how many years for a phd in engineering

Guide to getting a doctorate in engineering

Olga Knezevic

Olga is an in-house editor and writer at Degreechoices.com. She has previous experience as a higher education instructional designer and a university librarian. Olga is passionate about well-crafted sentences, Wikipedia rabbit holes, and the Oxford comma.

Pursuing a doctorate in engineering is a substantial undertaking. If you are ready to perform research and development at the highest level, use cutting-edge technology, and strive to address humanity’s pressing issues through technological innovation, a doctorate in engineering may be right for you.

Engineering is a broad field of study, containing hundreds of disciplines. Among the largest and best-known engineering subfields are:

• environmental

Why get a doctorate in engineering?

Most engineering positions are open to students who have earned a bachelor’s degree in the field. Following that, the bulk of career advancement occurs through on-the-job training and experience, not unlike the apprenticeship systems that train master craftsmen.

Master’s degrees are pursued by engineers seeking to fast-track their careers, teach, or enter managerial roles. An engineering doctorate is an even more specialized degree, reserved for those interested in advanced research, academia, or the highest leadership roles in an engineering firm.

With a doctorate in engineering, you can:

• teach as a professor at a university
• work in a government or industrial research lab
• start a company based on your innovation

Popular online programs

What types of engineering doctorate degrees are there.

There are 2 main types of engineering doctorate degrees: the Ph.D. (doctor of philosophy) in engineering and the doctor of engineering (DEng).

Doctor of engineering (DEng)

usually completed mid career

requires a master’s degree and professional experience

focused on practice and application lasts about 3 years

completed by engineers seeking to enter technical leadership roles

graduates leave the program with a professional portfolio

Ph.D. in engineering

usually completed early in one’s career

requires only a bachelor’s

focused on theory

lasts about 5 years

completed by engineers interested in academic or industrial research

graduates leave the program with a dissertation or thesis

Admission requirements engineering doctorate degrees

Specific admission criteria vary by school, but the following are common:

• DEng programs require a master’s degree as well as 3 or more years of work experience
• Ph.D. programs are generally open to students with a bachelor’s in engineering, with an embedded master’s completed in the first 2 years of the program
• Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores
• minimum GPA of 3.0, is common, but big-name schools may not accept applicants with less than a 3.5

How long does an engineering doctorate take?

DEng programs take about 3 years while Ph.D. programs take about 5 years to complete. Ph.D. students produce a book-length thesis or dissertation as their final task, which involves a lot of self-directed work. If the writing or research process is protracted, completing a Ph.D. may take more than 5 years.

What is the degree structure of an engineering doctorate?

The degree structure of an engineering Ph.D. is typically laid out as follows:

• Coursework The first 2 years of the program are usually spent completing core coursework, including research training and exams.
• Research You begin carrying out scholarly or scientific research at some point in your first 2 semesters.
• Candidacy You officially begin work on your dissertation when you become a doctoral candidate, which happens once all coursework and qualifying exams have been completed. The required exams
• Dissertation proposal examination The first important milestone after becoming a doctoral candidate is passing the dissertation proposal examination. The exam is meant to determine how feasible your dissertation proposal is and whether the committee feels you have the necessary academic background to carry it out.
• Annual progress updates Doctoral students formally report on the progress of their studies and research once a year, usually to their dissertation supervisor.
• Dissertation and defense The engineering Ph.D. concludes with finishing the written portion of the dissertation and defending it in an oral examination in front of a committee.

DEng students follow a simplified version of the structure outlined above. As the focus of their program is on a portfolio rather than a dissertation, the practical research or projects they undertake carry greater weight.

What can you study in an engineering doctorate?

The specific courses you take depend on the program you are pursuing. Based on the size of your school or university, some of the following programs may be offered.

Chemical engineers design and develop various chemical manufacturing processes and apply these to the production of food, drugs, fuel, chemicals, and other substances used by consumers and businesses. Chemical engineers apply principles from engineering, chemistry, math, physics, and biology.

Mechanical is the broadest engineering discipline, allowing you to work in a variety of fields, including aerospace, automation, biotechnology, design, energy, and even robotics.

Electrical and computer

Electrical and computer engineers are involved in research, idea development, and the design of new products and manufacturing techniques. They work with cutting-edge technology such as surgical robots, lasers, medical robots, environmental innovation, and hybrid electric vehicles.

Automotive systems

Automotive systems engineers help advance vehicle technology through high-efficiency powertrains, reduced emissions, lightweight structures and chassis, robust design, and superior manufacturing.

Civil engineers deal with the construction, maintenance, and design of physical structures such as canals, bridges, roads, airports, dams, sewage systems, pipelines, and railways.

Environmental

Environmental engineers combine engineering with insights from biology, chemistry, and other STEM fields to develop solutions to issues in public health, climate change, pollution, waste disposal, and many other environmental arenas.

Industrial engineering

Industrial engineers focus on the optimization of complicated processes within various organizations, factories, and industrial settings. They work to improve integrated systems, information, equipment, knowledge, and the financial aspects of industrial processes.

Integrative systems and design

These engineers manage the integrated subsystems, processes, and products within their organizations. Their job is to ensure the stability and viability of the systems they oversee.

Biomedical engineering

Biomedical engineers work to enhance and advance technology related to medicine and human health. They develop new medical devices and technologies by applying the principles of engineering to biology and medicine.

Materials science

Materials science uses a combination of chemistry, physics, and engineering to develop solutions to problems in biotechnology, nanotechnology, manufacturing, energy, and other engineering disciplines.

Marine engineering

Marine engineers focus on the internal mechanisms of ships and other watercraft, including aircraft carriers, tankers, and submarines.

Nuclear engineering

Nuclear engineers develop, research, and improve various processes, systems, and instruments related to subatomic processes and radiation, with applications in industry and medicine.

Aerospace engineering

Aerospace engineering focuses on the design, development, manufacture, and testing of various spacecraft and aircraft. Utilizing some of the newest technologies available, these engineers work on the cutting edge of engineering innovation.

How to pay for an engineering doctorate

Most engineering Ph.D. programs are partially, if not fully funded. A portion of this funding is internal, stemming from the research or teaching assistant positions Ph.D. students take on, and the rest is from external fellowships. DEng programs are generally paid for by the student’s employer but may also be eligible for external fellowships.

Even for grad school, it is recommended that you fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) every year if you are not in a fully funded program.

» Read : Get paid to get your Ph.D.

What kind of jobs can you have with an engineering doctorate?

