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Definition of homework

Examples of homework in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'homework.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1662, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Dictionary Entries Near homework

Cite this entry.

“Homework.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homework. Accessed 20 Jun. 2024.

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Kids definition of homework, more from merriam-webster on homework.

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Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about homework

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[ hohm -wurk ]

• schoolwork assigned to be done outside the classroom ( distinguished from classwork ).
• a single assignment of such schoolwork: Homeworks are due at the beginning of class.
• paid work done at home , as piecework.

to do one's homework for the next committee meeting.

/ ˈhəʊmˌwɜːk /

• school work done out of lessons, esp at home
• any preparatory study
• work done at home for pay

Discover More

Word history and origins.

Origin of homework 1

Idioms and Phrases

Example sentences.

Now, they log on to Zoom from their bedrooms, surrounded by unfinished homework assignments and tattered stuffed animals, waiting to be assigned calls, texts and emails by the trained therapists who oversee the program.

Yow started her homework and saw Frese had gone 35-22 with two winning seasons at Ball State, which hadn’t had a winning record in its previous nine seasons.

Do some homework before investing in a diamond, and that lifelong commitment.

Another poster included an image of their losses over what appeared to be online math homework.

As we countdown to Inauguration Day, I've been doing my homework—and looking to the past for inspiration.

“I can help my children with their homework and sometimes we text in English at my job,” Santos says.

Scheunemann, meanwhile, had no idea who Spencer was, and did some homework.

She jumped at the chance to watch RT, or jumped at the chance to skip calculus homework.

And we encourage parent-student “contracts,” for class attendance, homework submission and even extra-curriculum activities.

Adicéam did his homework, spending 50 days collecting pieces, many with unexpected stories behind them.

Much of this homework is done by a very bad light and the boy's eyes suffer much.

For homework we have prepared alphabets where the letters are printed in type-writing order.

His parents were always getting angry with him for losing his clothes, or his toys, or his homework.

Only at the time when he was going to Beauregard School, with his homework.

And once a week or twice a week she was sending her homework or something to him.

Related Words

• arrangement
• construction
• establishment
• preparedness
• qualification

Definitions and idiom definitions from Dictionary.com Unabridged, based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Idioms from The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

Look up a word, learn it forever.

/ˌhoʊmˈwʌrk/.

Other forms: homeworks

Any assignment you're expected to complete after school and bring back to class the next day is called homework . Many students make up excuses for not having their homework done. The "My dog ate my homework " excuse doesn't work so well in the digital age.

High school students typically have a lot of homework most days, and often that's true for younger students as well. In college, an increasing amount of school work is done outside of class, as homework (even if you do it in the library, a cafe, or a dorm). Homework originally referred to any work done at home, including cooking and cleaning. The first example of the "school work" meaning dates from the late 1880s.

• noun preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home) synonyms: prep , preparation see more see less type of: school assignment , schoolwork a school task performed by a student to satisfy the teacher

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• homework (noun)
• Please do/finish your homework .
• She started her algebra homework .
• The candidate did his homework [=studied the issues] before the debate.

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Definition of homework noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary

• acquire/get/lack experience/training/(an) education
• receive/provide somebody with training
• develop/design/plan a curriculum/course/program/syllabus
• give/go to/attend a class/lesson/lecture/seminar
• hold/run/conduct a class/seminar/workshop
• moderate/lead/facilitate a discussion
• sign up for/take a course/classes/lessons
• go to/start preschool/kindergarten/nursery school
• be in the first, second, etc. grade (at school)
• study/take/drop history/chemistry/German, etc.
• finish/drop out of/quit school
• graduate from high school/college
• be the victim/target of bullying/teasing
• skip/cut/ ( informal ) ditch class/school
• cheat on an exam/a test
• get/be given a detention (for doing something)
• be expelled from/be suspended from school
• do your homework/a project on something
• work on/write/do/submit an essay/a dissertation/a thesis/an assignment/a paper
• finish/complete your dissertation/thesis/studies
• hand in/turn in your homework/essay/assignment/paper
• study/prepare/review/ ( informal ) cram for a test/an exam
• take/ ( formal ) sit for a test/an exam
• grade homework/a test
• do well on/ ( informal ) ace a test/an exam
• pass/fail/ ( informal ) flunk a test/an exam/a class/a course/a subject
• apply to/get into/go to/start college
• leave/graduate from college (with a degree in computer science)/law school
• study for/work towards a law degree/a degree in physics
• major/minor in biology/philosophy
• earn/receive/be awarded/get/have/hold a master's degree/a bachelor's degree/a Ph.D. in economics

Questions about grammar and vocabulary?

Find the answers with Practical English Usage online, your indispensable guide to problems in English.

• 2 ( informal ) work that someone does to prepare for something You could tell that he had really done his homework (= found out all he needed to know) .

Nearby words

7 minute read

Purpose, Public Attitudes toward Homework, The Positive and Negative Effects of Homework, Extensiveness of Homework

Homework is defined as tasks assigned to students by school teachers that are intended to be carried out during nonschool hours. This definition excludes in-school guided study (although homework is often worked on during school), home-study courses, and extracurricular activities such as sports teams and clubs.

The most common purpose of homework is to have students practice material already presented in class so as to reinforce learning and facilitate mastery of specific skills. Preparation assignments introduce the material that will be presented in future lessons. These assignments aim to help students obtain the maximum benefit when the new material is covered in class. Extension homework involves the transfer of previously learned skills to new situations. For example, students might learn in class about factors that led to the French Revolution and then be asked as homework to apply them to the American Revolution. Finally, integration homework requires the student to apply separately learned skills to produce a single product, such as book reports, science projects, or creative writing.

Homework also can serve purposes that do not relate directly to instruction. Homework can be used to (1) establish communication between parents and children; (2) fulfill directives from school administrators; (3) punish students; and (4) inform parents about what is going on in school. Most homework assignments have elements of several different purposes.

Public Attitudes toward Homework

Homework has been a part of student's lives since the beginning of formal schooling in the United States. However, the practice has been alternately accepted and rejected by educators and parents.

When the twentieth century began, the mind was viewed as a muscle that could be strengthened through mental exercise. Since this exercise could be done at home, homework was viewed favorably. During the 1940s, the emphasis in education shifted from drill to problem solving. Homework fell out of favor because it was closely associated with the repetition of material. The launch of the satellite Sputnik by the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s reversed this thinking. The American public worried that education lacked rigor and left children unprepared for complex technologies. Homework, it was believed, could accelerate knowledge acquisition.

The late 1960s witnessed yet another reversal. Educators and parents became concerned that homework was crowding out social experience, outdoor recreation, and creative activities. In the 1980s, homework once again leapt back into favor when A Nation at Risk (1983), the report by the National Commission on Excellence in Education, cited homework as a defense against the rising tide of mediocrity in American education. The push for more homework continued into the 1990s, fueled by increasingly rigorous state-mandated academic standards. As the century ended, a backlash against homework set in, led by parents concerned about too much stress on their children.

The Positive and Negative Effects of Homework

The most direct positive effect of homework is that it can improve retention and understanding. More indirectly, homework can improve students' study skills and attitudes toward school, and teach students that learning can take place anywhere, not just in school buildings. The nonacademic benefits of homework include fostering independence and responsibility. Finally, homework can involve parents in the school process, enhancing their appreciation of education, and allowing them to express positive attitudes toward the value of school success.

