environmental economics thesis

The thesis consists of three independent chapters on environmental and urban economics. A central theme explored in this thesis is what determines the distribution of economic activities across space. My exploration in this direction begins with the roles of industrial pollution and transportation infrastructure in shaping the spatial distribution of skills, and extends to evaluate the spatial allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. The first chapter,“The Long Shadow of Industrial Pollution: Environmental Amenities and the Distribution of Skills”, investigates the role of industrial pollution in determining the competitiveness of post-industrial cities, with a focus on their ability to attract skilled workers and shift to a modern service economy. I assemble a rich database at a fine spatial resolution, which allows me to track pollution from the 1970s to the present and to examine its impacts on a whole range of outcomes related to productivity and amenity, including house prices, employment, wages, and crime. I find that census tracts downwind of highly polluted 1970s industrial sites are associated with lower housing prices and a smaller share of skilled employment three decades later, a pattern which became evermore prominent between 1980 and 2000. These findings indicate that pollution in the 1970s affected the ability of parts of cities to attract skills, which in turn drove the process of agglomeration based on modern services. To quantify the contribution of different mechanisms, I build and estimate a multi-sector spatial equilibrium framework that introduces heterogeneity in local productivity and workers’ valuation of local amenities across sectors and allows the initial sorting to be magnified by production and residential externalities. Structural estimation suggests that historical pollution is associated with lower current productivity and amenity; the magnitudes are higher for productivity, more skilled sectors and central tracts. I then use the framework to evaluate the impact of counterfactual pollution cuts in different parts of cities on nationwide welfare and cross-city skill distribution. The second chapter, “Travel Costs and Urban Specialization: Evidence from China’s High Speed Railway” examines how improvements in passenger transportation affect the spatial distribution of skills, exploiting the expansion of high speed railway (HSR) project in China. This natural experiment is unique because as a passenger-dedicated transportation device that aims at improving the speed and convenience of intercity travel, HSR mostly affects urban specialization through encouraging more frequent intercity trips and face-to-face interactions. I find that an HSR connection increases city-wide passenger flows by 10% and employment by 7%. To further deal with the issues of endogenous railway placement and simultaneous public investments accompanying HSR connections, I examine the impact of a city’s market access changes purely driven by the HSR connection of other cities. The estimates suggest that HSR-induced expansion in market access increases urban employment with an elasticity between 2 and 2.5. The differential impacts of HSR on employment across sectors suggest that industries benefiting more from enhanced market access are the ones intensive in nonroutine cognitive skills, such as finance, IT and business services. These findings highlight the role of improved passenger travel infrastructure in promoting the delivery of services, facilitating labour sourcing and knowledge exchange across cities, and ultimately shifting the specialization pattern of connected cities towards skilled and communication intensive sectors. In the last chapter, “Where does the Wind Blow? Green Preferences and Spatial Misallocation in the Renewable Energy Sector” , I focus on the spatial allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. How efficiently are renewable energy projects distributed across the US? Are “greener” investors worse at picking sites? Using extensive information on wind resources, transmission, electricity prices and other restrictions that are relevant to the siting choices of wind farms, I calculate the predicted profitability of wind power projects for all possible locations across the contiguous US, use this distribution of this profitability as a counterfactual for profit-maximizing wind power investments and compare it to the actual placement of wind farms. The average predicted profit of wind projects would have risen by 47.1% had the 1770 current projects in the continental US been moved to the best 1770 sites. I also show that 80% and 42% respectively of this observed deviation can be accounted for by within-state and within-county distortions. I provide further evidence that a large proportion of the observed within-state spatial misallocation is related to green investors’ tendency of invest locally and sub-optimally. Wind farms in more environmentally-friendly counties are more likely to be financed by local and non-profit investors, are closer to cities, are much less responsive to local fundamentals and have worse performance ex-post. The implementation of state policies such as Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and price-based subsidies are related to better within-state locational choices through attracting more for-profit investments to the “brown" counties, while lump-sum subsidies have the opposite or no effects. My findings have salient implications for environmental and energy policy. Policy makers should take account of the non-monetary incentives of renewable investors when determining the allocative efficiency of policies.