The following roles are usually pursued by Ph.D. graduates:

College professors develop curricula, hold lectures, grade assignments, and supervise dissertations. Engineering professors are usually employed by research universities, where they conduct research in addition to teaching.

These engineers specialize in high-level research and development in search of ideas, innovations, and techniques to advance the field of engineering.

The following roles are usually pursued by DEng graduates:

Engineering managers, both at the standard and the senior level, manage teams of engineers who report directly to them. The engineering manager’s role is to ensure that all of their team members are satisfied with their work, on track, and doing what they should be.

Directors of engineering are heads of departments or larger engineering teams, with multiple levels of engineers reporting to them. This is an upper-level management position that requires a significant amount of communication, vision, and leadership as well as active involvement in the projects your team undertakes.

Frequently asked questions

Is a ph.d in engineering useful.

A Ph.D. in engineering is a highly specialized degree. It is useful for those with the specific goal of entering academia or research positions. It is not typically pursued by engineers who wish to remain in practical roles.

Is a doctor of engineering the same as a Ph.D in engineering?

These 2 degrees are similar but have different aims. Doctor of engineering (DEng) programs are aimed at mid-career engineers looking to advance to highest echelons of their field or found their own companies. Ph.D. programs are aimed at early-career engineers looking to enter academia or research and development roles.

What do engineering Ph.D.s graduates do once they finish their program?

By the time engineers enter a doctoral program, they are likely quite clear on their aims. If they choose a Ph.D. program, they are likely looking to become academics or researchers.

Interview with a chemical engineering professor

Dr. andrew zydney, professor of chemical engineering.

Dr. Andrew Zydney is currently the Bayard D. Kunkle Chair and Professor of Chemical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Zydney received his Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from Yale University and his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from MIT. He began his professional career on the faculty at the University of Delaware before moving to Penn State in 2002. Dr. Zydney’s research is focused on the production and purification of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapies for the treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases, and hereditary disorders. Dr. Zydney has received numerous awards for both his research contributions and his teaching, including the William H. Walker Award for Excellence in Chemical Engineering Education from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Alan S. Michaels Award for Innovation in Membrane Science and Technology from the North American Membrane Society.

What inspired you to become an engineer?

I was always interested in science and math, so engineering seemed like it might be a good fit. However, my decision to become a chemical engineer was really inspired by the professor in the first chemical engineering course that I took as an undergraduate. He was so passionate about the field and the opportunities for chemical engineers – the next thing I knew, I was majoring in chemical engineering.

How difficult was it to become an engineer?

The chemical engineering major is definitely challenging – it combines a solid foundation in the basic sciences and mathematics with a very strong emphasis on problem solving. It does take hard work and a strong quantitative background to become a chemical engineer, but it is definitely worth it.

What do you do on a day-to-day basis?

I am currently a professor of chemical engineering at Pennsylvania State University, so my day-to-day job includes both teaching and research. On the research side, I work very closely with my graduate students to plan experiments, analyze results, and prepare research publications. The specific focus of my research is in the production and purification of biopharmaceuticals for treating cancers, protecting against infections, and curing hereditary disease. I meet regularly with undergraduates who are working in my lab and who are enrolled in the courses that I teach.

What do you enjoy best and least about the job?

I love working with students and seeing them grow and develop, both as individuals and as professional chemical engineers. I also love doing research that contributes to the development and production of life-saving medicines. On the other hand, I really don’t enjoy grading, and I wish I didn’t need to spend so much time on the paperwork that is required to support a large research group.

What are your plans for the future?

I truly love being a professor of chemical engineering at a major research university. I can’t see myself stopping that in the near future. I am looking forward to moving my research program into new areas that are evolving from advances in the life sciences, including the development of technologies needed for the more cost-effective production of mRNA vaccines like those used against COVID19.

Additional resources

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Employment Outlook for Graduate-Level Occupations

Information about graduate-level occupations, openings, and projections within the United States.

National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)

NSPE is one of the leading engineering professional organizations. They publish a seasonal publication entitled PE, as well as offering other news, research, a job board, and professional membership.

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GET YOUR PhD IN ENGINEERING

Ph.D. in engineering is a prestigious doctoral degree obtained upon completion of a postgraduate program in engineering from an accredited institution. This rigorous degree involves extensive research, course work, and often includes teaching responsibilities for undergraduate students. It provides advanced knowledge and expertise in specialized engineering fields, paving the way for career opportunities in academia, research, industry leadership, and innovation.

PhD in Engineering

Course work for an engineering doctorate generally includes quantitative research methods and highly specialized classes in the student's engineering specialty. In addition, students working toward a PhD in engineering  can expect to complete a written dissertation based on original research.

Graduates of PhD in Engineering programs can work as professors at research universities, dedicate their expertise to industrial or government research labs, or create a business around their own innovation. Consider building your career as the developer of a green energy trend, discovering a life-saving biomedical process, or taking the world to the next global communication platform.

Types of Engineering PhD Programs

Doctorate programs in engineering usually grant graduates with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, although some might award a Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng or D.E.), depending on the college or university.

Typically, doctoral students work closely with one or more engineering professors who serve as PhD advisers, guiding them through their research and dissertation. As part of the dissertation process, schools may require PhD candidates to pass either written or oral (or both) qualifying exams and to defend their research conclusions before their PhD advisory committee.

Earning a PhD in engineering generally involves five to seven years of graduate study, with substantial professional opportunities awaiting those who hold this highly respected degree.

Online PhD Programs

Online education offers its own set of benefits , from flexible class scheduling to savings on tuition and commuting costs. In particular, working adults interested in completing their studies without quitting their job or sacrificing family commitments will find online learning well-suited to their priorities.  That said, engineering PhD programs are not common across all specialties. Master's-level online engineering programs are much more prevalent, and, of course, an MS or MEng is a standard requirement for an engineering PhD. If you do not already hold an engineering master's degree, you might consider online education as a potential route for earning that credential.  Traditional engineering PhD programs will set their own terms for potential PhD candidates, and you may find a college willing to let you take some of the required course work via online learning. Overall, however, the nature of an engineering PhD program necessitates a solid commitment to in-person time spent with PhD advisers and on lab or real-world research.

Engineering Resources

• Aerospace Engineering
• Agricultural Engineering
• Biomedical Engineering
• Chemical Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Computer Software Engineering
• Construction Management Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Engineering Management
• Engineering Technology
• Environmental Engineering
• Fire Protection Engineering
• Industrial Engineering
• Materials Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Molecular Engineering
• Nuclear Engineering
• Petroleum Engineering
• Technology Management
• Telecommunications Engineering

Engineering Degrees

• Bachelor's Degree
• Master's Degree
• Doctorate Degree
• Post-Doctorate Training
• Online Engineering Degrees

Related Reading

• Engineers Without Borders USA
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• International Engineering Students

How Long Does It Take to Get a Ph.D. Degree?

