how do you write numbers in a essay

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Writing numbers When to use words and when to use numerals

It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5 , 1 million or 1,000,000 ). This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals . There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals. There is also a checklist at the end, that you can use to check the use of numbers in your own writing.

When to use words

In general, words should be used for zero to ten , and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in your department/on your course), and remember that some common referencing systems have their own, different requirements, as follows.

• MLA . Use words if the number can be written using one or two words (e.g. three , twenty-seven ).
• APA . Use words for numbers zero to nine.
• Chicago . Use words for numbers zero to one hundred.

Before looking at when to use numerals (which is almost all other situations, see next), it is useful to look at important exceptions.

(1) When the number begins a sentence , you should use words , whatever the size of the number (though if possible, rewrite the sentence so the number is not at the beginning).

• Fifty respondents agreed with the statement.
• There were 50 respondents who agreed with the statement. [ rewritten sentence ]
• 50 respondents agreed with the statement.

(2) When expressing part of a very large round number , e.g. million, billion, you should use words for that large number part (it is common to use abbreviations m for million and bn billion ).

• The population of the earth is now in excess of 7 billion people.
• The population of the earth is now in excess of 7bn people.
• The population of the earth is now in excess of 7,000,000,000 people.
• The population of the UK is approximately 70 million.
• The population of the UK is approximately 70,000,000.

Conversely, numerals should be used rather than words, whatever the size of the number, when large and small numbers are combined , since this makes comparisons easier.

• There were 2 respondents in the first category, and 22 in the second.
• There were two respondents in the first category, and 22 in the second.

When to use numerals

Numerals are used for almost all other situations. These include the following.

• Measurements (e.g. 6 kg, 3 cm, 10 min, 2 hr, 3 days, 6 years, 5 decades )
• Currency (e.g. $10, £50, £60 billion )
• Statistical data , including survey data (e.g. A survey of participants revealed that 4 out of 5 students worked. )
• Mathematical functions (e.g. v 2 = u 2 + 2as )
• Decimals (e.g. 2.5, 4.54 )
• Percentages (e.g. 75% )
• Ratios (e.g. 3:1 )
• Percentiles/quartiles (e.g. the 95th percentile, the 1st quartile )
• Times (e.g. 12.30 a.m., 6 p.m., 16:00 )
• Dates (e.g. Wednesday 25 December 2019 )
• Scores/points on a scale (e.g. This item scored 5 on a 9-point scale )

Other important points

The following are a few other points to remember when using numbers.

• Consistency. You should be consistent in how you write numbers; for example, if write a figure like 7bn in one place, do not write a figure like 5 billion in another.
• Use of commas. When giving numerals of 1,000 or larger, use commas for each thousand, e.g. 5,500, 8,326,500 .
• Use of hyphens. When displaying a range, use a hyphen, with no space, e.g. 30%–50%
• Expressing fractions. Fractions can be written either as numerals e.g. 2/3 or words e.g. two-thirds . If using words, use a hyphen.

American Psychological Association (2019a) Numbers Expressed in Words . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/words (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).

American Psychological Association (2019b) Numbers Expressed in Numerals . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/numerals (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).

Harvard Wiki (2019) Numbers . Available at: https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/display/HSG/Numbers . (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).

University of Bristol (2015) Using numbers . Available at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_33.htm (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).

University of New England (nd) Numbers in academic writing . Available at: https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing/miscellaneous/numbers/ (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).

University of Oxford (2015) Style Guide . Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).

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Below is a checklist for using numbers in academic writing. Use it to check your writing, or as a peer to help.

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Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 16 January 2022.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.

Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).

Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.

Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).

Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.

Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.

When to Spell Out Numbers in Writing: Guide and Examples

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The Rules for Writing Numbers in English 

You may have noticed a theme when it comes to the English language: most rules are not standardized. This (somewhat frustrating) fact is especially true when it comes to spelling out numbers. Should you write them out in words or leave them as numerals? To write numbers properly, you will also need to identify potential differences between major style guides (such as MLA , APA , and Chicago , to name a few) because these guides often outline different rules for using numbers in writing.

To make it easier, let's use an example. Say you're working on a paper evaluating the importance of the local public library in your community. The document will make use of small numbers, large numbers, decades, and statistics. Each type of number may follow a different rule.