Conversely, educators and parents worry that students will grow bored if they are required to spend too much time on academic material. Homework can deny access to leisure time and community activities that also teach important life skills. Parent involvement in homework can turn into parent interference. For example, parents can confuse children if the instructional techniques they use differ from those used by teachers. Homework can actually lead to the acquisition of undesirable character traits if it promotes cheating, either through the copying of assignments or help with homework that goes beyond tutoring. Finally, homework could accentuate existing social inequities. Children from disadvantaged homes may have more difficulty completing assignments than their middle-class counterparts.

Extensiveness of Homework

In contrast to the shifts in public attitudes, surveys suggest that the amount of time students spend on homework has been relatively stable. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress suggests that in both 1984 and 1994, about one-third of nine-year-olds and one-quarter of thirteen-and seventeen-year-olds reported being assigned no homework at all, with an additional 5 percent to 10 percent admitting they did not do homework that was assigned. About one-half of nine-year-olds, one-third of thirteen-year-olds, and one-quarter of seventeen-year-olds said they did less than an hour of homework each night. In 1994 about 12 percent of nine-year-olds, 28 percent of thirteen-year-olds, and 26 percent of seventeen-year-olds said they did one to two hours of homework each night. These percentages were all within one point of the 1984 survey results.

A national survey of parents conducted by the polling agency Public Agenda, in October, 2000, revealed that 64 percent of parents felt their child was getting "about the right amount" of homework, 25 percent felt their child was getting "too little" homework, and only 10 percent felt "too much homework" was being assigned.

International comparisons often suggest that U.S. students spend less time on homework than students in other industrialized nations. However, direct comparisons across countries are difficult to interpret because of different definitions of homework and differences in the length of the school day and year.

Appropriate Amounts of Homework

Experts agree that the amount and type of homework should depend on the developmental level of the student. The National PTA and the National Education Association suggest that homework for children in grades K–2 is most effective when it does not exceed ten to twenty minutes each day. In grades three through six, children can benefit from thirty to sixty minutes daily. Junior high and high school students can benefit from more time on homework and the amount might vary from night to night. These recommendations are consistent with the conclusions reached by studies into the effectiveness of homework.

Research on Homework's Overall Effectiveness

Three types of studies have been used to examine the relationship between homework and academic achievement. One type compares students who receive homework with students who receive none. Generally, these studies reveal homework to be a positive influence on achievement. However, they also reveal a relationship between homework and achievement for high school students that is about twice as strong as for junior high students. The relationship at the elementary school level is only one-quarter that of the high school level.

Another type of study compares homework to in-class supervised study. Overall, the positive relationship is about half as strong as in the first type of study. These studies again reveal a strong grade-level effect. When homework and in-class study were compared in elementary schools, in-class study proved superior.

The third type of study correlates the amount of homework students say they complete with their achievement test scores. Again, these surveys show the relationship is influenced by the grade level of students. For students in primary grades, the correlation between time spent on homework and achievement is near zero. For students in middle and junior high school, the correlation suggests a positive but weak relationship. For high school students, the correlation suggests a moderate relationship between achievement and time spend on homework.

Research on Effective Homework Assignments

The subject matter shows no consistent relationship to the value of homework. It appears that shorter and more frequent assignments may be more effective than longer but fewer assignments. Assignments that involve review and preparation are more effective than homework that focuses only on material covered in class on the day of the assignments. It can be beneficial to involve parents in homework when young children are experiencing problems in school. Older students and students doing well in school have more to gain from homework when it promotes independent learning.

Homework can be an effective instructional device. However, the relationship between homework and achievement is influenced greatly by the students' developmental level. Expectations for home work's effects, especially in the short term and in earlier grades, must be modest. Further, homework can have both positive and negative effects. Educators and parents should not be concerned with which list of homework effects is correct. Rather, homework policies and practices should give individual schools and teachers flexibility to take into account the unique needs and circumstances of their students so as to maximize positive effects and minimize negative ones.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

C AMPBELL , J AY R. ; R EESE , C LYDE M. ; O'S ULLIVAN, C HRISTINE; and D OSSEY , J OHN A. 1996. NAEP 1994 Trends in Academic Progress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

C OOPER , H ARRIS. 2001. The Battle Over Homework: Common Ground for Administrators, Teachers, and Parents, 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.

C OOPER , H ARRIS, and V ALENTINE , J. C., eds. 2001. "Homework: A Special Issue." Educational Psychologist 36 (3).

INTERNET RESOURCES

H ENDERSON , M. 1996. "Helping Your Student Get the Most Out of Homework." Chicago: National PTA and the National Education Association. < www.pta.org/Programs/edulibr/homework. htm >.

P UBLIC A GENDA. 2000. "Survey Finds Little Sign of Backlash Against Academic Standards or Standardized Tests." < www.publicagenda.org/aboutpa/aboutpa3ee.htm >

H ARRIS C OOPER

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home•work

An assignment is a task that someone is given to do, usually as part of their job.

An assignment is also a piece of academic work given to students.

In American English, an assignment is also a piece of work given to students to do at home.

Work given to schoolchildren to do at home is also called homework .

Be Careful! Homework is an uncountable noun. You do not talk about 'homeworks' or 'a homework'. Note that you do not say ' I have made my homework '. You say 'I have done my homework'.

Homework is work that school pupils are given to do at home. You say that pupils do homework. Don't say that they ' make homework '.

Housework is work such as cleaning or washing that is done in a house.

Be Careful! Both homework and housework are uncountable nouns. Don't talk about ' a homework ' or ' houseworks '.

• assignability
• best of all
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• change magnitude
• concentrate
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• homichlophobia
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Definitions of Homework, Types of Homework, and Ratings of the Importance of Homework Among Psychologists With Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Psychoanalytic Theoretical Orientations

• Journal of Clinical Psychology 66(7):758-73
• 66(7):758-73

• Cognitive Behavior Therapy Research Unit

• Harvard Medical School

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What is Homework?

The homework definition refers to the work given to students after class. It is intended to make students capable of doing things on their own and to recollect what they have learned in class. It is based on the teaching provided to them in class. This can be in written form or they might be asked to memorize a lesson.

Homework is part of a traditional classroom teaching technique where the teacher moderates the information provided to the students in class and checks their retention rate based on their performance. The method of teaching is usually lecture-based and does not involve dialogue between teacher and students. 

Homework has to be done separately from the regular classwork. It also enables the student to revise what they learned in class. This is necessary as it allows the students to properly understand the work being done in schools. 

It also helps develop the study skills and good work habits while also helping them learn to work under deadlines, usually without a teacher’s help. It also allows the parents to be in the loop of what is going on in the school.

In order to maintain the effectiveness of the same, teachers can ensure that the work is purposeful and does not take a lot of time. This will ensure that the students do not feel burdened by the homework.

Types of Homework

Now that you know what does homework mean, let’s understand the different types of homework that a teacher can give to students.

Worksheets: These are printable or online homework in which students are required to answer questions or complete activities related to the topic that is being taught. This type of homework can include multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank exercises, short answer questions, or problem-solving tasks.

Projects or Experiments- Such types of homework are given in subjects like science in which there is knowledge to gain via experiments and practical work. For such homework, the students are required to conduct research, do analysis, collect data, and then finally based on all collected information a report is made. 

Group Assignments- As its name suggests group homework definition is that it is the type of homework that is given by the teachers to students to be done in groups. In such homework, students are divided into groups for n numbers of members who will conduct research, and bring ideas to create the final report.