Earning a Ph.D. from a U.S. grad school typically requires nearly six years, federal statistics show.

How Long It Takes to Get a Ph.D. Degree

Caiaimage | Tom Merton | Getty Images

A Ph.D. is most appropriate for someone who is a "lifelong learner."

Students who have excelled within a specific academic discipline and who have a strong interest in that field may choose to pursue a Ph.D. degree. However, Ph.D. degree-holders urge prospective students to think carefully about whether they truly want or need a doctoral degree, since Ph.D. programs last for multiple years.

According to the Survey of Earned Doctorates, a census of recent research doctorate recipients who earned their degree from U.S. institutions, the median amount of time it took individuals who received their doctorates in 2017 to complete their program was 5.8 years. However, there are many types of programs that typically take longer than six years to complete, such as humanities and arts doctorates, where the median time for individuals to earn their degree was 7.1 years, according to the survey.

Some Ph.D. candidates begin doctoral programs after they have already obtained master's degrees, which means the time spent in grad school is a combination of the time spent pursuing a master's and the years invested in a doctorate. In order to receive a Ph.D. degree, a student must produce and successfully defend an original academic dissertation, which must be approved by a dissertation committtee. Writing and defending a dissertation is so difficult that many Ph.D. students drop out of their Ph.D. programs having done most of the work necessary for degree without completing the dissertation component. These Ph.D. program dropouts often use the phrase " all but dissertation " or the abbreviation "ABD" on their resumes.

According to a comprehensive study of Ph.D. completion rates published by The Council of Graduate Schools in 2008, only 56.6% of people who begin Ph.D. programs earn Ph.D. degrees.

Ian Curtis, a founding partner with H&C Education, an educational and admissions consulting firm, who is pursuing a Ph.D. degree in French at Yale University , says there are several steps involved in the process of obtaining a Ph.D. Students typically need to fulfill course requirements and pass comprehensive exams, Curtis warns. "Once these obligations have been completed, how long it takes you to write your dissertation depends on who you are, how you work, what field you're in and what other responsibilities you have in life," he wrote in an email. Though some Ph.D. students can write a dissertation in a single year, that is rare, and the dissertation writing process may last for several years, Curtis says.

Curtis adds that the level of support a Ph.D. student receives from an academic advisor or faculty mentor can be a key factor in determining the length of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. program. "Before you decide to enroll at a specific program, you’ll want to meet your future advisor," Curtis advises. "Also, reach out to his or her current and former students to get a sense of what he or she is like to work with."

Curtis also notes that if there is a gap between the amount of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. and the amount of time a student's funding lasts, this can slow down the Ph.D. completion process. "Keep in mind that if you run out of funding at some point during your doctorate, you will need to find paid work, and this will leave you even less time to focus on writing your dissertation," he says. "If one of the programs you’re looking at has a record of significantly longer – or shorter – times to competition, this is good information to take into consideration."

He adds that prospective Ph.D. students who already have master's degrees in the field they intend to focus their Ph.D. on should investigate whether the courses they took in their master's program would count toward the requirements of a Ph.D. program. "You’ll want to discuss your particular situation with your program to see whether this will be possible, and how many credits you are likely to receive as the result of your master’s work," he says.

How to Write M.D.-Ph.D. Application Essays

Ilana Kowarski May 15, 2018

Emmanuel C. Nwaodua, who has a Ph.D. degree in geology, says some Ph.D. programs require candidates to publish a paper in a first-rate, peer-reviewed academic journal. "This could extend your stay by a couple of years," he warns.

Pierre Huguet, the CEO and co-founder of H&C Education, says prospective Ph.D. students should be aware that a Ph.D. is designed to prepare a person for a career as a scholar. "Most of the jobs available to Ph.D. students upon graduation are academic in nature and directly related to their fields of study: professor, researcher, etc.," Huguet wrote in an email. "The truth is that more specialization can mean fewer job opportunities. Before starting a Ph.D., students should be sure that they want to pursue a career in academia, or in research. If not, they should make time during the Ph.D. to show recruiters that they’ve traveled beyond their labs and libraries to gain some professional hands-on experience."

Jack Appleman, a business writing instructor, published author and Ph.D. candidate focusing on organizational communication with the University at Albany—SUNY , says Ph.D. programs require a level of commitment and focus that goes beyond what is necessary for a typical corporate job. A program with flexible course requirements that allow a student to customize his or her curriculum based on academic interests and personal obligations is ideal, he says.

Joan Kee, a professor at the University of Michigan with the university's history of art department, says that the length of time required for a Ph.D. varies widely depending on what subject the Ph.D. focuses on. "Ph.D. program length is very discipline and even field-specific; for example, you can and are expected to finish a Ph.D, in economics in under five years, but that would be impossible in art history (or most of the humanities)," she wrote in an email.

Kee adds that humanities Ph.D. programs often require someone to learn a foreign language, and "fields like anthropology and art history require extensive field research." Kee says funding for a humanities Ph.D. program typically only lasts five years, even though it is uncommon for someone to obtain a Ph.D. degree in a humanities field within that time frame. "Because of this, many if not most Ph.D. students must work to make ends meet, thus further prolonging the time of completion," she says.

Jean Marie Carey, who earned her Ph.D. degree in art history and German from the University of Otago in New Zealand, encourages prospective Ph.D. students to check whether their potential Ph.D. program has published a timeline of how long it takes a Ph.D. student to complete their program. She says it is also prudent to speak with Ph.D. graduates of the school and ask about their experience.

Online Doctoral Programs: What to Expect

Ronald Wellman March 23, 2018

Kristin Redington Bennett, the founder of the Illumii educational consulting firm in North Carolina, encourages Ph.D. hopefuls to think carefully about whether they want to become a scholar. Bennett, who has a Ph.D. in curriculum and assessment and who previously worked as an assistant professor at Wake Forest University , says a Ph.D. is most appropriate for someone who is a "lifelong learner." She says someone contemplating a Ph.D. should ask themselves the following questions "Are you a very curious person... and are you persistent?"

Bennett urges prospective Ph.D. students to visit the campuses of their target graduate programs since a Ph.D. program takes so much time that it is important to find a school that feels comfortable. She adds that aspiring Ph.D. students who prefer a collaborative learning environment should be wary of graduate programs that have a cut-throat and competitive atmosphere, since such students may not thrive in that type of setting.