Thankfully, when using numbers in writing, you can count on a few conventions that apply to most situations; just be sure to consult your specific style guide if one has been assigned. If you don't have time to review each number yourself, a professional editor or proofreader can ensure that your numbers are written correctly.

Writing Small and Large Numbers

A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals.

For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library," you would write, "It cost $10,416 to renovate the local library."

The reason for this is relatively intuitive. Writing out large numbers not only wastes space but could also be a major distraction to your readers.

Beginning a Sentence with a Number

Here is a rule that you can truly rely on: always spell out numbers when they begin a sentence, no matter how large or small they may be.

Incorrect: 15 new fiction novels were on display.

Correct: Fifteen new fiction novels were on display.

If the number is large and you want to avoid writing it all out, rearrange the sentence so that the number no longer comes first.

Revised: There were 15 new fiction novels on display.

Whole Numbers vs. Decimals

Another important factor to consider is whether you are working with a whole number or a decimal. Decimals are always written as numerals for clarity and accuracy.

To revisit our library example, perhaps circulation statistics improved in 2015. If a number falls in the range of one to ten and is not a whole number, it should be written as a numeral.

Incorrect: The circulation of library materials increased by four point five percent in 2015.

Correct: The circulation of library materials increased by 4.5% in 2015.

Paired Numbers (Two Numbers in a Row)

When two numbers come next to each other in a sentence, be sure to spell out one of these numbers. The main purpose of this rule is to avoid confusing the reader.

Incorrect: There were 12 4-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.

Correct: There were 12 four-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.

Correct: There were twelve 4-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.

Decades and Centuries

Decades or centuries are usually spelled out, especially if the writing is formal.

Incorrect: The library was built in the '50s.

Correct: The library was built in the fifties.

If you are referring to a specific year (e.g., 1955), use the numeral.

Consistency Is Key When Using Numbers in Your Writing

Always strive for consistency, even if it overrides a previous rule. For example, if your document uses numbers frequently, it is more appropriate for all numbers to remain as numerals to ensure that usage is uniform throughout. Similarly, if a single sentence combines small and large numbers, make sure that all the numbers are either spelled out or written as numerals.

Incorrect: The library acquired five new mystery novels, 12 new desktop computers, and 17 new periodicals.

Correct: The library acquired 5 new mystery novels, 12 new desktop computers, and 17 new periodicals.

Style Guides May Have Slightly Different Rules for Writing Numbers in Words

Let's complicate things a bit, shall we?

If your work must follow the rules of a specific style guide, understand that various guides all have rules for spelling out numbers that may differ slightly from the rules listed above. For example, MLA style indicates that writers may spell out numbers if they are not used too frequently in the document and can be represented with one or two words (e.g., twenty-four, one hundred, three thousand ). APA style advises that common fractions (e.g., two-thirds ) be expressed as words. A number of specific rules for spelling out numbers are outlined in Section 9.1 of the Chicago Manual of Style.

Your ultimate authority will always be a style guide, but in the absence of one, following the rules outlined above will help you stay consistent in your use of numbers in writing.

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Writing academically: Numbers

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When using numbers in academic writing you need to decide if it’s more appropriate to use a numeral (e.g. 9) or to write the number in words (e.g. nine). It’s worth checking to see if your department has specific advice on this matter, because individual approaches do vary. In the absence of specific advice, here is some general guidance on the matter:

Basic numbers

• Numbers  up to nine  should always be written in  words,  anything higher than nine can be written in numerals. Alternatively, some guides suggest that if you can write the number in two words or fewer then use words rather than numerals. If you are going to take this approach then you should include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words, e.g. twenty-seven.
• For larger numbers, it is acceptable to use either numerals or words depending on context (e.g. a thousand people/1,000 people), but you should always use numerals in technical writing, e.g. 200,000 km. For less precise larger numbers, the written form is better (e.g. several thousand).

Measurements and decimals/fractions

• Use numerals for units of measurement or time, e.g. 500 km, 10 minutes.
• Always use numerals for decimals and fractions (e.g. 0.5 cm) unless the figures are vague (e.g. around half of the population).
• Units of measurement that modify a noun should be hyphenated, e.g. a 3-year-old child.

