up with a list of at least some less complicated and easier to digest topics.

The categories of genetic disorders are monogenetic disorders, multifactorial inheritance disorders, and chromosome disorders. The ones that we have on our list are common and fall mostly on the monogenetic disorders category. These different categories explain the factors as to why genetic disorders occur, for example, monogenetic represents a mutation that affects one gene. Multiple genes mutation happens when the disorder is categorized as the multifactorial inheritance disorder, and the one that affects the chromosomes is, of course, the chromosome disorders. Yahoo Answers , Nemours , National Human Genome Research Institute , and Learn Genetics: Genetic Science Learning Center were the best sources for coming up with our current list. These DNA abnormalities are subjects of continuous study, but a wide range of research is available for each. Since there is not a quantitative way to say which disorders are “easier” to research than others, considering it’s easy to find information on all of the topics, we did not make a ranking of the disorders on our list.

Get your pencil and paper ready for our list of the easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper.

Slideshow List XFinance Albinism research topic Dwarfism research topic interesting genetic topics genetics topics of interest Celiac Disease research topic Marfan Syndrome research topic Hemochromatosis research topic Cystic Fibrosis research topic Down's Syndrome research topic research paper topics genetics genetic topics for presentation genetics research paper example How common is genetic disorder? How is genetic disorder caused? Sickle Cell Anemia research topic recent research topics in genetics How is genetic disorder inherited? When does a genetic disorder occur? Huntington's Disorder research topic genetic disorder caused by a mutation Autism Spectrum Disorder research topic genetic disorder with an extra chromosome 10 Most In demand Medical Specialties in America 10 easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper Show more... Show less

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RES 111 - Disease Report

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Writing Fundamentals from Writer's Reference Center This has links to articles on writing any document, paraphrasing, quotations, writing a thesis statement, outline, body paragraphs, conclusion, and writing about themes, characters, form, symbols, etc.
Choosing a Research Topic and Creating a Thesis This guide from the SCC Library provides students information on how to choose a research topic for an assignment including what makes a good research topic, concept mapping, background research, and narrowing a topic and most importantly information about creating a thesis.
Choosing a Topic (Tutorial) This SCC Library tutorial will walk you through how to choose an appropriate topic for a research assignment and help you turn your research topic into a thesis statement.

APA Formatting for Papers

If you're using MLA Format for your paper - see our MLA Guide

Formatting Your Title Page and Paper-APA This guide from SCC Library provides you instructions in MS Word on how to format the title page and paper in APA for student papers.
Formatting Your Reference Page-APA This guide from SCC Library provides you instructions in MS Word for formatting references page correctly including proper font and hanging in-dent.
Sample Paper in APA Format This sample paper shows how an APA paper should look.

Incorporating Sources into a Research Project & Avoiding Plagiarism

Organizing Your Research This guide from the SCC Library provides information on creating research note cards, source tables, and research outlines to help organize your sources so that you can incorporate them into your paper.
Incorporating Sources into a Research Project This guide from the SCC Library provides resources on how to properly include sources in a research project without plagiarism, whether through good note-taking, following the research process, or using direct quotations, paraphrasing, or summarizing, etc.
How to Paraphrase: Avoid Plagiarism in Research Papers with Paraphrases & Quotations (3 min. video) This video explains how to paraphrase information correctly to avoid plagiarism.
English Composition I: The Writer's Circle, Lesson 9, Part 4, Integrating Research (Video) This video talk about citing sources to avoid plagiarizing. (1 min)

Additional Resources

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) This site contains resources for writing, research, grammar, mechanics, and style guides (MLA & APA).

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Email your paper/project to them at [email protected] . They offer a 48 hour turn-around on papers (excluding weekends and holidays), and ask that you send a copy of the assignment as well. The paper needs to be Microsoft Word format (don't share a copy of your OneDrive/cloud account), and please include your due date and SCC college ID number in the email.

Visit the The Learning Center located in the P. Dan Hull Building, rooms E2, E5, E6. See TLC Portal Page (SCC log in required) for additional locations. Contact The Learning Center for more information .

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More From Forbes

7 chatgpt prompts to improve your writing.

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On writing , author David Sedaris once said, “You need to do the best that you can do, and then you need to take the best that you can do and you need to rewrite it, and rewrite it, and rewrite it.” That’s the dynamic essence of the writing process. Writers refine their drafts, just like they continually refine their craft. I didn’t study writing or literature, so I was intimidated when I began contributing to major publications. But my confidence grew with each byline, and I began to find my voice.