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Essays in environmental economics

This body of work contributes to the literature on two current topics in environmental economics: (1) the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation; and (2) the effectiveness of mandatory information disclosure as a regulatory instrument. For the first topic, we link theoretical and empirical Environmental Kuznets Curve research by using calibration and simulation to test a growth model with environmental quality as a normal good and emissions as a factor of production. We use U.S. macroeconomic, emissions and compliance data to calibrate parameters representing preferences for environmental quality and marginal abatement costs. We simulate the model starting from a less-developed initial condition and compare the predicted pollution-income relationship with that in the data. Our results are mixed. Some support exists for the theory that an inverted U-shape results from a corner solution in which less developed countries do not abate pollution. However,...

Related Papers

Wiwin Setyari

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) shows the relationship between economic development, which is proxied in per capita income, and environmental quality. This study aims to view the existence of the EKC by arranging the distribution of 62 countries into four sub-samples based on per capita income from 1992 to 2017. By applying panel data, the model uses the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) method to see the effect of economic growth on environmental quality (CO2 emission) in both the short and the long term. The results show that the EKCs on our four subsamples used are not conclusive, and are more likely to refer to the “N” pattern. This result confirms that the impetus of development at a higher level will lead to a degradation of environmental quality. Therefore, policy intervention becomes an important thing.

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The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesizes that emissions first increase at low stages of development then decrease once a certain threshold has been reached. The EKC concept is usually used with per capita Gross Domestic Product as the explanatory variable. As others, we find mixed evidences, at best, of such a pattern for CO2 emissions with respect to per capita GDP. We also show that the share of manufacture in GDP and governance/institutions play a significant role in the CO2 emissions-income relationship. As GDP presents shortcomings in representing income, development in a broad perspective or human well-being, it is then replaced by the World Bank's Adjusted Net Savings (ANS, also known as Genuine Savings). Using the ANS as an explanatory variable, we show that the EKC is generally empirically supported for CO2 emissions. We also show that human capital and natural capital are the main drivers of the downward sloping part of the EKC.

Vladimir K. Teles

This paper explores the link between an environmental policy and economic growth employing an extension of the Neoclassical Growth Model. We include a state equation to renewable natural resources, and consider natural resources as a component of the aggregate productivity. It is assumed that the change of the environmental regulations induces costs and that economic agents also derive some utility

Eugenio Figueroa Benavides

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Environmental Economics Research Paper Topics

This comprehensive guide to environmental economics research paper topics is designed to assist students and researchers in selecting a subject for their study. Environmental economics, a field at the intersection of economics and environmental science, offers a wide array of topics that explore the economic aspects of environmental issues. From policy and natural resource economics to sustainability and climate change, this guide provides a diverse list of topics to inspire your research journey. Additionally, it offers expert advice on choosing a topic and writing a research paper in environmental economics. The guide also introduces iResearchNet’s writing services, which offer custom research papers on any topic in environmental economics, ensuring high-quality, in-depth research, and timely delivery.

Environmental economics is a fascinating field that combines the principles of economics with the study of environmental issues. It seeks to understand the economic impacts of environmental policies and to develop solutions that can balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. Here is a comprehensive list of environmental economics research paper topics that you can explore:

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Environmental Policies and Economic Growth

• The impact of environmental regulations on economic growth.
• The role of green taxes in promoting sustainable development.
• The economic benefits of renewable energy policies.
• The cost-effectiveness of carbon pricing mechanisms.
• The impact of environmental policies on job creation.
• The role of government subsidies in promoting green technologies.
• The economic implications of the Paris Agreement.
• The effect of environmental policies on industrial competitiveness.
• The role of environmental policies in shaping market behavior.
• The economic feasibility of transitioning to a circular economy.