Creative Assessments- These are types of homework that teachers assign to do creative work, such as drawing, model making, performances, and skits to teach students in a unique way.  Teachmint is a one-stop solution for educational institutions of all sizes. Our learning management system is a game changer in the field of education. To know more about our offerings like academic planner , visit our website.

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homework noun

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What does the noun homework mean?

There are three meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun homework . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

How common is the noun homework ?

How is the noun homework pronounced?

British english, u.s. english, where does the noun homework come from.

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun homework is in the mid 1600s.

OED's earliest evidence for homework is from 1653, in the writing of Edmund Chillenden, parliamentarian army officer and General Baptist leader.

homework is formed within English, by compounding.

Etymons: home n. 1 , work n.

Nearby entries

• homeward-bounder, n. 1837–
• homeward-bound pennant, n. 1853–
• homewardly, adv. 1797–
• homewards, adv. & adj. Old English–
• homeware, n. 1782–
• home waters, n. 1838–
• home wear, n. 1836–
• home-whining, n. a1657
• home wind, n. 1732–
• home-woe, n. 1838–
• homework, n. 1653–
• homework club, n. 1900–
• homework diary, n. 1973–
• homeworker, n. 1843–
• homeworking, n. 1844–
• home-working, adj. 1850–
• home worship, n. 1849–
• homewort, n. Old English–
• home-wreck, n. 1845–
• home-wrecker, n. 1878–
• home-wrecking, n. 1878–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, compounds & derived words, entry history for homework, n..

homework, n. was revised in September 2011.

homework, n. was last modified in July 2023.

oed.com is a living text, updated every three months. Modifications may include:

• further revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
• new senses, phrases, and quotations.

Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into homework, n. in July 2023.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

A Supplement to the New English Dictionary (1933)

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OED Second Edition (1989)

• View homework in OED Second Edition

Please submit your feedback for homework, n.

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Citation details

Factsheet for homework, n., browse entry.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of homework in English

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• The kids are busy with their homework.
• My science teacher always sets a lot of homework.
• "Have you got any homework tonight ?" "No."
• I got A minus for my English homework.
• For homework I want you to write a paper on an endangered species .
• academic year
• access course
• Advanced Placement
• asynchronous
• foundation course
• grade retention
• immersion course
• on a course
• open admissions
• the national curriculum
• work placement

homework | Intermediate English

Homework | business english, examples of homework, translations of homework.

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thirsty work

hard physical work that makes you thirsty

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What does homework mean?

Definitions for homework ˈhoʊmˌwɜrk home·work, this dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word homework ., princeton's wordnet rate this definition: 3.8 / 4 votes.

homework, prep, preparation noun

preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home)

GCIDE Rate this definition: 1.0 / 1 vote

• homework noun

Paid work done at home, especially piecework.

Wiktionary Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Work that is done at home, especially school exercises set by a teacher.

You must do your homework before you can watch television.

Preliminary or preparatory work, such as research.

The speaker had certainly done his homework before delivering the lecture.

Wikipedia Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Homework is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the classroom. Common homework assignments may include required reading, a writing or typing project, mathematical exercises to be completed, information to be reviewed before a test, or other skills to be practiced. The effects of homework are debated. Generally speaking, homework does not improve academic performance among young children. Homework may improve academic skills among older students, especially lower-achieving students. However, homework also creates stress for students and parents, and reduces the amount of time that students can spend in other activities.

ChatGPT Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes

Homework refers to tasks or assignments given to students by their teachers that are expected to be completed outside of regular school hours. These assignments are usually related to the topics being taught in class and serve to reinforce learning, practice new skills, and prepare students for upcoming lessons or assessments. Homework can take various forms such as reading, writing, problem-solving, researching, or completing exercises. It is designed to encourage independent study, time management, and responsibility in students.

Wikidata Rate this definition: 4.8 / 4 votes

Homework, or homework assignment, refers to tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside of class. Common homework assignments may include a quantity or period of reading to be performed, writing or typing to be completed, problems to be solved, a school project to be built, or other skills to be practiced.

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• School Assignment

British National Corpus

Written Corpus Frequency

Rank popularity for the word 'homework' in Written Corpus Frequency: #2123

How to pronounce homework?

Alex US English David US English Mark US English Daniel British Libby British Mia British Karen Australian Hayley Australian Natasha Australian Veena Indian Priya Indian Neerja Indian Zira US English Oliver British Wendy British Fred US English Tessa South African

How to say homework in sign language?

Chaldean Numerology

The numerical value of homework in Chaldean Numerology is: 2

Pythagorean Numerology

The numerical value of homework in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9

Examples of homework in a Sentence

Anthony Scaramucci :

They didn’t seem to do their homework . [I'm] trying to be fair and generous to them.

Curtis Jordan :

The athletes and the coaches go about their business knowing that everybody's beatable, if you don't do your homework and you don't do what you’re supposed to, you're going to get beaten.

Ben Telerski :

It is not in the spirit of BeReal and entirely defeats the purpose, beReal should be full of pictures of( people) walking, doing homework and sitting in bed watching Netflix.

Bryan Edwards :

You can do as much homework as you want and ahead of time. You can know the person as well as you. You can live with them, until they put the fragrance on their bodies and they actually have a sense for wearing it and using it throughout their lives and throughout their days, then you really do n’t know if you actually have a winner on your hand.

Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman :

The cost is enormous, the data shows that homework over this level is not only not beneficial to children's grades or GPA, but there's really a plethora of evidence that it's detrimental to their attitude about school, their grades, their self-confidence, their social skills and their quality of life.

Popularity rank by frequency of use

• ^  Princeton's WordNet http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=homework
• ^  GCIDE https://gcide.gnu.org.ua/?q=homework
• ^  Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Homework
• ^  Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework
• ^  ChatGPT https://chat.openai.com
• ^  Wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=homework

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California Today

A Relic of Los Angeles’s Anti-L.G.B.T.Q. Past Comes Down

The strange “no U-turn” signs along Griffith Park Boulevard in Silver Lake were erected in the 1990s to ward off gay men.

By Jill Cowan

For many Angelenos, the road signs that have been posted in the Silver Lake neighborhood over the last two decades forbidding U-turns from midnight to 6 a.m. were just another example of the city’s seemingly arbitrary and extremely specific traffic regulations.

But to longtime members of the area’s L.G.B.T.Q. community, they were something more: vestiges of a painful not-so-distant past when Los Angeles’s queer spaces were targeted rather than celebrated.

After two years of planning, the last of the signs on Griffith Park Boulevard were removed last week. The occasion was marked with coffee, guava and cheese pastries and performances by two local drag queens.

The “No U-turn” signs were posted in 1997 in response to residents’ complaints that the boulevard had become a hot spot for gay men looking for sex partners. There were nine of the signs on Griffith Park Boulevard, as well as “No Cruising” signs on nearby Hyperion Avenue. (Cruising in Los Angeles has long had multiple meanings .)

The signs soon prompted complaints about discriminatory and homophobic police crackdowns in the area. Some gay men accused undercover vice officers of entrapment.

Local activists persuaded city officials to take down the “No Cruising” signs in 2011, but the signs banning U-turns at specific hours remained posted until this year.

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Juneteenth: What to know about the historical celebration that's now a federal holiday

On june 19, 1865 slaves in galveston, texas were given the news that they were freed by president abraham lincoln. now, the day is a holiday that celebrates the "second independence day" in america..

Three years after it was made a federal holiday , Juneteenth 2024 marks a day of celebration as well as education.

The federal holiday known as “Second Independence Day,” marks the day the last African American slaves were notified that they had been freed from their masters, the National Museum of African American History and Culture said.