While ChatGPT can be an impressive imitator, it can never generate your unique voice and perspective. It can, however, be a powerful tool for improving your writing, whether you’re penning business articles or important emails. It all starts with the right prompts.

Here are seven that you can use to level up your writing skills.

Automate Your Busywork

There are no shortcuts to becoming a better writer. The prolific author Stephen King once said, “If you want to be a writer, you must do two things above all others: read a lot and write a lot.” That said, you can use AI tools to eliminate some of the tedious tasks involved in writing and leave more time for honing your craft. Here are some prompts to delegate your writing “busywork” to ChatGPT.

1. Generating Ideas And Topics

AI shouldn’t do your writing for you. It lacks the necessary human context and isn’t immune to errors. But it can be a powerful writing partner. As Wharton professor Christian Terwiesch (who challenged ChatGPT to come up with product ideas and compared those ideas to student ideas —ChatGPT won), has said , “Everybody should be using ChatGPT to help them generate ideas.” At worst, you reject all of them. At best, you enrich your pool of ideas.

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College football 25: ea unveils important dates for info rollout, heygen ai video scores $60 million, plus more cinematic ai shorts.

Here is a prompt you can use to help get the idea wheels turning:

"I'm an [role/title] writing for [outlet description] targeting [target audience]. Can you suggest some fresh and engaging topics that would appeal to this audience?"

If you’d like ideas related to a certain topic or tailored to a specific style (e.g., a “hot take” versus a personal essay), remember: the more context you provide, the more concise the results.

2. Editing For Grammar And Style

Whether you’re sending an email or publishing an article on a high-traffic website, typos are an embarrassing—and avoidable—faux pas. In today’s world, where internet content exists in perpetuity, anything attached to your name should be error-free. ChatGPT can be a near-instantaneous proofreader. Test out the following prompt:

"Can you proofread this [content] for grammar, punctuation, and style consistency? The intended audience is [audience/recipient]. Please provide a list of any suggested improvements.”

3. Hitting The Right Tone

Spelling and grammar are a crucial part of editing, but they’re relatively objective. Perfecting the tone is more subjective and sometimes more challenging—but just as crucial.

The proper tone can ensure that your text is engaging. It can foster trust and understanding with colleagues and business partners. It can persuade your audience to get on board with your viewpoint. Writing that misses the mark on tone, however, can cause misunderstandings, hurt feelings, damage your credibility, and lose your reader’s interest.

With that in mind, here’s a prompt that can help you achieve the right tone in your writing:

"Can you help me rewrite this [content] for [audience], ensuring it maintains a [describe the desired tone]?

Add context to make ChatGPT’s reply more helpful. For example, if your content should show sensitivity to a certain issue or audience, add it to the prompt.

4. Adding Data And Research

One lesson I’ve learned from contributing to Forbes and other widely-read publications is that my word alone is rarely enough. I can share my personal experiences, but research and data can strengthen any piece of writing.

Instead of researching the traditional way—reviewing your writing and identifying facts that need outside sourcing, then Googling for relevant insight—ChatGPT can speed up the process, leaving you more time to polish those personal anecdotes. Try this prompt:

"I’m writing [describe the content and subject matter] for [target audience] and want to include relevant data and research. Can you review the following text and provide researched-backed statistics and insights on this topic?"

Importantly, always check the sources that ChatGPT generates. It will almost certainly come up with helpful results but they’re not always accurate—that’s where you, human editor, come into play.

Refine Your Craft

To continually improve your writing skills, you can take a page from the habits of professional writers. The following prompts can help you develop practices to become a stronger writer.

5. Daily Writing Prompts

I’ve written before about my morning pages . It’s a great way to clear my head before the day begins and to practice fluidly translating my thoughts into words on paper. If a blank page feels intimidating, writing prompts are a great way to get started. ChatGPT can generate writing prompts in an instant. You can keep it general:

“Can you suggest a couple of writing prompts that I can use to practice the craft of writing?”

Or, if you have a goal in mind, add more context. For example:

“I'm trying to improve engagement with my readers. Can you generate a couple of writing prompts to practice writing engaging content?”

6. Experiment With Different Styles And Voices

If you call your grandmother on the telephone, I’d bet your voice and speaking style sound vastly different from when you’re chatting with your best friend. Writing is the same.

ChatGPT can help you practice toggling between different styles and voices, and in doing so, help you find yours. You can ask ChatGPT for writing prompts to practice a certain style. For example:

“Can you generate three short exercises to help me practice writing in different voices and styles?”

ChatGPT will not only generate exercises, it will also break down the structure and elements of different writing styles and specify the tone.

Or, you can submit text to ChatGPT and ask it to analyze the style and voice. Try this prompt:

“Can you analyze the voice and style of the following text: [insert text].”