Natural Resource Economics

• The economic valuation of natural resources.
• The role of property rights in natural resource management.
• The economic implications of overfishing.
• The impact of mineral extraction on local economies.
• The economics of water scarcity.
• The role of economic incentives in promoting sustainable forestry.
• The impact of climate change on agricultural economics.
• The economic costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation.
• The role of natural resources in economic development.
• The economic implications of soil degradation.

Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis

• The use of cost-benefit analysis in environmental decision making.
• The challenges of monetizing environmental benefits.
• The role of discount rates in environmental cost-benefit analysis.
• The use of cost-effectiveness analysis in environmental policy.
• The limitations of cost-benefit analysis in addressing environmental justice issues.
• The role of cost-benefit analysis in climate change mitigation strategies.
• The use of multi-criteria analysis in environmental decision making.
• The role of risk analysis in environmental cost-benefit analysis.
• The impact of uncertainty on environmental cost-benefit analysis.
• The use of cost-benefit analysis in ecosystem service valuation.

Economics of Climate Change

• The economic impacts of climate change.
• The role of carbon markets in mitigating climate change.
• The economic feasibility of climate change adaptation strategies.
• The impact of climate change on global trade.
• The role of climate finance in promoting low-carbon development.
• The economic implications of sea level rise.
• The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity.
• The role of economic modeling in climate change projections.
• The economic costs and benefits of geoengineering.
• The impact of climate change on energy economics.

Environmental Justice and Economics

• The economic dimensions of environmental justice.
• The role of economic inequality in environmental degradation.
• The impact of environmental policies on marginalized communities.
• The role of green jobs in promoting environmental justice.
• The economic implications of environmental racism.
• The impact of environmental displacement on economic wellbeing.
• The role of economic empowerment in promoting environmental justice.
• The economic costs of environmental health disparities.
• The impact of environmental gentrification on urban economies.
• The role of economic policy in addressing environmental justice issues.

Green Economy and Sustainable Development

• The economic benefits of transitioning to a green economy.
• The role of green jobs in sustainable development.
• The economic implications of sustainable consumption and production.
• The impact of green growth strategies on economic competitiveness.
• The role of green finance in promoting sustainable development.
• The economic implications of the circular economy.
• The impact of green innovation on economic growth.
• The role of sustainable tourism in the green economy.
• The economic feasibility of green infrastructure projects.

Environmental Economics and Policy

• The economic impacts of environmental regulations.
• The role of economic incentives in environmental policy.
• The impact of environmental taxes on economic behavior.
• The role of trade policy in environmental protection.
• The economic implications of the polluter pays principle.
• The impact of environmental subsidies on market behavior.
• The role of economic instruments in biodiversity conservation.
• The economic feasibility of ecosystem service payments.
• The impact of environmental policy on economic competitiveness.
• The role of economic analysis in environmental policy making.

Economics of Energy and Environment

• The economic impacts of renewable energy policies.
• The role of energy economics in environmental sustainability.
• The impact of fossil fuel subsidies on the environment.
• The role of energy efficiency in economic growth.
• The economic implications of the energy transition.
• The impact of energy prices on environmental quality.
• The role of energy policy in climate change mitigation.
• The economic feasibility of carbon capture and storage.
• The impact of energy security on environmental sustainability.
• The role of energy markets in environmental protection.

Environmental Economics and Agriculture

• The economic impacts of agricultural pollution.
• The role of agricultural economics in environmental sustainability.
• The impact of agricultural subsidies on the environment.
• The role of sustainable agriculture in economic development.
• The economic implications of organic farming.
• The impact of agricultural trade on the environment.
• The role of agricultural policy in environmental protection.
• The economic feasibility of agroecology.
• The impact of agricultural innovation on environmental sustainability.
• The role of agricultural markets in environmental protection.