Dates, money and time

• Always use numerals for dates, e.g Monday 4 April, 2016.
• Use numerals for money (e.g. His pocket money was exactly £1.00 per week) unless the amounts are vague (e.g. He earned well over a million last year).
• Use numerals for indicating the precise time (e.g. 08:00), or words if the times indicated are vague (e.g. around eight o’clock). 

Combining numbers

• If you need to combine two numbers that run together then use words for the shorter number and numerals for the longer number, e.g. a tower of 1000 ten-pence pieces. 

Starting sentences with numbers

• Avoid starting a sentence with a numeral. Either write the number in words or rearrange your sentence. For example, “Three hundred and sixty-five days make one year” could become “There are 365 days in a year”. If you start a sentence with a year, write “The year” first e.g. “The year 1066 saw one of the most famous battles in English history”.
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In an essay, when do you spell out numbers and when do you use numerals?

According to APA Style, you should normally use numerals for the numbers 10 and above. You should use words to express numbers below 10 (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine).

Note, however, that APA lists a wide variety of exceptions. For instance, numbers that appear right before a unit of measurement should be expressed as numerals, regardless of where they fall, before or after 10. Example: Give him 5 cups of soup.

The APA also addresses this question directly in this webpage .

The sections in APA that address numbers are 6.32-6.39 in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual.

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Numbers in APA

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In general, APA style recommends using words to express numbers below 10, and using numerals when expressing numbers 10 and above. See below for a more extensive list.

Numbers expressed as numerals

In addition to expressing numbers 10 and above, the following are other instances when you would use numerals rather than words:

Numbers mentioned in the abstract, a table, or a figure in the paper (this allows for brevity) 

This study consisted of 8 tests.

Numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement

2.54 cm, 1.5 gal

Numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, percentiles, and quartiles

Divided by 10

50% of the participants

a ratio of 10:1

the 10 th percentile

numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and point values on a scale, exact sums of money, and numerals

2 hr 30 min

50-year-olds

A 10-point scale

Exception: Use words for approximations of numbers of days, weeks, months, or years

Roughly six months ago

Numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers

Illustration 1

Numbers expressed as words

In addition to using words to express numbers below 10, use words to also express:

Numbers beginning a sentence, title, or text heading

Fifteen participants were in the control group.

Common fractions

Three fourths of the population

Common phrases or groups

Seven Wonders of the World

The Three Musketeers

Other Rules Concerning Numbers

Here are a few more rules concerning numbers to adhere to as you follow APA style:

If you are using two modifiers against a noun, use a combination of both numerals and words

Three 5-point scales

If you’re unsure which modifier to write and which to express numerically, try it both ways. Be sure the way you express the numbers is in the clearest way possible.

Place a zero before a decimal fraction less than 1 if the statistic can exceed 1.

If the statistic cannot exceed 1, you do not need a zero.

For more specific guidelines, talk to your instructor or refer to the Style Manual.

What Do the Numbers Say? The Math and Literacy Link

Posted on May 14, 2024 by hallma

Check out article from NAEYC for more information on making math meaningful for young children:  https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/tyc/oct2014/making-math-meaningful 

Adapting math activities for children with special needs  requires individualized approaches to meet each child’s unique needs. It involves sharing information in multiple ways and using various sensory modalities including  visual aids, manipulatives, or tactile materials. Offering individualized supports like  visual schedules or simplified instructions can also help children fully participate in activities.  As with all curricula, taking the time to ensure that math activities incorporate children’s strengths and interests  can enrich their learning experiences. Finally, partnering with families, special educators and therapists  can help make sure that your math activities are  accessible and meaningful to children with special needs.

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The Write Stuff

A magazine produced by seniors in the neuroscience department shows off their ability to produce science writing for the masses.

Professor of Neuroscience Hewlet McFarlane with editions of Scientific Kenyon.

When Dani Buch ’24 graduates on Saturday with degrees in neuroscience and studio art , she’ll be a recently published author, too — along with a dozen of her classmates.

Not only will a science magazine feature their articles — Buch wrote about the possible neuroprotective qualities of a mushroom called Lion’s Mane — but her original art will grace the cover.