I used this prompt to assess the introduction to one of my recent Forbes stories, and ChatGPT said it was “Conversational and Relatable,” “Encouraging and Reassuring,” and “Informative and Practical”—encouraging feedback from my AI editor.

7. Rewrite, Rewrite, Rewrite

In A Moveable Feast , Ernest Hemingway wrote, “The only kind of writing is rewriting.”

If you want to become a writer, you have to embrace rewriting, whether you’re retyping every word or pouring over (and over) a Google Doc draft. Here are a couple of prompts you can use so that ChatGPT can assist in the rewriting process, one excerpt at a time:

“Rewrite this paragraph in the style of [Ernest Hemingway or any other author]."

“Rewrite this introduction so that it sounds like a story in [publication]”

“Rewrite this email so that it will resonate with [audience].”

“Rewrite this paragraph for clarity and concision.”

Importantly, ChatGPT only does part of the work. It falls to the writer to analyze the results, apply those lessons in future drafts, and, of course, to keep writing.

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Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence

Title: accelerating complex disease treatment through network medicine and genai: a case study on drug repurposing for breast cancer.

Abstract: The objective of this research is to introduce a network specialized in predicting drugs that can be repurposed by investigating real-world evidence sources, such as clinical trials and biomedical literature. Specifically, it aims to generate drug combination therapies for complex diseases (e.g., cancer, Alzheimer's). We present a multilayered network medicine approach, empowered by a highly configured ChatGPT prompt engineering system, which is constructed on the fly to extract drug mentions in clinical trials. Additionally, we introduce a novel algorithm that connects real-world evidence with disease-specific signaling pathways (e.g., KEGG database). This sheds light on the repurposability of drugs if they are found to bind with one or more protein constituents of a signaling pathway. To demonstrate, we instantiated the framework for breast cancer and found that, out of 46 breast cancer signaling pathways, the framework identified 38 pathways that were covered by at least two drugs. This evidence signals the potential for combining those drugs. Specifically, the most covered signaling pathway, ID hsa:2064, was covered by 108 drugs, some of which can be combined. Conversely, the signaling pathway ID hsa:1499 was covered by only two drugs, indicating a significant gap for further research. Our network medicine framework, empowered by GenAI, shows promise in identifying drug combinations with a high degree of specificity, knowing the exact signaling pathways and proteins that serve as targets. It is noteworthy that ChatGPT successfully accelerated the process of identifying drug mentions in clinical trials, though further investigations are required to determine the relationships among the drug mentions.

Comments:	9 pages double columns, 5 figures, 3 algorithms, 3 tables, and 1 listing, Submitted to IEEE MedAI'24 Conference, to be held November 15-17, Chongqing, China
Subjects:	Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
classes:	I.2; I.2.6
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Long Covid feels like a gun to my head

By Rachel Hall-Clifford June 18, 2024

A person walks through the installation of 300 red cots, looking at text written over the pillows — first opinion coverage from STAT

I have spent my career studying infectious diseases that fall under the heading of neglected tropical diseases . Now I have a neglected disease — long Covid — an incurable (for now and for me) disease.

As a medical anthropologist working in global health, I thought I understood the despair of poor health. I didn’t. I join 7% of the U.S. adult population — or about 18 million Americans — who have experienced long Covid. Diagnosis of long Covid remains uncertain and contested , and treatments, ranging from repurposed drugs to hyperbaric oxygen, are even more so.

I was infected with SARS-CoV2 during the Omicron wave of January 2022. It crashed through my kid’s kindergarten class and swept our household along with it. We had none of the “ underlying conditions ” that may indicate increased risks of poor outcomes from Covid (and which have been used throughout the pandemic to allay fears that dangerous outcomes would only happen to “others”). My acute infection wasn’t scary: I had fever, aches, and chills for about four days. My initial Covid aches and pains were nothing in comparison to when I had dengue fever, known as “bone break fever,” while working in Guatemala’s remote mountains.

And then I just never got better . It took a couple of months for me to realize that. I developed crushing chest pain and a heart rate that would rival a hummingbird’s. I couldn’t walk around my block without stopping to catch my breath. I was often dizzy, and my arms and legs felt like leaden sausages that had grown too big for their casings.

Related: Listen: Why Long Covid can feel scarier than a gun to the head

Like many of my global health colleagues, I love a good adventure and don’t mind flirting with danger a little. I’ll go anywhere and talk to anyone. I once talked a Guatemalan street gang out of harming my small research team as they held a Kalashnikov to our heads during a robbery. It was scary, but I didn’t fear for my life. I knew it wasn’t the end of my story. But I have thought that long Covid might be: At its worst, I wrote letters to my children in fear that I wouldn’t survive the night.