Alumni of Ph.D. programs note that the process of obtaining a Ph.D. is arduous, regardless of the type of Ph.D. program. "A Ph.D. is a long commitment of your time, energy and financial resources, so it'll be easier on you if you are passionate about research," says Grace Lee, who has a Ph.D. in neuroscience and is the founder and CEO of Mastery Insights, an education and career coaching company, and the host of the Career Revisionist podcast.

"A Ph.D. isn't about rehashing years of knowledge that is already out there, but rather it is about your ability to generate new knowledge. Your intellectual masterpiece (which is your dissertation) takes a lot of time, intellectual creativity and innovation to put together, so you have to be truly passionate about that," Lee says.

Curtis says a prospective Ph.D. student's enthusiasm for academic work, teaching and research are the key criteria they should use to decide whether to obtain a Ph.D. degree. "While the time it takes to complete a doctorate is an understandable concern for many, my personal belief is that time is not the most important factor to consider," he says. "Good Ph.D. programs provide their students with generous stipends, health care and sometimes even subsidized housing."

Erin Skelly, a graduate admissions counselor at the IvyWise admissions consulting firm, says when a Ph.D. students struggles to complete his or her Ph.D. degree, it may have more to do with the student's academic interests or personal circumstances than his or her program.

"The time to complete a Ph.D. can depend on a number of variables, but the specific discipline or school would only account for a year or two's difference," she wrote in an email. "When a student takes significantly longer to complete a Ph.D. (degree), it's usually related to the student's coursework and research – they need to take additional coursework to complete their comprehensive exams; they change the focus of their program or dissertation, requiring extra coursework or research; or their research doesn't yield the results they hoped for, and they need to generate a new theory and conduct more research."

Skelly warns that the average completion time of a Ph.D. program may be misleading in some cases, if the average is skewed based on one or two outliers. She suggests that instead of focusing on the duration of a particular Ph.D. program, prospective students should investigate the program's attritition and graduation rates.

"It is worthwhile to look at the program requirements and the school's proposed timeline for completion, and meet current students to get their input on how realistic these expectations for completion are," Skelly says. "That can give you an honest idea of how long it will really take to complete the program."

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PhD (Doctoral) Admissions Overview

Our research-intensive program cultivates the next generation of leaders in academia and industry. Electrical Engineering doctoral students work alongside faculty, fellow students, and researchers who are leaders in their disciplines.  

Application Timeline & Deadlines

Click on the links below to read about each step of the application process:

Did You Know?

• A master's degree is not required prior to applying to the PhD program in Electrical Engineering. • Applications are reviewed on an annual basis for autumn quarter start only. • December 7, 2023 is the application deadline for Autumn 2024-2025. • Typical completion time for the PhD degree is 5-7 years. • All PhD students who maintain satisfactory academic progress receive full financial support for the duration of the doctoral program.

Knight-Hennessy Scholars

The Knight-Hennessy Scholars program is designed to build an interdisciplinary community of Stanford graduate students dedicated to finding creative solutions to the world's greatest challenges. The program awards up to 100 high-achieving students every year with full funding to pursue a graduate education at Stanford, including the M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. To be considered, you must apply to Knight-Hennessy Scholars and separately apply to the Electrical Engineering department.

Additional Resources

PhD Program Requirements

Main navigation.

The Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering is awarded after completing a minimum of 135 units of graduate work, satisfactory completion of any additional university requirements, and the following departmental requirements. Completion of an MS degree is not a prerequisite for beginning, pursuing, or completing doctoral work.

Unit and course requirements

A minimum of 135 completed units is required, including a minimum of 39 units, consisting of 36 coursework units and 3 colloquium units. These 36 units consist of 15 units of CHEMENG core courses listed below, 6 units of CHEMENG 400-level courses, 9 additional units of graduate-level science & engineering lecture elective courses, and 6 units of flexible elective courses consisting of any course that the student and their advisor feels will further their research. CHEMENG 699 should be taken each quarter; its units count toward the required 135 units. The research units for CHEMENG 399 are included in the 135 total, but may not be counted toward the 36 unit requirement. The following courses are required:

These courses are to be taken at Stanford. Any petition to substitute another graduate-level course for any of these core courses must be approved by the department chair. The remaining graduate-level science and engineering lecture courses may be chosen from any department. A student may petition the department chair for approval to include an upper-division undergraduate science or engineering lecture course. All proposals for PhD course work must be approved by the student’s adviser and the department chair or his/her designee. Students working with a research advisor should enroll each quarter in the 500 series, 600 and 699 as appropriate and as study list unit limits permit. Students with questions or issues should see departmental graduate student services.

Predoctoral students may petition to have an MS degree program added to their university record; see departmental student services and submit them in a Graduate Authorization petition in Axess. Once a petition is approved, the MS candidate must complete a Program Proposal for a Master’s Degree form and submit it to student services. Students may apply in Axess for MS degree conferral upon completion of the requirements for this degree. The MS degree must be awarded within the university’s candidacy period for completion of a master’s degree.

Minimum grade requirement

Any course intended to satisfy the PhD degree requirements must be taken for a letter grade if offered. A GPA of 3.0 or above is required at the end of the second quarter (or, potentially, a petition approved by the student's research advisor, any required co-advisor, and the department chair). In any case, a GPA of 3.0 or above is required at the end of the third quarter in order to continue in the PhD program. An overall grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 must be maintained.

To be advanced to PhD candidacy, students must secure a research dissertation adviser (and any required co-adviser) and complete a PhD candidacy examination. First, the research adviser and any required co-adviser must be established by the end of the second quarter in the PhD program. Failure to do so leads to termination of a student's study toward a PhD in Chemical Engineering; however, the student may continue to work toward an MS degree. Failure to obtain a doctoral adviser precludes any financial aid beyond that already awarded for which the student is still eligible. Second, the PhD candidacy examination before a faculty committee at the end of the fourth quarter consists of (a) a student’s oral presentation of their thinking about their research proposal and current progress; and (b) an examination by faculty members of the proposal specifics as well as the student’s understanding of the fundamental chemical, physical and biological concepts that govern the molecular behavior of the system being studied. Upon successful completion of this examination, candidates must submit an Application for Candidacy for Doctoral Degree form, approved by their research adviser(s), to departmental graduate student services within two months.

Teaching requirement

Teaching experience is considered an essential component of predoctoral training because it assists in further developing and refining candidates' skills in conveying what they know, think, and conclude, based on articulated assumptions and knowledge. All PhD candidates, regardless of the source of their financial support, are required to assist in teaching a minimum of two chemical engineering courses.