Environmental Economics and Urbanization

• The economic impacts of urban pollution.
• The role of urban economics in environmental sustainability.
• The impact of urban sprawl on the environment.
• The role of sustainable urban development in economic growth.
• The economic implications of urban green spaces.
• The impact of urban transportation on environmental quality.
• The role of urban planning in environmental protection.
• The economic feasibility of green buildings.
• The impact of urbanization on biodiversity.
• The role of urban infrastructure in environmental protection.

These environmental economics research paper topics cover a wide range of issues in the field of environmental economics, from policy and law to energy and agriculture. They provide a starting point for your research and can be tailored to fit your specific interests and the requirements of your assignment. Remember, choosing the right topic is the first step in writing a successful research paper. So take your time, explore these topics, and choose one that you find interesting and meaningful.

Environmental Economics Research Guide

Environmental economics is a vital field that examines the interplay between economic systems and the environment. As our world faces increasingly complex environmental challenges, understanding the economic dimensions of these issues becomes crucial for developing effective solutions. This page aims to provide a comprehensive resource for students studying environmental science and seeking research paper topics in the field of environmental economics.

Environmental economics focuses on analyzing the costs and benefits associated with environmental policies, natural resource management, pollution control, and sustainable development. It explores the ways in which economic activities impact the environment and how environmental factors influence economic decision-making. By studying environmental economics, students gain insights into the intricate relationship between human activities and the natural world, enabling them to propose informed strategies for sustainable development.

For students pursuing a degree in environmental science, conducting research in environmental economics offers a unique perspective on addressing environmental challenges. It provides a framework to assess the economic implications of environmental issues and develop innovative solutions that balance ecological sustainability and economic prosperity. Research papers in environmental economics not only contribute to the academic discourse but also equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to effect positive change in their future careers.

The purpose of this page is to serve as a valuable resource for students seeking inspiration and guidance for their research papers in environmental economics. We aim to provide a curated list of diverse research paper topics, expert advice on topic selection, and practical tips on writing an effective environmental economics research paper. Additionally, we introduce the writing services offered by iResearchNet, providing students the opportunity to order custom research papers tailored to their specific needs.

By exploring the topics and advice presented on this page, students will be equipped with the tools and insights necessary to delve into the fascinating field of environmental economics. Whether you are interested in studying the economic impact of climate change, analyzing environmental policies, or exploring sustainable development strategies, this page will help you navigate the vast landscape of environmental economics research.

We invite you to embark on this exciting journey of exploring environmental economics research paper topics and discovering the potential to make a meaningful impact on the environmental challenges of our time.

Choosing an Environmental Economics Topic

Choosing the right research paper topic is a crucial step in the process of writing an impactful and successful environmental economics research paper. With the vast scope of environmental economics, it is essential to select a topic that is not only interesting but also relevant, feasible, and has the potential to contribute to the field. Here are ten expert tips to help you navigate the process of choosing environmental economics research paper topics:

• Identify your Interests : Start by identifying your personal interests within the field of environmental economics. Think about the environmental issues that resonate with you, such as climate change, natural resource management, pollution control, or sustainable development. Choosing a topic that genuinely interests you will make the research process more enjoyable and motivating.
• Stay Updated with Current Issues : Keep yourself informed about the latest environmental issues and developments in environmental economics. Follow reputable news sources, academic journals, and research publications to stay abreast of emerging trends, debates, and areas of active research. This will enable you to select topics that are timely and relevant.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Before finalizing a research topic, conduct preliminary research to gain a broad understanding of the existing literature in the field. Review academic papers, books, and reports related to environmental economics to identify gaps in knowledge and potential research areas that warrant further exploration.
• Narrow Down the Scope : Environmental economics is a vast field, and it is essential to narrow down the scope of your research topic. Focus on a specific aspect, problem, or geographic region that you can realistically address within the scope of your research paper. Narrowing down the topic will allow you to delve deeper and provide a more comprehensive analysis.
• Consult with Your Advisor : Seek guidance from your academic advisor or faculty members specializing in environmental economics. They can provide valuable insights, suggest potential research topics, and offer guidance on selecting a topic that aligns with your academic goals and interests.
• Consider the Research Gap : Look for areas in environmental economics where there is a research gap or limited literature available. Identifying gaps in the existing body of knowledge will allow you to contribute to the field by conducting original research and generating new insights.
• Balance Practicality and Significance : When choosing a research topic, consider the practicality of data collection and analysis. Ensure that you have access to relevant data sources and research methods required to investigate the topic effectively. Additionally, evaluate the potential significance of the research topic in addressing real-world environmental challenges.
• Engage in Discussions and Seminars : Participate in discussions, seminars, and conferences related to environmental economics. Engaging with peers and experts in the field will expose you to diverse perspectives and help you discover potential research topics and areas of interest that you may not have considered before.
• Seek Interdisciplinary Approaches : Environmental economics often intersects with other disciplines such as ecology, policy studies, sociology, and public health. Consider incorporating interdisciplinary approaches into your research topic to explore the interconnectedness between environmental and social factors, which can provide a more holistic understanding of the issues at hand.
• Reflect on Practical Applications : Reflect on the practical applications of your research topic. Consider how your findings and analysis can contribute to policy development, inform decision-making processes, or propose sustainable solutions. Topics that have practical implications and can make a positive impact in real-world contexts tend to be more compelling and meaningful.

By following these expert tips, you will be well-equipped to choose a compelling and relevant environmental economics research paper topic that aligns with your interests, addresses knowledge gaps, and has the potential to contribute to the field. Remember to consult with your academic advisor throughout the process to ensure that your chosen topic aligns with the requirements and objectives of your research paper.

How to Write an Environmental Economics Research Paper

Writing an environmental economics research paper requires a systematic and well-structured approach to effectively communicate your research findings and contribute to the field. Here are ten essential tips to help you navigate the process of writing an impactful environmental economics research paper:

• Understand the Research Question : Start by clearly understanding the research question or objective of your paper. Identify the specific problem or issue you aim to address and formulate a concise and focused research question. This will serve as the guiding principle throughout your research and writing process.
• Conduct In-depth Literature Review : Before delving into your own research, conduct a comprehensive literature review to familiarize yourself with the existing body of knowledge. Identify key theories, concepts, methodologies, and empirical studies relevant to your research question. This will help you establish the context for your research and identify research gaps to address.
• Develop a Solid Research Methodology : Choose an appropriate research methodology that aligns with your research question and objectives. Whether it’s quantitative, qualitative, or a combination of both, ensure that your chosen methodology allows you to collect and analyze data effectively to answer your research question.
• Collect and Analyze Data : Depending on your research question, collect relevant data from credible sources. This may include primary data collected through surveys, interviews, or experiments, or secondary data from academic journals, government reports, or databases. Analyze the data using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques to derive meaningful insights.
• Organize Your Paper : Structure your research paper in a logical and coherent manner. Start with an introduction that provides background information, states the research question, and outlines the paper’s structure. Follow this with a literature review, methodology section, presentation and analysis of findings, discussion of results, and a conclusion that summarizes your key findings and their implications.
• Provide Clear and Concise Writing : Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and accessible to your target audience. Use plain language and avoid unnecessary jargon. Clearly articulate your arguments, provide sufficient evidence, and use appropriate citations to support your claims. Use subheadings, bullet points, and paragraph breaks to improve readability.
• Support Your Arguments with Evidence : Back up your claims and arguments with reliable evidence. Use empirical data, case studies, academic research, and real-world examples to support your analysis. Be critical of your sources and ensure they are reputable and peer-reviewed.
• Engage in Critical Analysis : Demonstrate critical thinking skills by analyzing and interpreting your findings in the context of existing literature and theories. Identify strengths, limitations, and potential biases in your research. Discuss alternative explanations and consider counterarguments to strengthen the validity of your research.
• Discuss Policy Implications : Environmental economics research often has policy implications. Discuss the implications of your research findings for environmental policies, regulations, or economic decision-making. Highlight the potential benefits and challenges of implementing your research outcomes in real-world scenarios.
• Revise and Edit : Revise and edit your research paper thoroughly before final submission. Pay attention to clarity, grammar, spelling, and formatting. Read your paper multiple times, seek feedback from peers or advisors, and make necessary revisions to improve the overall quality and coherence of your work.