More than two years in, I’m among the luckiest of those living with long Covid. My symptoms are managed, though imperfectly. I have the academic background to follow the latest research findings and access to brilliant colleagues doing some of that work. I have the money, insurance, and health care providers that have enabled me to try several treatments.

Here’s a bit of what I’ve tried so far, all shots in the dark: A beta blocker controls my chest pain and high heart rate. A 3-month course of powerful blood thinners improved numbness and pain in my limbs. Constant use of electrolyte fluids like Gatorade and Pedialyte (ironically what I studied in graduate school) improves my dizziness and is essential for propping myself up to teach a class in a lecture hall or get through a day of Zoom meetings. My iliac vein has completely collapsed in my left leg, and my cardiologist wants me to get a stent.

I wouldn’t be able to hold down the jobs in warehouses, factories, and farms that many in my family have had.

Though my world has gotten small, and I’m not able to travel for my work as I once did, most days I feel like I just got off a long-haul flight and live in a permanent state of jet lag . I have one of those pill organizers stuffed full of medications and supplements that I hope will help at least a little. (I still struggle to reconcile my self-identity with this new reality.)

Related: NIH documents show how $1.6 billion long Covid initiative has failed so far to meet its goals

I was able to take a 15-day course of the antiviral Paxlovid , and it was the best I’ve felt in two years. For many people, the side effects of this medicine are terrible, but I never wanted its hallmark metallic tang to end. About two days after my course of Paxlovid ended, though, my symptoms crept back. Recent findings of viral persistence came as no surprise to me, and new results from a clinical trial investigating a 15-day course of Paxlovid in long Covid patients has shown no benefit .

I am now taking (at great cost) maraviroc , an antiviral used to treat HIV, which helps partially control my symptoms. I recently slid into the whirring tomb of an MRI machine to try to find an explanation for persistent post-Covid migraines in my brain, but that was a dead end. Nothing was found, and I don’t know whether to be disappointed or relieved.

I admit I am scared. This is not a funny story I will tell colleagues over drinks later. There’s no gangland drug lord to negotiate with this time. Instead, I spend a lot of my time lying in the dark (I’m here now, even as I type this) negotiating with god and science to make me — and all of us suffering with long Covid and other post-viral illnesses — better. It’s surprisingly been the short periods when I have felt better that are the most upsetting, as they highlight how terrible I feel most of the time.

So I fake it. I need the pretense of being my old, fearless self. I need to discuss interesting things with colleagues and teach and run my lab. I need to take the snacks to soccer and help my kids with homework. That’s what makes me who I am, even as I playact a poor facsimile of my healthy self that requires hours (sometimes days) of recovery time afterwards.

I will continue to bargain with the universe to get to live the life I have worked to build for myself. I want that for everyone. My work in global health has shown me both the fragility of life but also the value of fighting for everyone’s right to a full and healthy life.

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I understand that no one cares much about Covid anymore. It’s been a long haul for all of us, even those who aren’t “long haulers.” I hope everyone who hasn’t experienced long Covid never really understand what I’m talking about — what others with chronic illness and disability have tried to teach us — that our abled bodies are only temporary. Long Covid and the SARS-CoV-2 infections that cause it are harsh teachers.

I am inspired by the work of the long Covid Patient-Led Research Collaborative and the research being done to uncover the causes of and cures for long Covid. But it’s not enough. Given the widespread burden of disease and the losses to the economy and social fabric it is causing in the U.S. and around the globe, the U.S. government must act quickly and decisively to curb long Covid. The Long Covid Moonshot is a collective advocating for $1 billion in annual research funding for long Covid, akin to the Operation Warp Speed that enabled the first generation of Covid-19 vaccines. U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (D-Vt.) recently released a Long Covid Moonshot legislative proposal . Bipartisan support for long Covid is essential so that someday no one needs to care about Covid and its lasting effects.

Long Covid feels like living with a gun to my head. Please pull the trigger on the moonshot.

Rachel Hall-Clifford, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of global health, human health, and sociology at Emory University in Atlanta.

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COVID-19 and long COVID symptoms

Vaccinations

Artificial tissues fabrication

Sleep disorders

Alzheimer’s and dementia

The benefits and risks of medical cannabis

Human genetics

Sexual health studies

Gluten sensitivity

Pollution and lung health

Plant-based diets

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The pros and cons of electronic health records

Inequities within healthcare access

Diagnostic and treatment rates across ethnicities

Cancer treatment options

Pain medication alternatives

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