Reading committee requirement

Reading committee meetings are intended to be discussion sessions, which help to focus and guide the dissertation project; they are not examinations. By the end of the second year, all PhD candidates must assemble reading committees and submit Doctoral Dissertation Reading Committee forms signed by research advisers to student services. By the beginning of their third year (or by the end of their ninth quarter), candidates should have had an initial meeting with the full reading committee. The faculty strongly encourage doctoral candidates to take advantage of the benefits of ongoing, yearly, full reading committee meetings. It is the student’s responsibility to schedule committee meetings and the faculty to respond in a timely manner to scheduling requests.  Students should assist in the maintenance of degree progress records by reporting the committee meeting dates to the student services manager.

Research poster requirement

Experience in analyzing and presenting one’s research to diverse audiences is also an essential component of predoctoral training. Faculty strongly encourage candidates to do so several times each year, starting in the second year. All candidates in their third year are required to prepare and present a research poster during the annual Mason Lecturers week in the spring quarter.

Dissertation and oral defense requirements

A dissertation based on a successful investigation of a fundamental problem in chemical engineering is required. A student is expected to have fulfilled all the requirements for this degree, including the completion of a dissertation approved by his or her research adviser(s) and reading committee members within approximately five calendar years after enrolling in the PhD program. Upon adviser approval(s), copies of the dissertation's final draft must be distributed to each reading committee member. No sooner than three weeks after this distribution, a student may schedule an oral examination. This examination is a dissertation defense, based on the candidate’s dissertation research, and is in the form of a public seminar followed by a private examination by the faculty members on the student’s oral examination committee. Satisfactory performance in the oral examination and acceptance of an approved dissertation by Graduate Degree Progress, Office of the University Registrar, leads to PhD degree conferral.

PhD minor in Chemical Engineering

An application for a PhD minor must be approved by both the major and minor departments. A student desiring a PhD minor in Chemical Engineering must work with a minor program adviser who has a faculty appointment in Chemical Engineering. This adviser must be included as a member of the student’s reading committee for the doctoral dissertation, and the entire reading committee must meet at least once and at least one year prior to the scheduling of the student’s oral examination. The department strongly prefers that regular meetings of the full reading committee start no later than the third year of graduate study or when the student is admitted to PhD candidacy. Besides, the Chemical Engineering faculty member who is the minor adviser must be a member of the student’s university oral examination committee.

The PhD minor program must include at least 20 units of graduate-level lecture courses (numbered at the 200 level or above) but may not include any 1- to 2-unit lecture courses in the 20-unit minimum. The list of courses must form a coherent program and must be approved by the minor program adviser and the chair of this department. All minor courses must be taken for a letter grade, and a GPA of at least 3.0 must be earned for these courses.

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Types of Engineering Degrees: Your Guide

There are many different types of engineering degrees available today. Which one is right for you? Read on to find out more about them.

If you're creative yet analytical, you might enjoy studying for an engineering degree. Engineers design all kinds of things that benefit users: bridges, buildings, cars, planes, rockets, satellites, computers, robots, medical devices, and more. Then, they build and test their designs.

"Engineering degree" is an umbrella term that covers several different types of degrees. Some standard degree programs in engineering include:

Electrical engineering

Chemical engineering

Civil engineering

Mechanical engineering

Engineering management

Geotechnical Engineering

You may also find more specific degrees within these larger fields of engineering. In this article, we'll outline some of these fields you might choose to explore through a degree and the different levels of engineering degree you might choose to pursue.

6 types of engineering degrees

While engineering is a broad field, it can be loosely divided into six subcategories. While not every school offers a degree in these types of engineering, they tend to be common.

1. Electrical engineering degree

If you enjoy math and physics, you may want to consider an electrical engineering degree. Electrical engineering (EE) involves designing, creating, testing, and installing electrical equipment. Electrical engineers work for manufacturing and telecommunication companies and sometimes for the federal government. Other types of EE degrees include:

Computer engineering

Electronics engineering

Robotics engineering

2. Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering deals with converting materials into products through chemical processes. Earning a degree in chemical engineering could lead to a career in medicine, energy, manufacturing, biotechnology, or environmental sustainability, among others. Niche degrees in chemical engineering include:

Environmental engineering

Agricultural engineering

Materials engineering

Biomedical engineering

3. Civil engineering

This degree program is a step toward becoming a civil engineer , where you'll design things that involve infrastructures like roads, bridges, and water systems and ensure they're safe for public use. You can work for governments, private companies, or non-profit companies in this position. Other fields of civil engineering you might study include: 

Structural engineering

Architectural engineering

Marine engineering

Transportation engineering

Construction engineering

4. Mechanical engineering

In a mechanical engineering degree program, you'll learn how to design and build machines–everything from generators and engines to elevators and air conditioners. It's a broad field with job opportunities across a variety of industries. More specialized types of mechanical engineering degrees include:

Aerospace engineering

Biomechanical engineering

Automotive engineering

Mechatronics engineering

5. Engineering management degree

If you're interested in pursuing a leadership role in the world of technology, it may be worth pursuing an engineering management degree. This multidisciplinary degree combines engineering science, business administration, and organizational management coursework. Related multidisciplinary degrees include:

Industrial engineering

Systems engineering

6. Geotechnical Engineering 

Geotechnical engineering is sometimes considered a branch of civil engineering that focuses on the mechanics and properties of soil, rocks, and groundwater (and their interaction with human-made structures and materials). Some subfields of geotechnical engineering include:

Petroleum engineering

Nuclear engineering

Mining engineering

Ceramics engineering

Geomatics engineering

Geological engineering

Why study engineering?

If you enjoy problem-solving and want to have a positive impact on the lives of others, a career in engineering can be rewarding. As an engineer, you'll get to think creatively to solve real-world problems and, in doing so, make the world a better place. Engineers typically enjoy high starting salaries and levels of job satisfaction, low unemployment rates, and the ability to specialize in various fascinating fields. 

Engineering degrees by level

It's possible to earn an engineering degree at the associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels, depending on your career goals. Let's take a closer look at why you might pursue each type:

Associate degree: Many engineering positions require a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, but you could transition into a bachelor's program with your associate degree . An associate degree allows you to complete general education requirements and take some engineering courses to prepare for the next step in your education. 

Bachelor's degree: Most engineering positions require at least a bachelor's degree and passage of a licensing exam. Licensing requirements vary from state to state. Check to make sure the school you attend meets the requirements for your state. This is especially important if you attend a school in a state different then where you'll be licensed. 