By following these tips, you can effectively write an environmental economics research paper that is well-structured, evidence-based, and contributes to the understanding of environmental issues from an economic perspective. Remember to maintain a systematic approach, stay focused on your research question, and continuously refine your writing through feedback and revisions.

Custom Research Paper Writing Services

When it comes to writing a custom environmental economics research paper, iResearchNet is here to assist you. Our writing services offer a range of features that ensure the highest quality and professionalism in delivering customized research papers. By ordering a custom paper from us, you can benefit from the following:

• Expert Degree-Holding Writers : We have a team of experienced writers with advanced degrees in environmental economics and related fields. They possess the expertise and knowledge to write high-quality research papers tailored to your specific requirements.
• Custom Written Works : Each research paper we deliver is 100% original and tailored to your unique needs. Our writers follow your instructions and conduct thorough research to provide you with a custom-written paper that meets your academic standards.
• In-depth Research : Our writers are skilled in conducting in-depth research on environmental economics topics. They access reputable academic sources, scholarly journals, and up-to-date research databases to ensure your paper is well-informed and based on the latest findings in the field.
• Custom Formatting : We understand the importance of adhering to specific formatting styles. Whether it’s APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, or any other style, we ensure that your research paper is formatted correctly, including citations, references, and bibliography.
• Top Quality : Our commitment to quality is unwavering. We strive to deliver research papers that meet the highest standards of excellence. Our rigorous quality control measures ensure that your paper is well-written, well-structured, and free from errors.
• Customized Solutions : We recognize that every research paper is unique. Our writers work closely with you to understand your specific requirements and tailor the paper accordingly. We take into account your research question, objectives, and any specific guidelines provided by your institution.
• Flexible Pricing : We offer competitive and flexible pricing options to accommodate your budget. Our pricing structure considers factors such as the complexity of the research paper, deadline, and additional services required. We strive to provide affordable solutions without compromising on quality.
• Short Deadlines : We understand that deadlines can be tight. That’s why we offer short deadlines of up to 3 hours for urgent research paper requests. Our dedicated team works efficiently to ensure timely delivery, even for tight schedules.
• Timely Delivery : We value your time and strive to deliver your research paper within the agreed-upon deadline. Our writers and support team work collaboratively to ensure your paper is completed and delivered to you on time.
• 24/7 Support : Our customer support team is available round-the-clock to assist you with any queries or concerns you may have. Whether it’s assistance with placing an order, tracking your paper’s progress, or addressing any post-delivery concerns, we are here to support you.
• Absolute Privacy : We prioritize the privacy and confidentiality of our customers. All personal information and details of your order are treated with the utmost confidentiality. We never share your information with third parties, and all transactions are secured.
• Easy Order Tracking : We provide a user-friendly platform that allows you to easily track the progress of your order. You can communicate directly with your assigned writer, monitor the writing process, and receive updates on the status of your paper.
• Money Back Guarantee : We stand behind the quality of our work. If, for any reason, you are not satisfied with the final research paper, we offer a money back guarantee. Your satisfaction is our top priority, and we are committed to ensuring your academic success.

By choosing our writing services, you can rest assured that your environmental economics research paper will be handled by professionals who are dedicated to delivering customized and high-quality work. Our extensive features and commitment to excellence make us the ideal choice for students seeking reliable and professional assistance in their research paper endeavors.

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Are you ready to take the next step towards achieving your academic goals in environmental economics? Don’t let the challenges of writing a research paper hold you back. Take advantage of our professional writing services at iResearchNet and order your custom environmental economics research paper today.