Dr. Tim Goler, a professor of urban affairs and sociology courses and director of research for the Center for African American Public Policy at Norfolk State University, told USA TODAY that Juneteenth or "Freedom Day" is a day that shows the "beauty of our culture" that everyone should participate in.

The origins of Juneteenth date back to June 19, 1865 – more than two years after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation - when the Union Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas, and announced the end of the Civil War and the emancipation of enslaved African Americans, Goler said.

“This delay and the enforcement of the emancipation in Texas was due to a lack of enforcement until this general arrived," Goler said. "Then Juneteenth thus became this kind of powerful symbol of freedom and the long struggle for civil rights."

The Juneteenth National Independence Day A ct was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in June 2021. The bill was signed by President Joe Biden on June 17, 2021, which officially made the day a federal holiday.

Here's what you need to know about Juneteenth.

An African American holiday: Predating Juneteenth was nearly lost to history. It's back.

Black History, Juneteenth becoming more cemented in fabric of US

Although Juneteenth is now becoming a part of the conversation regarding Black History, there was a time when Black History was not widely discussed within the educational system, especially for historians, said Dr. Alan Singer, a professor of teaching, learning and technology at Hofstra University who writes about the history of slavery and racism.

“I didn't learn it (until) I was an adult, really (in the) 1990s, when as a teacher, I started studying more, so I (could) incorporate it into my lessons,” he said. “I went to City College in the 1960s and they had first introduced a course called ‘American Negro History’ and that was the first time I had learned about any of these things. I took the course because I became a political activist while at City College and I needed to know more about the African American civil rights struggles.”

Singer also adds that he attended high school during the Civil Rights Movement and was never taught about Black History. To change that, he decided to educate himself more to properly teach his students.

“I just felt a heavy responsibility as a teacher to really present a much more accurate picture of the history of the United States,” he said.

Goler adds that Juneteenth has been recognized for years within the Black community and history. Now, the day has become more publicly known.

"In recent years, Juneteenth has gained a much wider recognition. It's only been since 2021 that it became that designated as a federal holiday," he said. "Many Black people and Black communities around the country have celebrated Juneteenth. It's just becoming much more wider and much more visible now."

Commercialization of Juneteenth

Since Juneteenth has been declared a federal holiday, many retailers have unveiled Juneteenth attire through clothing, footwear, hats and other merchandise.

"The question is, 'who benefits from the commercialization of Juneteenth?' I’d definitely like to see more African American (and) more Black businesses benefit," Goler said. "The trend of commercialization, we risk the overshadowing of the historical context, and the ongoing struggle for racial equality that Juneteenth represents."

Singer hopes that companies that are selling Juneteenth products are also advocating for more inclusivity.

“What I'm arguing is that what we need to do is to use a day like Juneteenth as a launching pad to build a more just society,” he said. “It should not just be about the past, it has to be about the future.”

Goler hopes that the holiday will bring everyone together but also educate them about this important day in Black History.

"I think as we observe Juneteenth, it's important to focus on the education, reflection, the community engagement aspect and really ensure that the day remains of a pungent reminder of our continued and enduring fight for freedom and justice," he said.

Ahjané Forbes is a reporter on the National Trending Team at USA TODAY. Ahjané covers breaking news, car recalls, crime, health, lottery and public policy stories. Email her at  [email protected] . Follow her on  Instagram ,  Threads  and  X (Twitter) .

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Supplementary information:, overview of public comments, discussion of public comments and key provisions of the nih draft public access policy, definition of “article”, definition of “official date of publication”, scope of the public access policy, timeline of public access policy applicability, policy effective date, rights in manuscripts, publication costs, compliance and enforcement, accessibility and understandability, nih draft public access policy, definitions, scope and effective date, requirements, government use license and rights, draft guidance on government use license and rights, public access policy requirements related to rights, guidance for communicating rights in manuscripts, draft guidance on publication costs, public access policy requirements related to costs, other unallowable costs, points to consider for authors and institutions in assessing reasonable costs, enhanced content - submit public comment.

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National Institutes of Health, HHS.

Request for information.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is soliciting comments from the public on the NIH Draft Public Access Policy and two supplemental draft guidance documents regarding government use license and rights and costs for publications. The NIH Draft Public Access Policy builds upon NIH's long history of providing public access to scholarly publications resulting from the research it supports and proposes additional steps to accelerate access.

To ensure consideration, comments must be submitted in writing by August 19, 2024.

Comments may be submitted electronically to https://osp.od.nih.gov/​comment-form-national-institutes-of-health-draft-public-access-policy/​ . Comments are voluntary and may be submitted anonymously. You may also voluntarily include your name and contact information with your response. Other than your name and contact information, please do not include in the response any personally identifiable information or any information that you do not wish to make public. Proprietary, classified, confidential, or sensitive information should not be included in your response. After the NIH Office of Science Policy (OSP) has finished reviewing the responses, the responses may be posted to the OSP website without redaction.

Hilary Leeds, J.D., Senior Policy Analyst for Public Access, Office of Science Policy, at (301) 496-9838 or [email protected] .

Increasing access to publications resulting from NIH funding offers many benefits to the scientific community and the public who funded the underlying work. The ability for patients, families, and members of the public to access published findings resulting from NIH funding enables them to better understand and address the most critical public health concerns facing their communities. It also allows researchers, students, and health care Start Printed Page 51538 providers in all communities to have equitable access to such content. This access can accelerate future research, lead to collaboration, and allow interested readers and patients to keep up more closely with critical advances. Importantly, these goals also reflect NIH's commitment to responsible stewardship of the Nation's investment in biomedical research by improving transparency and accessibility of taxpayer-funded research.

The NIH Public Access Policy, [ 1 ] in effect since 2008, requires that NIH-supported researchers submit their final peer-reviewed manuscripts to the PubMed Central® digital archive of full-text biomedical literature upon acceptance for publication. NIH makes manuscripts freely available to the public after an allowable embargo period of not more than 12 months after the official date of publication. The 2008 Policy implements Public Law 110-161   [ 2 ] and has, to date, resulted in more than 1.5 million articles reporting on NIH-supported research being freely available to the public in PubMed Central.

On August 25, 2022, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released updated policy guidance (2022 OSTP Memorandum  [ 3 ] ) in an effort to further promote equity, advance trust in science, and continue to advance American scientific leadership. Following the 2022 OSTP Memorandum, NIH released its Plan to Enhance Public Access to the Results of NIH-Supported Research (hereinafter “NIH Public Access Plan” or “Plan”) in February 2023. [ 4 ] The NIH Public Access Plan provided a roadmap for how NIH proposed to accelerate access to scholarly publications, consistent with the expectation to remove the currently allowable 12-month embargo period before public availability. Informed by public comments in response to the Plan, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy accommodates novel elements of the 2022 OSTP Memorandum related to scholarly publications.

A total of 143 written public comments  [ 5 ] were received on the NIH Public Access Plan, released in 2023. In addition, NIH hosted a public listening session on the Public Access Plan in April 2023, [ 6 ] and in November 2023, NIH sponsored a workshop held by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) on Enhancing Public Access to the Results of Research Supported by HHS. [ 7 ] Commenters and attendees came from academic institutions, including institutional officials and researchers at various career stages, and professional associations (many of whom also publish academic journals). They also importantly included representatives of non-profit research organizations, general members of the public, publishers, patient advocates, health care organizations, advocacy organizations, and biotechnology/pharmaceutical companies.