Master's degree: If you're hoping to advance your career, a master’s degree can help. Many universities offer master’s degree programs online, so you can continue to work while earning a graduate degree. While a master's degree is not typically required to sit for an engineering licensure exam, earning one could enhance your resume and expertise.

Master of Engineering vs. Master of Science in Engineering

Depending on the college or university you’re interested in attending, you may have a choice between earning your Master of Engineering (MEng) or your Master of Science (MS) in Engineering. Both degrees emphasize advanced technical training in the field, but the difference largely depends on what you’d like to do after graduation. 

If you’re interested in pursuing your PhD or a career in engineering research, then a Master of Science in Engineering is likely the better option. However, if you are interested in an engineering career and want to develop your leadership and project management skills, then a Master of Engineering degree is likely the better option. 

An MS in Engineering will involve more research-based coursework, as well as a thesis and/or comprehensive exam, and will take around two years to complete. An MEng will involve more practical coursework, likely will not require you to complete a thesis, and generally will take less time to finish than an MS degree.

Doctoral degree: The field of engineering offers two types of doctoral degrees . If your career goal is to teach engineering, you may need a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in engineering to qualify for higher education positions. This degree typically takes about five years to complete. With a Doctor of Science in Engineering (EngScD), you can prepare for career advancement and leadership roles in engineering. This degree typically takes three years.

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Earn your Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Colorado Boulder on Coursera. Admission is performance-based, meaning there's no application required. Try a non-credit course today in a subject like optical engineering or power electronics . If you like the curriculum, you can upgrade and enroll in an engineering certificate or the full degree program.  

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What Is a Master of Engineering (MEng) Degree?

How to Get a Job as a Mechanical Engineer | 10 Tips

What Is a STEM Degree? And What Can You Do With One?

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This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

Electrical Engineering PhD

The Electrical Engineering PhD program studies systems that sense, analyze, and interact with the world. You will learn how this practice is based on fundamental science and mathematics, creating opportunities for both theoretical and experimental research. Electrical engineers invent devices for sensing and actuation, designing physical substrates for computation, creating algorithms for analysis and control, and expanding the theory of information processing. You will get to choose from a wide range of research areas such as circuits and VLSI, computer engineering and architecture, robotics and control, and signal processing.

Electrical engineers at SEAS are pursuing work on integrated circuits for cellular biotechnology, millimeter-scale robots, and the optimization of smart power groups. Examples of projects current and past students have worked on include developing methods to trace methane emissions and improving models for hurricane predictions.

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PhD in Electrical Engineering Degree

Harvard School of Engineering offers a  Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)  degree in Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering , conferred through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). Prospective students apply through the Harvard Griffin GSAS. In the online application, select  “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your program choice and select " PhD Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering ​."

The Electrical Engineering program does not offer an independent Masters Degree.

Electrical Engineering PhD Career Paths

Graduates of the program have gone on to a range of careers in industry in companies such as Tesla, Microsoft HoloLens, and IBM. Others have positions in academia at the University of Maryland, University of Michigan, and University of Colorado.

Admissions & Academic Requirements

Prospective students apply through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). In the online application, select  “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your program choice and select "PhD Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering​." Please review the  admissions requirements and other information  before applying. Our website also provides  admissions guidance ,   program-specific requirements , and a  PhD program academic timeline .

Academic Background

Applicants typically have bachelor’s degrees in the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, or engineering. In the application for admission, select “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your degree program choice and your degree and area of interest from the “Area of Study“ drop-down. PhD applicants must complete the Supplemental SEAS Application Form as part of the online application process.

Standardized Tests

GRE General: Not Accepted

Electrical Engineering Faculty & Research Areas

View a list of our electrical engineering  faculty  and electrical engineering  affiliated research areas , Please note that faculty members listed as “Affiliates" or "Lecturers" cannot serve as the primary research advisor.  

Electrical Engineering Centers & Initiatives

View a list of the research  centers & initiatives  at SEAS and the  electrical engineering faculty engagement with these entities .

Graduate Student Clubs

Graduate student clubs and organizations bring students together to share topics of mutual interest. These clubs often serve as an important adjunct to course work by sponsoring social events and lectures. Graduate student clubs are supported by the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin School of Arts and Sciences. Explore the list of active clubs and organizations .

Funding and Scholarship

Learn more about financial support for PhD students.

• How to Apply

Learn more about how to apply  or review frequently asked questions for prospective graduate students.

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Ph.D. Program

The Ph.D. Degree Program in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell will prepare you for a successful career in research, development and teaching through vigorous coursework and cutting-edge study.

Join our world-renowned faculty as they work to find solutions to some of today’s biggest problems. Whether you’re interested in power and energy, bioelectrical engineering, computer architecture, imaging, nanotechnology, photonics, neuroscience, or computing, you’ll find your place at Cornell ECE.  

Our Ph.D. Program is interdisciplinary, which allows our students to take advantage of a wide variety of research opportunities both in ECE and across campus.  

• Take advantage of the wide range of research opportunities on campus through our multidisciplinary program and study anything from physics to bioscience, from mathematics to economics.
• Enjoy the flexibility of determining your individualized curriculum in consultation with your Advisor and Special Committee.  
• Receive advanced training in current technology and engineering design.  
• Virtually all of our Ph.D. students receive full financial support in the form of Fellowships, Graduate Research Assistantships and Teaching Assistantships during throughout their Ph.D. Program.
• The financial support covers tuition, a stipend and a health insurance package.  
• A Ph.D. from Cornell ECE will empower you to reach your goals and your potential. Our graduates go on to highly successful careers at universities and colleges and in industry and research settings around the world.  
• Discover more about our faculty and their research.
• For further questions about ECE's Ph.D. program, please contact the Assistant Director, ECE Masters of Engineering and Ph.D. Programs.  

ECE Contacts for Ph.D. Students 

Director of graduate studies.

Khurram Afridi , Associate Professor [email protected]

Assistant Director of Graduate Studies

Eric Laine Phillips Hall, Room 223 [email protected]

Should Engineers Get a PHD? 11 Truths!

Should engineers get a PhD? Depends on what you want to achieve in your career. There are ups and downs to pursuing a PhD in engineering.

To figure it out, start by asking yourself what kind of career you’re after. Your decision will be based on factors like:

• Your interests
• How much money you want to make
• The lifestyle you desire
• Your other career options

We’ll chat about these four pointers, and then dive headfirst into 11 extra tips to help you size up the pros and cons of pursuing a PhD in engineering.