It’s all the result of a year of hard work by seniors in the neuroscience department culminating in the publication of the glossy magazine Scientific Kenyon. Now in its eighth year, the printed periodical — which also  appears online — represents a unique opportunity for students in the senior seminar to write science articles for public consumption and produce a magazine from scratch.

“I’ve wanted to do this since I was a freshman,” said Buch, a student from Utah who serves as art director for this year’s magazine. “It’s like my baby. It’s really cool to be a part of it and experience seeing all of these articles transition into something real for the public.”

Scientific Kenyon is the brainchild of Hewlet McFarlane, professor of neuroscience and vice president for enrollment and director of strategic programs and partnerships. He said the idea stems from a basic truth in today’s world.

“You have to be able to communicate why your science is important,” he said. 

That extends beyond writing up research in journals for colleagues or preparing grant proposals, aspects traditionally emphasized in an academic setting and long a part of Kenyon’s curriculum. A society where citizens increasingly vote on measures that require understanding complex scientific principles demands more, he said.

“As scientists, we really have to talk to the public,” he said. “It is the obligation of scientists to communicate in a way that everyone understands.”

So when the neuroscience faculty was preparing to become a department in 2012, McFarlane, who minored in creative writing as an undergraduate at Syracuse University, proposed adding writing for a public audience to the requirements. Now, as part of a senior seminar, students must write a National Science Foundation grant proposal — which at least one student has successfully gotten funded — and a Scientific American-style article on any topic that explains science to a general audience.  

“My instruction to them in class is always the same thing: Write it for your grandmother. Grandma cares deeply about what you’re doing. She doesn’t do neuroscience. Write this for her,” McFarlane said.

A couple of years after the requirement was added, McFarlane asked if students would collaborate with him outside of class to compile it all into an actual magazine — even though he had no experience in publishing.

“We’re all self-taught,” he said. “To be honest, I had no idea what I was taking on. We said, ‘Let’s make a magazine,’ and we did. We printed that magazine on campus using regular printers.”

Things have evolved considerably since those days. Today, a small production team of students work with McFarlane to do copy editing, fact checking and layout. An entire class session is devoted to library staff educating students about copyright issues. And the final product — 50 copies usually delivered to students, faculty and others the day before Commencement — is professionally printed and bound in Columbus.

Articles in the coming issue, each about 3,500 words in length, include “Easter Island’s Painkiller: How a Soil Bacteria Could Relieve Chronic Pain” and “Is Everybody in the Club Getting Tipsy? Alcohol’s Effects on Behavior and Cognition.”

Buch, whose article is titled “Ditching Magic for Memory: The New Mushroom in Town,” has taken the lead in laying out the articles and designing the magazine. But the most helpful result of participating in the project, she said, has been learning to better communicate the science behind her work without resorting to jargon and overly technical language.

“I love to talk about science to nonscientists, and learning how to do that has been really helpful,” she said. “Having the language now to not just share it with them but get them interested and wanting to learn more, that’s really cool.”

Yana Honcharuk ’24, a neuroscience major from Ukraine, said being part of the production team has been exciting. 

“This was a cool opportunity for the last semester of college to do something totally different that also had tangible results. In class, you write an essay and that’s it; here the work is actually going to be published and put online and you’d also have a physical copy.”

A Summer Science Scholar who will be starting work at Boston Children’s Hospital as a research assistant this summer, Honcharuk found the assignment of writing for a general audience to be a tough but rewarding one.

“I thought, I do not know how to write about this stuff without using the terminology I would normally use. How do you write an article that’s going to be interesting and not get bogged down in the details and not be boring — and not make people feel stupid?” she said. “It’s been fulfilling.”

It’s all part of a larger strategy at Kenyon to focus on writing across the curriculum.

“Writing is really important for all aspects of life,” McFarlane said. “It doesn’t matter what career path you think you’re on. At some point, you have to convert the thoughts and ideas in your head to words on a page or a website or whatever your medium is so that others can understand you.

“We take it very seriously in the science division,” he continued. “One cannot be successful in science without developing good writing skills.”

Chris Gillen, professor of biology and director of the College’s science and nature writing initiative , said projects like Scientific Kenyon make visible the deep and authentic sort of writing that is underway more broadly across the College.