NIH considered all feedback to inform and develop a new NIH Draft Public Access Policy. Upon finalization, the new Policy will replace the current 2008 NIH Public Access Policy. Notably, commenters and attendees were generally supportive of updating the 2008 Policy to remove the embargo period, allowing for accelerated access to the results of NIH-funded research.

A discussion of the public comments on the NIH Public Access Plan and how they were incorporated into the NIH Draft Public Access Policy is provided below. This section outlines the 2008 Public Access Policy's approach on each issue, proposals in the NIH Public Access Plan, followed by Public Comments on the NIH Public Access Plan, and finally the approach proposed in the NIH Draft Public Access Policy.

Current Public Access Policy: The current Public Access Policy does not have a general term or definition to describe the versions produced in the various stages of writing and publishing.

NIH Public Access Plan: The Plan did not propose a term or definition to describe the versions produced in writing and publishing.

Public Comments: Several commenters suggested clarity was needed to distinguish the official published version of a manuscript from previous draft versions, though no comments suggested a specific definition or term to refer to these various versions.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: The NIH Draft Public Access Policy includes a definition of “article” to describe, in general, the versions from the creation of the manuscript through the final published article.

Current Public Access Policy: When determining the timing of public release of an article, NIH bases the official date of publication on the issue or “print” publication date.

NIH Public Access Plan: For consistency with expectations under the NIH Policy for Data Management and Sharing (NIH DMS Policy) and to reflect current practice in scholarly communications, NIH proposed to interpret “Official Date of Publication” as the date on which the publisher first makes an article available, either online or in print. This is consistent with a relevant Frequently Asked Question (FAQ)  [ 8 ] on the NIH DMS Policy. [ 9 ]

Public Comments: There were no public comments on the definition of “Official Date of Publication.” Many commenters noted the importance of easing burden and providing clarity on methods of compliance.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: The NIH Draft Public Access Policy proposes to define “Official Date of Publication” as “the date on which the article is first made available in final, edited form, whether in print or electronic ( i.e., online) format,” which is slightly modified from the proposal in the NIH Public Access Plan to be more precise. Consistent understanding about what is meant by an official date of publication between the NIH DMS Policy and NIH Public Access Policy will provide clarity to those complying with both policies. NIH notes that NIH's proposed implementation of public availability without embargo will take into account processing time that may be needed before public availability in PubMed Central.

Current Public Access Policy: The current Public Access Policy's scope includes the concept of “direct” funding by NIH. The scope of the current Public Access Policy is also not limited to manuscripts reporting research findings. Rather, the Policy's requirements apply Start Printed Page 51539 to any peer-reviewed manuscript that arises from direct funding from the NIH and is accepted for publication in a journal on or after April 7, 2008. For example, a peer-reviewed manuscript that describes an infrastructure project that was NIH funded may be subject to the Policy, even if not reporting research findings.

NIH Public Access Plan: The Plan did not discuss the proposed scope of the NIH Draft Public Access Policy regarding “direct” funding or other related details.

Public Comments: Some public comments requested clarification on situations where NIH funding does not directly support the research reported in a publication or where researchers use NIH resources without NIH funding. Other comments suggested that only awardees above a certain funding threshold or level of contribution on a grant be subject to the Public Access Policy.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: The NIH Draft Public Access Policy proposes to adopt the current NIH Public Access Policy's scope and is intended to make available knowledge generated from NIH-supported discoveries. Accordingly, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy applies to any Manuscript  [ 10 ] accepted for publication in a journal that results from funding by NIH in whole or in part. NIH intends to clarify in FAQs that using NIH resources, such as datasets available through NIH repositories and physical resources and infrastructure supported by the NIH, when no NIH funds were used for the work upon which the Manuscript is based, does not subject a resulting Manuscript to the NIH Public Access Policy. However, NIH notes that some programs at NIH and specific agreements may add in such a requirement independent of the NIH Public Access Policy's scope.

The NIH Draft Public Access Policy also applies regardless of whether non-NIH funds contributed to developing or writing the Manuscript. The applicability of the NIH Draft Public Access Policy depends on whether the Manuscript is the result of NIH funding in whole or in part and is not dependent on the funds that contributed to the writing of the Manuscript itself.

Finally, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy, like the current Public Access Policy, does not limit its scope to Manuscripts reporting only on research (it can include, for example, a peer-reviewed manuscript that describes an infrastructure project that was funded by NIH).

Current Public Access Policy: Neither the current Public Access Policy nor the law that the Policy implements specifies an end date to the Policy's applicability to Manuscripts within scope of the Policy. [ 11 ] This approach is consistent with publishing practices, in which publication often happens after the end of an award.

NIH Public Access Plan: The Public Access Plan did not indicate how long the Public Access Policy would be applicable to Manuscripts.

Public Comments: There were no public comments on the Public Access Policy's potential applicability to publications arising after the closeout of the award. Some commenters requested guidance on how to comply with the Policy when NIH-supported researchers submit articles for publication long after their NIH funding has ended.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: NIH is not proposing an end date for applicability to Manuscripts arising out of awards. Non-compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy may be considered by NIH regarding future funding decisions for the recipient institution.

Current Public Access Policy: The current Public Access Policy became effective for manuscripts accepted for publication on or after April 7, 2008; and which arose from direct funding from an award active in FY 2008 or beyond, a contract signed on or after April 7, 2008, or from intramural research or an NIH employee.

NIH Public Access Plan: The NIH Plan indicates “NIH plans to update the NIH Public Access Policy no later than December 31, 2024, with an effective date no later than December 31, 2025,” adhering to an expectation from the 2022 OSTP Memorandum.

Public Comments: Some public comments on the proposed effective date, noted in the NIH Public Access Plan, argued for a two-year delay in the effective date to allow time for publishers (particularly smaller society-based publishers) to adjust. Some also suggested that the timeline for an effective policy was too aggressive but did not specify or suggest a specific delay. There were no comments regarding how the effective date should align with the NIH award cycle.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: Consistent with the current Public Access Policy, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy is proposed to become effective for Manuscripts accepted for publication on or after October 1, 2025. This approach has the benefit of capturing all Manuscripts accepted for publication regardless of whether the award or contract is new or ongoing. NIH is committed to working with the research community to prepare for implementation of the final Policy.

The proposed effective date, October 1, 2025, will follow the expectations of the 2022 OSTP Memorandum to be no later than the end of calendar year 2025.

Current Public Access Policy: Currently, the FAQs to the Public Access Policy describe how and when rights in manuscripts accrue and what may be transferred. NIH provides sample language an author or institution might add to a copyright agreement with a journal. In addition, authors submitting Manuscripts to PubMed Central must agree to the NIH Manuscript Submission (NIHMS) Statement  [ 12 ] that, in part, allows the Manuscript to be appropriately tagged and made available on the PubMed Central website. This ensures that Manuscripts are available in machine-readable formats that support accessibility  [ 13 ] and facilitate text mining. [ 14 ]

NIH Public Access Plan: In the Public Access Plan, NIH said it would clarify how NIH-supported investigators may retain sufficient rights to NIH-supported peer-reviewed manuscripts. NIH proposed to develop language that NIH-supported investigators may use for submission with their peer-reviewed manuscripts to journals to retain rights to make the peer-reviewed manuscript available in PubMed Central without an embargo period.