Why settle for generic research papers when you can have a paper tailored specifically to your requirements? Our team of expert degree-holding writers is ready to assist you in crafting a research paper that showcases your understanding of environmental economics concepts and explores your chosen topic in-depth. Whether you need a paper on pollution pricing mechanisms, environmental policy analysis, or sustainable resource management, we have the expertise to deliver outstanding results.

With our user-friendly platform and 24/7 support, the process of ordering your custom research paper is simple and hassle-free. Just provide us with the details of your assignment, including the topic, formatting requirements, and any specific guidelines. Our writers will meticulously research and develop your paper, ensuring that it meets your academic standards and reflects your unique perspective.

Take the leap and order your custom environmental economics research paper today. Experience the benefits of working with a trusted writing service and unlock your full potential in the field of environmental science. Let us assist you in making a significant impact through your research and contribute to the sustainable future of our planet.

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Research in Environmental Economics - NCEE Working Paper Series

EPA's National Center for Environmental Economics (NCEE) publishes a working paper series on research in environmental economics. Paper topics include environmental management, resources and conservation, agriculture, global issues, institutional issues, and other topics. These papers are either authored by NCEE economists or produced with funding from NCEE.

The working papers are distributed for purposes of information and discussion. The opinions and findings expressed in these papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of EPA or NCEE. NCEE is committed to maintaining a high standard of quality in the NCEE Working Paper Series, and each paper must receive a favorable peer review prior to publication in the series. See Working Paper Series Instructions .

Any questions regarding the NCEE Working Paper Series can be addressed to the Managing Editor, Cynthia Morgan ( [email protected] ).

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Maximizing natural conditioning for buildings in 3 major African climates

 It takes skill and tenacity to coax nature to relinquish its treasures. When we tire of the effort, we resort to the synthetic which only mimics but can never equal the real thing. Within its climatic extremes, nature contains the comfort conditions we need. The effort to achieve natural conditioning is well worth it because synthetic buildings not only fail to adequately substitute, they also come at a steep environmental, social and economic cost. Natural conditioning is a treasure that we must re-discover. 

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• Master's Thesis
• Architecture

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• Master of Science in Sustainable Design (MSSD)

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Inequitable by Nature: Green Space and the Naturalization of Environmental Racism in the United States

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The Civil War: an Analysis through the Lens of Environmental and Economic Tensions

This essay explores the environmental and economic factors that contributed to the American Civil War. It highlights the stark differences between the agrarian South, reliant on cotton and slave labor, and the industrialized North, which embraced wage labor and manufacturing. These contrasting economic systems fostered distinct social structures and conflicting interests, particularly regarding the expansion of slavery into new territories. Political tensions over states’ rights and federal authority further exacerbated these divisions. The election of Abraham Lincoln, perceived as a threat to the Southern way of life, led to secession and the eventual outbreak of war. The essay underscores how deeply entrenched economic and environmental disparities played a critical role in driving the nation to conflict.

How it works

The American Civil War, spanning from 1861 to 1865, is often remembered for its battlefields and political upheaval. However, to truly understand this conflict, one must explore the environmental and economic underpinnings that contributed to this catastrophic division. By examining the natural resources, agricultural practices, and economic structures of the time, we can gain a unique perspective on the deep-seated causes of the war.

The Southern states’ economy was deeply rooted in agriculture, particularly the cultivation of cotton. The fertile soil and favorable climate of the South made it an ideal region for growing this cash crop, which became known as “King Cotton.

” The demand for cotton in international markets, particularly in Britain and France, fueled the Southern economy. This agricultural success was heavily dependent on slave labor, creating a system where the prosperity of the region was intrinsically linked to the institution of slavery. Plantations operated on a scale that required significant manpower, and the enslaved population provided the necessary labor force to maintain high levels of production.