“This kind of writing is in the air at Kenyon,” he said. “Our students in the sciences have had amazing experiences with academic writing but also creative writing or writing intended for broader audiences in other courses. They come to an assignment like this really ready for it, both with the skills they need and also with a real strong sense of appreciation of the importance of that sort of writing.”

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The Workforce of Target Corporation: Analyzing Employee Numbers and Distribution Across Operations

This essay about Target Corporation highlights its strategic workforce management and the integral role it plays in the company’s success. It outlines Target’s commitment to diversity and inclusion, strategic placement of staff across operational areas, and investment in employee development and technology. The essay also discusses the challenges Target faces in the retail sector and emphasizes the importance of adapting workforce strategies to remain competitive and responsive to market demands.

How it works

As one of the world’s most iconic retail brands, Target Corporation exemplifies the impact of strategic workforce management. Behind its famous red bullseye logo is a sophisticated network of employees that powers its extensive array of stores, distribution centers, and corporate offices. A detailed examination of Target’s employee structure reveals a story of deliberate personnel distribution, operational efficacy, and the human touch that characterizes every transaction.

Central to Target’s employment strategy is its strong commitment to diversity and inclusion.

With a team exceeding 350,000 members according to the most recent data, the company implements a comprehensive approach to recruitment that mirrors the diverse communities it serves. Target ensures inclusivity from the ground level in sales roles to the upper echelons of its executive team. This focus not only cultivates a rich corporate culture but also boosts consumer satisfaction by aligning the workforce demographics with those of its clientele.

Target strategically places its workforce across different operational areas, critical to the company’s ongoing success. Store employees, who interact directly with countless customers daily, are at the forefront. These associates are stationed in thousands of locations—from metropolitan areas to small towns—each adapting to the specific needs and tastes of the surrounding area.

The company’s operations extend to its network of distribution hubs, which include warehouses and fulfillment centers that are essential to its seamless omnichannel retail strategy. These facilities operate efficiently thanks to the skilled warehouse staff, logistics experts, and supply chain managers who ensure timely product availability and order fulfillment. Target’s commitment to automation and technology enhances these operations, allowing for more efficient workflows and quicker service to meet modern consumers’ expectations.

On the corporate side, Target employs a diverse group of professionals in finance, marketing, human resources, and technology. These teams are pivotal in providing the necessary support and strategic guidance that fuel innovation and direct the company’s expansion. Target’s corporate environment promotes teamwork, creativity, and flexibility, creating a dynamic where ideas flourish and employees are motivated to push the company forward amidst a changing retail environment.

A key feature of Target’s approach to workforce management is its focus on employee development and empowerment. Through initiatives like Target University, the company offers numerous training and development programs that help employees enhance their skills and careers. Moreover, Target provides substantial employee benefits including health insurance, retirement plans, and tuition assistance, underlining its commitment to the personal and professional growth of its team.

Despite these efforts, Target faces challenges typical of the retail sector, such as labor costs, recruitment competition, and changing consumer preferences. In a period dominated by digital transformation and market shifts, Target continuously refines its workforce strategies to maintain flexibility and responsiveness to customer demands.

Moving forward, the robustness of Target’s workforce will remain pivotal to its success as it tackles the complexities of a competitive retail market. By maintaining a focus on diversity, investing in employee growth, and nurturing a culture of innovation, Target is poised to sustain its growth and deliver ongoing value to customers, investors, and the community. As the retail sector progresses, the resilience and vigor of Target’s workforce will continue to be essential to its enduring attractiveness and market competitiveness.

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"The Workforce of Target Corporation: Analyzing Employee Numbers and Distribution Across Operations." PapersOwl.com, May 12, 2024. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/the-workforce-of-target-corporation-analyzing-employee-numbers-and-distribution-across-operations/

"The Workforce of Target Corporation: Analyzing Employee Numbers and Distribution Across Operations," PapersOwl.com , 12-May-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-workforce-of-target-corporation-analyzing-employee-numbers-and-distribution-across-operations/. [Accessed: 15-May-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Workforce of Target Corporation: Analyzing Employee Numbers and Distribution Across Operations . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-workforce-of-target-corporation-analyzing-employee-numbers-and-distribution-across-operations/ [Accessed: 15-May-2024]

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