Public Comments: There were numerous public comments on rights retention. These comments ranged from suggesting that NIH require authors to retain rights to all versions of research products (including the preprint, the author-accepted manuscript, and the journal version of record) to advocating that NIH not provide guidance or sample language on rights retention as it will interfere with publisher practices. The most frequently observed responses referred only to the author accepted Start Printed Page 51540 manuscript (to be submitted to PubMed Central) and argued that either (1) NIH require authors to retain rights via the most open licenses ( e.g., Creative Commons [CC] BY) or (2) NIH should not mandate rights retention or specific licenses but should allow authors to decide whether and how to retain their rights in the manuscript. Many comments were in favor of NIH publishing guidance around rights retention, including some suggestions to ease administrative burden by providing template language to be submitted alongside manuscript submission to the publisher.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: NIH proposes to focus on achieving the Policy's goals regarding rights in Manuscripts through minimally burdensome pathways. First, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy proposes to clarify that government use rights are given to NIH upon acceptance of funding. A statement granting NIH rights to make Manuscripts publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication is proposed to be incorporated into Notices of Award and applicable contracts. This ensures it is understood that NIH's rights are automatically established at the acceptance of funding, without requiring funded recipients to take additional steps.

Secondly, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy proposes that those submitting Manuscripts to PubMed Central will provide a license to NIH that mirrors the Government Use License as part of a revised Manuscript Submission Statement, granting NIH the right to (1) make Manuscripts publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication and (2) make Manuscripts available in machine-readable formats to support accessibility and facilitate text mining, consistent with current practice.

Beyond these measures, NIH does not propose requiring authors apply a particular license to their Manuscripts. A particular license is not needed to achieve the Policy's goal of making Manuscripts available without an embargo.

In the Draft Guidance on Government Use License and Rights, NIH encourages authors to clearly communicate NIH's rights through a statement in the Manuscript itself. In this Guidance, NIH has proposed standardized language authors may choose to place in their Manuscripts.

Current Public Access Policy: According to the current NIH Public Access Policy FAQs, “Publication costs, including author fees, may be charged to NIH grants and contracts on three conditions: (1) such costs incurred are actual, allowable, and reasonable to advance the objectives of the award; (2) costs are charged consistently regardless of the source of support; (3) all other applicable rules on allowability of costs are met.”  [ 15 ] Importantly, even if such costs were not incurred during a specific period of performance of an award, an award may still be charged before its closeout for publication costs.

NIH Public Access Plan: NIH stated in the Public Access Plan the intent to continue to allow reasonable publication costs for all NIH-supported or authored scholarly publications consistent with current policy and guidance. NIH proposed to continue monitoring trends in publication fees and policies to ensure that they remain reasonable and do not disproportionally burden one or more segments of the NIH-supported community, and that opportunities to publish are equitable and consistent with NIH's strategic priorities.

Public Comments: Many respondents argued that removal of the embargo would drive publishers to business models that charge fees to make articles openly and immediately available, and that as these fees rise, so will inequity for lower resourced institutions and investigators. Some publishers suggested that these models are the only way forward as subscriptions diminish. Others sought assurances that authors would be able to comply with the revised NIH Public Access Policy without cost through repository deposition models. Some publishers suggested that removal of the embargo and subsequent diminished subscriptions could have a significant negative effect on their operations, leading to limited choices of where to publish, which would limit accessibility.

Many comments favored monitoring the costs of publications. Some suggestions included examining application budgets and annual reports to the NIH, working with publishers to understand publishing model and/or discipline specific requirements, and exploring currently existing cost assessments. Some suggested that any appearance of dictating business models would be inappropriate and could interfere with a publisher's ability to remain in business.

Several respondents perceived fees to make articles openly and immediately available to be too high and to lack transparency. Some of these comments encouraged NIH to cap publication-related costs. Several publishers argued that cost-capping could lead to an increase in “predatory” publishing.

Many argued that NIH should define which publication costs would be permissible under regulations and the Grants Policy Statement (GPS). Some suggested that it would be helpful to define “reasonable” costs, while others suggested that such definitions would be entirely context dependent and would necessarily evolve.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: In the NIH Draft Public Access Policy, NIH clarifies that compliance with the Policy is free. While allowable publication costs may be budgeted, as publishing itself may incur costs, NIH maintains a free pathway for compliance with the NIH Draft Public Access Policy by submission of the Manuscript to PubMed Central. This free pathway for policy compliance helps to support the goals of equitable public access. Additionally, the benefits of eliminating costs and delays in access to publications will likely be greatest for lower resourced institutions, researchers, and the public.

The NIH Draft Public Access Policy notes that if authors are asked to pay a fee by a third party for submission of Manuscripts to PubMed Central, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy would not permit this fee to be paid from NIH funds because it is not a legitimate publication expense. The NIH Draft Public Access Policy indicates reasonable costs associated with publication that are allowable may be requested in the budget for the project as direct or indirect costs.

The Draft Guidance on Publication Costs contains examples of unallowable costs, based on existing cost principles and existing sections of the GPS. Regarding the ability to pay publication costs after an award has ended, NIH cannot pay publication costs after closeout of an award (as recently affirmed in revisions to 2 CFR 200.461   [ 16 ] ). Points to Consider are provided for authors and institutions to inform whether a publication cost is reasonable.

NIH will continue to consider appropriate methods to monitor costs for potential impacts on relevant communities once the final Public Access Policy has been implemented and any downstream effects are more readily apparent. Start Printed Page 51541

Current Public Access Policy: The current NIH Public Access Policy notes that the awardee institution is responsible for complying with the terms and conditions of the award. Compliance may be achieved through submission of the Manuscript or through journals submitting Final Published Articles to PubMed Central based on existing agreements. NIH may take one or more enforcement actions, depending on the severity and duration of the non-compliance, in accordance with applicable statutes, regulations, and policies.

NIH Public Access Plan: The Public Access Plan did not specify enforcement actions but rather outlined the pathways to compliance of submission of the Manuscript or Final Published Article.

Public Comments: Many commenters requested that compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy be as simple as possible and not place undue burden on investigators. There were no public comments on the consequences for non-compliance.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: The NIH Draft Public Access Policy minimizes burden by proposing to adopt the same pathways to compliance as under the current Public Access Policy. It also reinforces the requirement to properly communicate and acknowledge federal funding in Manuscripts. Importantly, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy states that non-compliance with the requirement to properly communicate and acknowledge federal funding is itself a violation of the terms and conditions of award and also may result in non-compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy. It notes that non-compliance may delay non-competing award processing and potentially affect future funding for the institution.

Current Public Access Policy: NIH currently makes content in PubMed Central available in accessible and machine-readable formats. In addition, NIH currently has multiple ways to make research and research results available to the public, [ 17 ] including through press releases, the Public Health Relevance Statement in grant applications, and the Outcomes section in RePORTER.

NIH Public Access Plan: The Public Access Plan proposed to continue making articles available in formats that allow for machine-readability and through assistive devices.

Public comments: Public comments indicated that making information available is necessary but not sufficient to meet goals concerning equitable access. Consumers of the information resulting from NIH-supported studies need to be able to process and understand what they are reading. Many public comments supported NIH's goals to make information machine-readable and available on assistive devices, but there were also comments about the need to enhance understanding, such as by translating articles into multiple languages and accompanying articles with plain language summaries.

NIH Draft Public Access Policy: Accessibility of PubMed Central content is paramount and NIH will continue to make content accessible for those using assistive technologies. NIH appreciates comments noting that to make discoveries truly accessible to the public, information should be disseminated in ways that are meaningful and digestible. While NIH does not currently plan to require that authors develop or submit plain language summaries of Manuscripts or translate their content into languages other than English, as supporting technologies continue to develop, NIH will consider additional approaches to increase understanding of NIH-funded scientific research.