Important Note: I’ll be generalizing each factor I discuss, so keep in mind that there are always exceptions. And don’t forget that some superstar engineers will fly high whether they have a PhD or not. Success can come either way!

What really interests you in engineering?

A PhD can give you a leg up when tackling groundbreaking technological challenges. Without one, you might find it tough to access such work. But if you’re into more typical engineering gigs in the industry, then a PhD won’t be worth the time and money.

Usually, people go for a PhD if they want to become a specialist or researcher, or if they have their sights set on an academic career. A PhD can provide flexibility between industry and academia, letting you explore fresh ideas and spearhead innovative projects.

Here’s my two cents on both academia and industry:

In academia

In this world, your work might not make an immediate real-world splash. It could take years or even decades for your research to be recognized and applied. So, if you’re looking to become an overnight sensation, you might want to think again.

But you know what? To a select few who are passionate about your field, your work will be a big deal. You’ll have the chance to share your unique ideas with like-minded folks and make a difference in your little corner of the world.

And never forget that every small step you take will ultimately contribute to the greater good of humanity.

In industry

Meanwhile, in the industry, your work can make an instant impact. You’ll tackle awesome projects that are directly tied to a company’s goals, making a real difference in people’s lives.

Take, for example, working on R&D for batteries. Batteries are essential for our future, and every tiny improvement can change our lives in a big way.

The downside? Your company might not give you the credit you deserve for your groundbreaking work. But don’t sweat it – there are loads of similar opportunities for PhD holders who are motivated and inventive.

All in all, whether you pick academia or industry, you’ll have plenty of chances to change the world. Just keep cranking out top-notch work, and everything else will fall into place.

How much money do you want to make?

First off, don’t pay for your PhD yourself. If you can’t get funding, it means the market doesn’t see the value in your research.

Even with funding, you might only make $20k to $40k a year, depending on your university. If you’d gone straight into the industry, you could be pocketing $150k or more each year. Then you could invest that salary in real estate, businesses, you name it.

So, if money’s your main concern, you’ll lag behind your peers who jumped straight into the industry. Because while you’re spending 3 to 5 years earning a PhD and living on ramen noodles, they’ll be making bank.

And if you’re thinking about academia after your PhD, buckle up for even more financial hurdles.

Let’s be real: a PhD is a massive investment of time and money. If dollar signs are all you see, don’t bother with a PhD.

Important Note: Engineers with PhDs who start multi-million dollar businesses are exceptions, just like college dropouts who start multi-billion dollar businesses.

PhD stipends from major U.S. universities

Check this shortlist of engineering department stipends from major universities, put together by PhD Stipends :

As you can tell, diving into a PhD in engineering might not make you rich overnight. But, hey, it does give you the chance to work on some mind-blowing research and help shape the world of tomorrow.

Important Note: Don’t forget to weigh in the cost of living when you’re checking out those PhD stipends. Higher stipends usually come with a heftier price tag on everyday life, like in the Bay Area where Stanford is nestled.

What type of lifestyle do you want?

Dreaming of a chill, easygoing life? Academia might not be your jam. You could grind away for years and never snag that elusive academic tenure. Even in the industry, you might land just an ordinary engineering gig, making your PhD feel like a waste.

The professional stress from this uncertain journey can seep into your personal life. Financial struggles might become your constant companion, impacting every corner of your life. But hey, with a PhD, you get the keys to the world’s coolest toys and can work in top-notch national labs and fancy universities.

If you’re down to embrace uncertainty into your golden years, a PhD could be worth the ride. You may trade short-term comfort for the shot at doing what sets your soul on fire in the long run.

Mind you, I use the term sacrifice lightly. If you’re head over heels for your research, nothing else will even matter.

Do you have other options in life?

If you’re still feeling the PhD vibe after all this, ask yourself:

• Do you have any other career options?
• Is there another gig that’s tugging at your heartstrings?

If you said yes to either, hold your horses! Give some serious thought to whether a PhD is really your destiny. I’ve got friends who ditched their PhD programs to start businesses, and now they’re swimming in millions!

On the flip side, I know folks who chased a PhD just to immigrate to the US for a better life. But listen, don’t just follow the crowd. Committing to a PhD is a massive deal and can change your life in a big way.

This is further highlighted by the low number of U.S. students going for a PhD in engineering each year. The data below, from ASEE , includes all engineering fields combined.

Important Note: The number of awarded engineering doctorate degrees is increasing. But the U.S. population is also increasing, and more foreign students are immigrating to the U.S. to pursue a PhD. 

11 Pointers to consider in pursuing a PhD in engineering

Now, here are 11 pointers I’ve gathered from my pals and relatives who’ve gone down the PhD-in-engineering rabbit hole:

#1 Choose a research topic with real-world oomph

Picking the perfect research topic is the key to unlocking your PhD’s potential. Focus on fields that are shining bright, like:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Renewable energy

These areas tend to reel in more funding and have a higher demand in both academia and industry. After all, you still gotta pay the bills and keep a roof over your head.

#2 A PhD hones your thinking skills, not just your specialization

In the real world, you might not use all that fancy research know-how from your PhD. Instead, you’ll rely on your shiny new way of thinking to tackle problems.

So, a PhD isn’t just about becoming the go-to person in a super-niche field. It’s also about learning how to think and tackle the tough stuff.

And, hey, you can pick up these skills outside the hallowed halls of academia too.

#3 Don’t expect a PhD to put you on a pedestal

Sure, a PhD might make some folks go “ooh” and “aah,” but at the end of the day, it’s all about delivering the goods. Your skills and passion for the job are what really count, not the alphabet soup trailing your name.

I’m all about treating everyone equally, regardless of their academic fanfare.

Of course, a PhD can give you a credibility boost when making first impressions. But remember, it’s what you do next that really matters.

#4 A PhD can open doors, but it might close some too

A PhD can help you score high-level gigs at big-shot companies with in-house research and development. But beware – it might also slam some doors shut if you’re deemed overqualified for certain roles.

Choose your career path wisely and take time to think through your future pragmatically.

#5 Dive into a PhD in a subject that ignites your passion

Being passionate about your subject is the secret sauce to staying motivated during your PhD journey. Surround yourself with amazing people who share your interests, or you’ll struggle through the tough times – and trust me, there’ll be plenty.

#6 Don’t chase a PhD for the wrong reasons

Don’t go after a PhD just because “it’s what smart people do” or because you want to add some extra letters to your name.

Let’s get real here: a PhD doesn’t magically transform you into a genius. Heck, some of the brightest minds out there never even set foot in a college classroom!