In contrast, the Northern states experienced a different environmental and economic trajectory. The North’s cooler climate and less fertile soil were not conducive to large-scale cotton farming. Instead, the region became the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in America. Factories, railroads, and burgeoning urban centers characterized the Northern economy. This industrial growth attracted immigrants and fostered a labor market based on wage labor rather than slavery. The North’s economic interests increasingly diverged from those of the South, leading to conflicting priorities and values.

The environmental differences between the two regions also influenced their respective social structures and labor systems. The South’s reliance on agriculture and slavery created a rigid, hierarchical society. Wealth and power were concentrated in the hands of plantation owners, who controlled vast tracts of land and the lives of countless enslaved individuals. This social order was defended with fervor, as any threat to slavery was seen as a threat to the entire Southern way of life.

Meanwhile, the North’s industrial economy promoted a more fluid social structure. Urbanization and the growth of factories led to the development of a diverse working class. The Northern states began to see slavery as not only morally wrong but also economically backward. Wage labor, they argued, was more efficient and better suited to a modern, industrialized economy. This belief was not merely a matter of principle but also a reflection of the North’s economic self-interest.

Political tensions escalated as these environmental and economic differences deepened. The issue of whether new territories should permit slavery became a flashpoint. The South sought to expand its agricultural system westward, bringing slavery along with it. The North, however, opposed the spread of slavery, fearing that it would undermine free labor and give the South disproportionate power in the federal government. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850 were attempts to maintain a delicate balance between slave and free states, but these measures only postponed the inevitable conflict.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed territories to decide the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty, led to violent clashes known as “Bleeding Kansas.” This period of turmoil underscored the failure of political compromises and highlighted the irreconcilable differences between North and South. As tensions rose, the abolitionist movement gained momentum in the North. Activists like Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and John Brown became prominent figures in the fight against slavery. Their efforts, along with the widespread influence of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” galvanized Northern public opinion against the institution of slavery.

The Southern states, meanwhile, doubled down on their defense of slavery. They argued that their economic survival depended on it and that their social order would collapse without the institution. This defensive stance was coupled with a growing sense of political alienation, as Southerners felt increasingly marginalized within the Union. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, a candidate who opposed the expansion of slavery, was seen as an existential threat. Southern leaders feared that Lincoln’s presidency would lead to the abolition of slavery and the destruction of their economic and social systems.

In response, South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860, followed by other Southern states. These states formed the Confederate States of America, committed to preserving slavery and asserting their independence. The secession was not merely a political act but a desperate attempt to protect their environmental and economic interests. The attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861 marked the beginning of the Civil War, a conflict that would last four years and claim hundreds of thousands of lives.

The Civil War was a complex event with multiple causes, but by examining the environmental and economic factors, we gain a deeper understanding of the underlying tensions. The Southern dependence on cotton and slavery, contrasted with the Northern industrial economy, created a fundamental clash of interests. These differences were not just about politics or morality but were rooted in the very land and labor systems that defined each region. The war was, in many ways, an inevitable outcome of these deeply entrenched disparities.

In conclusion, the American Civil War was driven by a combination of environmental and economic factors that shaped the identities and interests of the North and South. The fertile fields of the South and the industrial cities of the North created two distinct ways of life that were ultimately incompatible. Understanding these underlying causes provides a richer perspective on the conflict and its enduring impact on American history. The war was not just a battle over territory or governance but a profound struggle over the future direction of a nation divided by its own natural and economic landscapes.

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The Second Street Corridor Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery Grant (TIGER) Project Wins the 2024 FHWA Environmental Excellence Award (EEA)

This award recognizes the exemplary achievements of the City of Frankfort, Kentucky, and its partners. The City of Frankfort and its partners fully redesigned and reconstructed Second Street to improve its accessibility and usability for vulnerable road users. The design included enhanced accessible pedestrian areas, sidewalks and plazas, traffic signalization, and other key landscaped areas and streetscape elements, such as rain gardens. These biennial awards recognize leaders across the country who make outstanding contributions to environmental stewardship. The selection process was extremely difficult because of the higher caliber of this year’s nominations, and the receipt of this competitive award is a real achievement.

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