Increasing access to publications resulting from NIH funding offers many benefits to the scientific community and the public who funded the underlying work. The ability for patients, families, and members of the public to access published findings resulting from NIH funding enables them to better understand and address the most critical public health concerns facing their communities. It also allows researchers, students, and health care providers in all communities to have equitable access to such content. This access can accelerate future research, lead to collaboration, and allow interested readers and patients to keep up more closely with critical advances. Importantly, these goals also reflect NIH's commitment to responsible stewardship of the Nation's investment in biomedical research by improving transparency and accessibility of taxpayer-funded research.

Per the NIH Public Access Policy, effective October 1, 2025, NIH is requiring Manuscripts to be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication, for public availability without embargo upon the Official Date of Publication.

Manuscript: The author's final version that has been accepted for journal publication and includes all revisions resulting from the peer review process, including all associated tables, graphics, and supplemental material

Final Published Article: The journal's authoritative copy, including journal or publisher copyediting and stylistic edits, and formatting changes

Article: A general term that encompasses the versions resulting from writing and publishing, from creation of the manuscript through final published article in a journal

Journal: A periodical publication that is either (1) included in the “journal” section of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Catalog  [ 18 ] or (2) meets all of the following criteria:

• Requirements for ISSN assignment;
• Content is issued over time under a common title;
• Is a collection of articles by different authors; and
• Is intended to be published indefinitely.

Official Date of Publication: The date on which the article is first made available in final, edited form, whether in print or electronic ( i.e., online) format

The NIH Public Access Policy applies to any Manuscript accepted for publication in a journal, on or after October 1, 2025, that is the result of funding by NIH in whole or in part through:

• A grant or cooperative agreement, including training grants
• A contract,
• An Other Transaction,
• NIH intramural research, or
• The official work of an NIH employee.

The NIH Public Access Policy applies regardless of whether the NIH-funded principal investigator or project director is an author and regardless of whether non-NIH funds contributed to developing or writing the Manuscript. Upon the effective date, this Policy replaces the prior 2008 NIH Public Access Policy.

The Public Access Policy requires:

• Submission of an electronic version of the final peer-reviewed Manuscript to Start Printed Page 51542 PubMed Central upon its acceptance for publication, for public availability without embargo upon the Official Date of Publication;
• An acknowledgment in the Manuscript and Final Published Article that satisfies the requirements in the NIH Grants Policy Statement regarding communicating and acknowledging federal funding, [ 19 ] as well as analogous requirements for acknowledging federal funding as incorporated into Other Transactions and applicable contracts; and
• When a Manuscript is submitted to NIH, [ 20 ] providing NIH with a standard license that mirrors that of the Government Use License at 45 CFR 75.322(b) , [ 21 ] or its successor regulation, explicitly granting NIH the right to make the Manuscript publicly available through PubMed Central without embargo upon the Official Date of Publication.
• By accepting NIH funding, the recipient grants to NIH, as the funding agency, a royalty-free, nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use the work for federal purposes, and to authorize others to do so. This includes making Manuscripts publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication. A statement that conveys this point is incorporated into Notices of Award and applicable contracts.
• NIH encourages inclusion of a statement in the Manuscript that indicates it is subject to the NIH Public Access Policy and that this means that NIH, as the funding agency, has the right to make the Manuscript publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication. NIH provides standardized language in the Draft Guidance on Government Use License and Rights that authors may include in Manuscripts. Such a statement ensures transparency and awareness that NIH has the right to make the Manuscript available in PubMed Central without embargo upon the Official Date of Publication.
• Authors are not expected to provide rights to NIH to the Final Published Article. However, as noted in “Compliance and Enforcement,” NIH will accept submission of the Final Published Article to PubMed Central from journals with formal agreements with NLM as compliant with the Policy when its release meets public access requirements outlined in this Policy.

Reasonable costs associated with publication that are allowable may be requested in the budget for the project as direct or indirect costs, as specified in the NIH Grants Policy Statement  [ 22 ] and as incorporated into Other Transactions and applicable contracts (see the Draft Guidance on Publication Costs for more information). Submission of Manuscripts to PubMed Central remains free for authors under the NIH Public Access Policy. If, during the course of the publication process, an author is asked to pay a fee for submission of the Manuscript to PubMed Central, such costs are not allowable.

Regarding submission to PubMed Central, compliance with the Policy may be achieved through either:

Submission of the electronic version of the final peer-reviewed manuscript ( i.e., Manuscript as defined above) to PubMed Central upon its acceptance for publication, for public availability without embargo upon the official date of publication or

• Submission of the Final Published Article to PubMed Central from a journal with a formal agreement with NLM, upon the Official Date of Publication, for public availability without embargo

Communicating and acknowledging federal funding enables a clear, public-facing indication of NIH funding in Manuscripts and Final Published Articles. Failure to include required acknowledgments may result in non-compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy, in addition to resulting in non-compliance with terms and conditions of funding regarding communicating and acknowledging federal funding.

Non-compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy may be considered by NIH regarding future funding decisions for the recipient institution ( e.g., as authorized in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, Section 8.5, Special Award Conditions and Remedies for Noncompliance (Special Award Conditions and Enforcement Actions)). [ 23 ] Non-competing continuation grant awards are subject to a delay in award processing for non-compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy.

Federal agencies have, by law, certain rights to products resulting from federal funding. For works ( e.g., manuscripts) under the Government Use License ( 45 CFR 75.322(b) ), or its successor regulation, NIH “reserves a royalty-free, nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use the work for Federal purposes, and to authorize others to do so.” These rights also apply as incorporated into Other Transactions and applicable contracts ( e.g., the rights in data clause within the contract).

NIH proposes this Draft Guidance to assist authors in navigating compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy with minimal burden. NIH also encourages authors to be clear with the journals to which they submit their Articles, to ensure journals understand that NIH has a right to make Manuscripts publicly available upon the Official Date of Publication.

Upon accepting NIH funding, recipients grant to NIH the right to make Manuscripts arising from the funding publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication, and this is affirmed via a statement in Notices of Award and applicable contracts.

Authors approving Manuscripts for inclusion in PubMed Central must agree to a submission statement  [ 24 ] as part of the standard PubMed Central Manuscript submission process. Under the NIH Draft Public Access Policy, authors submitting a Manuscript to PubMed Central must provide NIH with a standard license that mirrors the Government Use License. This language will be included as part of this submission statement to PubMed Central and states:

I hereby grant to NIH, a royalty-free, nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use this work for Federal purposes, and to authorize others to do so. This grant of rights includes the right to create derivative works and make Start Printed Page 51543 the final, peer-reviewed manuscript publicly available upon the Official Date of Publication.

The language in this statement may evolve as regulations change, but it includes a grant of rights to NIH such that NIH may make the Manuscript publicly available in PubMed Central without an embargo, upon the Official Date of Publication.

NIH highly encourages authors to be transparent when submitting Articles  [ 25 ] for consideration for publication by indicating to the journal or publisher that the Article is subject to the NIH Public Access Policy, and that this means that NIH, as the funding agency, has the right to make the Manuscript publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication. NIH does not require that authors demonstrate to NIH what was communicated to publishers.

NIH suggests that authors submit the points above as a statement in the Manuscript. Such a statement may accompany the required funding acknowledgment. NIH provides the following sample language that may be included in the Manuscript:

This manuscript is the result of funding in whole or in part by the National Institutes of Health. It is subject to the NIH Public Access Policy. Through acceptance of this federal funding, NIH has been given a right to make this manuscript publicly available in PubMed Central upon the Official Date of Publication, defined by NIH as “The date on which the article is first made available in final, edited form, whether in print or electronic ( i.e., online) format.

NIH recognizes that authors publishing in peer-reviewed journals may incur associated costs, such as article processing charges (APCs) or other charges. Publication costs are allowable when they comport with the existing NIH cost principles. [ 26 ] Cost principles clarify when costs should be allocated as direct versus indirect costs, and they clarify charges and fees that are allowable under the conditions outlined.

This Draft Guidance clarifies publication costs that are not allowable based on existing cost principles that provide a framework for allowable publication costs. It also provides points to consider to assist authors and institutions as they assess whether publishing costs are reasonable.

All costs must comport with 45 CFR 75 , or its successor regulation, as implemented in NIH GPS Sections 7.2 and 7.9.1. These principles also apply as analogous requirements in Other Transactions and applicable contracts.

The NIH Draft Public Access Policy clarifies that reasonable costs that are allowable may be requested in the budget for the project as direct or indirect costs, as specified in the NIH GPS and as incorporated into Other Transactions and applicable contracts. Importantly, the NIH Draft Public Access Policy also states that submission of Manuscripts to PubMed Central remains free for authors. Journal or publisher fees for submitting the Manuscript to PubMed Central that may arise during the course of the publication process are not allowable costs.

In addition to not allowing payment of fees to submit Manuscripts to PubMed Central, examples of other unallowable costs are listed below in the context of corresponding rules that can be found in the NIH GPS. This list may be updated as needed.

Costs for services ( e.g., peer review) for which there is no resulting publication are unallowable because costs must be chargeable or assignable in accordance with the relative benefits received (GPS 7.2)

Costs for which the institution already pays a fee that would cover publication costs ( e.g., an agreement the institution has with a publisher whereby authors from that institution publish for free in exchange for subscription services) are unallowable because costs may not be double charged or inconsistently charged as both direct and indirect costs (GPS 7.4)

• Costs for publishing services that are charged differentially because an author's Manuscript is subject to the NIH Public Access Policy are unallowable because charges must be levied impartially on all items published by the journal, whether or not under a federal award (GPS 7.9.1, Publication and Printing Costs)
• Costs for services incurred after closeout of the award, even for a publication subject to the NIH Public Access Policy, are unallowable because the costs of publications must be incurred before closeout (GPS 7.9.1, Publication and Printing Costs)

As stated in Section 7.2 of the NIH GPS, a cost may be considered reasonable if the nature of the goods or services acquired or applied and the associated dollar amount reflect the action that a prudent person would have taken under the circumstances prevailing when the decision to incur the cost was made. NIH promotes reasonable publication costs to ensure an equitable system for publishing opportunities. However, establishing a particular threshold for what is reasonable may lead to inequitable outcomes in specific circumstances. While NIH may modify this approach in the future, NIH encourages researchers and institutions to consider, when determining whether costs are reasonable:

• Size of publication cost in relation to NIH award
• Other publications researchers may wish to produce during an award period
• Professional and institutional priorities
• Sustainability in terms of the library budget, laboratory budget, etc., if such costs were to be consistently paid

In addition, NIH reiterates its Statement on Article Publication Resulting from NIH Funded Research, [ 27 ] a 2017 NIH Guide Notice that encourages authors to publish papers arising from NIH-funded research in reputable journals. Fees paid to journals that have characteristics described in this Statement may be considered unreasonable.

NIH seeks public comments on any aspect of the NIH Draft Public Access Policy and supplemental Draft Guidance.

Dated: June 7, 2024.

Lawrence A. Tabak,

Principal Deputy Director, National Institutes of Health.

1.   https://sharing.nih.gov/​public-access-policy/​public-access-policy-overview#public-access-policy-details .

2.   https://www.congress.gov/​110/​statute/​STATUTE-121/​STATUTE-121-Pg1844.pdf .

3.   https://www.whitehouse.gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2022/​08/​08-2022-OSTP-Public-Access-Memo.pdf .

4.   https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​guide/​notice-files/​NOT-OD-23-091.html .

5.   https://osp.od.nih.gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2023/​06/​NIH_​Public_​Access_​to_​the_​Results_​of_​NIH-Supported_​Research_​RFI_​FINAL_​508.pdf .

6.   https://osp.od.nih.gov/​events/​virtual-listening-session-on-the-nih-public-access-plan/​ .

7.   https://www.nationalacademies.org/​our-work/​enhancing-public-access-to-the-results-of-research-supported-by-the-department-of-health-and-human-services-a-workshop .

8.   https://sharing.nih.gov/​faqs#/​data-management-and-sharing-policy.htm?​anchor=​56773 .

9.   https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​guide/​notice-files/​NOT-OD-21-013.html .

10.  Note that defined terms are capitalized throughout.

11.   https://www.congress.gov/​110/​statute/​STATUTE-121/​STATUTE-121-Pg1844.pdf .

12.   https://support.nlm.nih.gov/​knowledgebase/​article/​KA-05252/​en-us .

13.   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​about/​accessibility/​ .

14.   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​tools/​amdataset/​ .

15.   https://sharing.nih.gov/​faqs#/​public-access-policy?​anchor=​50507 .

16.   https://www.federalregister.gov/​documents/​2024/​04/​22/​2024-07496/​guidance-for-federal-financial-assistance#sectno-reference-200.461 .

17.   https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​how-to-apply-application-guide/​forms-h/​general/​g.100-how-to-use-the-application-instructions.htm#6 .

18.   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​nlmcatalog/​journals?​term=​periodical%5BPublication+​Type%5D+​AND+​open%5BPublication+​Status%5D .

19.  NIH Grants Policy Statement 4.2.1 Acknowledgment of Federal Funding ( https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​policy/​nihgps/​HTML5/​section_​4/​4.2.1_​acknowledgement_​of_​federal_​funding.htm ) and 8.2.1 Rights in Data (Publication and Copyrighting) ( https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​policy/​nihgps/​HTML5/​section_​8/​8.2.1_​rights_​in_​data_​_​publication_​and_​copyrighting_​.htm ).

20.  This happens typically through the NIH Manuscript Submission (NIHMS) System.

21.   https://www.ecfr.gov/​current/​title-45/​subtitle-A/​subchapter-A/​part-75/​subpart-D/​subject-group-ECFR78b08d9c95aad03/​section-75.322 .

22.   https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​policy/​nihgps/​html5/​section_​7/​7.9_​allowability_​of_​costs_​activities.htm (See Publication and Printing Costs).

23.   https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​policy/​nihgps/​HTML5/​section_​8/​8.5_​special_​award_​conditions_​and_​remedies_​for_​noncompliance_​_​special_​award_​conditions_​and_​enforcement_​actions_​.htm .

24.   https://support.nlm.nih.gov/​knowledgebase/​article/​KA-05252/​en-us .

25.  Term used because they represent the pre-peer review stage.

26.  Grants Policy Statement Section 7.2. ( https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​policy/​nihgps/​HTML5/​section_​7/​7.2_​the_​cost_​principles.htm ) and Section 7.9 ( https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​policy/​nihgps/​HTML5/​section_​7/​7.9_​allowability_​of_​costs_​activities.htm ).

27.   https://grants.nih.gov/​grants/​guide/​notice-files/​NOT-OD-18-011.html .

[ FR Doc. 2024-13373 Filed 6-17-24; 8:45 am]

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