If you were a regular Joe or Jane before diving into a PhD program, chances are you’ll still be one when you’re done. But hey, you don’t need to be a mega-brainiac to tackle a PhD. If you can snag a spot in a program, you’ve definitely got what it takes to see it through.

#7 Fear not the PhD pursuit

Some folks are scared stiff of the grueling trek to PhD-land. It’s like climbing a never-ending mountain, right?

Well, anything worth chasing is gonna be tough. If it were a piece of cake, everybody and their dog would be doing it!

#8 A PhD isn’t for everyone

To nail that PhD, you need a killer work ethic and a fierce dedication to your field. That’s what’ll help you conquer those hurdles and push through the lonely stretches.

Let’s face it: the PhD life isn’t everyone’s cup of tea. Just look at the small number of doctorates awarded each year in the U.S., as reported by ASEE. The data below covers all engineering fields combined:

And if you’re bold enough to take on a PhD, you’re probably an ambitious go-getter. So you’ll no doubt find some other epic challenge to sink your teeth into.

#9 Pick your program and advisor like a pro

The right program and advisor can make or break your PhD ride.

Seriously, you’ll be bending over backward for your advisor for years. They’ve got the power to make your life a living nightmare. Keep your eyes peeled for these red flags:

A bad advisor:

• Is a grade-A jerk
• Makes everything about them
• Squeezes you for free labor and grinds you down
• Fills you with guilt and doubt

A good advisor:

• Is super nice and supportive
• Turns you into a top-notch researcher
• Dishes out awesome life advice
• Hooks you up with conferences and fellowships
• Lets you visit other labs

So do your homework and pick your program and advisor with care.

#10 Weigh the impact on your loved ones

I’ve known people who juggled family life and a PhD. Sure, it was a bumpy road, but they made it work.

Keep in mind that a PhD can take ages, and your biological clock won’t wait around for you to finish.

#11 Industry jobs for PhD grads

Dreaming of a PhD to score an industry job? From what I’ve seen, here are a couple of paths for PhD graduates:

• Work in well-funded government labs, doing the research thing.
• Join big-league companies like Google, Apple, or IBM that can afford to splash cash on research.

If that doesn’t float your boat, a Master’s degree might be all you need for other engineering gigs in the industry.

Important Note: During recessions, R&D departments usually hold steady. R&D is a long-haul investment for a company, after all.

If an R&D project kicks off during a slump, it’ll wrap up just as the economy bounces back. That way, the company comes out stronger on the other side.

“Should engineers get a PhD” wrap up

Deciding to pursue a PhD is a deeply personal choice that deserves some serious soul-searching.

Don’t let peer pressure sway you. Take a good, hard look at the pros and cons, and make the call that’s right for you.

Now, I’ve met engineers who’d never trade their PhD experience for the world. But others reckon it was the worst decision they ever made.

At the end of the day, a PhD is all about the journey, not just the fancy certificate and those three little letters you get to tack onto your name.

Do you think a PhD in engineering is worthwhile? Will it be even more valuable down the road?

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Author Bio: Koosha started Engineer Calcs in 2019 to help people better understand the engineering and construction industry, and to discuss various science and engineering-related topics to make people think. He has been working in the engineering and tech industry in California for well over 15 years now and is a licensed professional electrical engineer, and also has various entrepreneurial pursuits.

Koosha has an extensive background in the design and specification of electrical systems with areas of expertise including power generation, transmission, distribution, instrumentation and controls, and water distribution and pumping as well as alternative energy (wind, solar, geothermal, and storage).

Koosha is most interested in engineering innovations, the cosmos, sports, fitness, and our history and future.

6 thoughts on “Should Engineers Get a PHD? 11 Truths!”

The most insightful comparison I’ve found on this topic so far. Thank you.

Glad you found the article helpful 🙂

Thanks for that nicely summed up article – not too long and covers the important points on everybody’s mind! 🙂

Glad you enjoyed the read 🙂

Thank you, I have just been searching for info about this subject for ages and yours is the best I have found out till now. However, what in regards to the conclusion? Are you positive about the source?

I tried to capture all angles of the experience, so do your best to apply the lessons to your personality and reasons for pursuing the degree.

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• Current MIT Graduate Students

Doctoral Programs in Computational Science and Engineering

Application & admission information.

The Center for Computational Science and Engineering (CCSE) offers two doctoral programs in computational science and engineering (CSE) – one leading to a standalone PhD degree in CSE offered entirely by CCSE ( CSE PhD ) and the other leading to an interdisciplinary PhD degree offered jointly with participating departments in the School of Engineering and the School of Science ( Dept-CSE PhD ).

While both programs enable students to specialize at the doctoral level in a computation-related field via focused coursework and a thesis, they differ in essential ways. The standalone CSE PhD program is intended for students who plan to pursue research in cross-cutting methodological aspects of computational science. The resulting doctoral degree in Computational Science and Engineering is awarded by CCSE via the the Schwarzman College of Computing. In contrast, the interdisciplinary Dept-CSE PhD program is intended for students who are interested in computation in the context of a specific engineering or science discipline. For this reason, this degree is offered jointly with participating departments across the Institute; the interdisciplinary degree is awarded in a specially crafted thesis field that recognizes the student’s specialization in computation within the chosen engineering or science discipline.

Applicants to the standalone CSE PhD program are expected to have an undergraduate degree in CSE, applied mathematics, or another field that prepares them for an advanced degree in CSE. Applicants to the Dept-CSE PhD program should have an undergraduate degree in a related core disciplinary area as well as a strong foundation in applied mathematics, physics, or related fields. When completing the MIT CSE graduate application , students are expected to declare which of the two programs they are interested in. Admissions decisions will take into account these declared interests, along with each applicant’s academic background, preparation, and fit to the program they have selected.  All applicants are asked to specify MIT CCSE-affiliated faculty that best match their research interests; applicants to the Dept-CSE PhD program also select the home department(s) that best match. At the discretion of the admissions committee, Dept-CSE PhD applications might also be shared with a home department beyond those designated in the application. CSE PhD admissions decisions are at the sole discretion of CCSE; Dept-CSE PhD admission decisions are conducted jointly between CCSE and the home departments.

Please note: These are both doctoral programs in Computational Science and Engineering; applicants interested in Computer Science must apply to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science .

Important Dates

September 15: Application Opens December 1: Deadline to apply for admission* December – March: Application review period January – March: Decisions released on rolling basis

*All supplemental materials (e.g., transcripts, test scores, letters of recommendation) must also be received by December 1. Application review begins on that date, and incomplete applications may not be reviewed. Please be sure that your recommenders are aware of this hard deadline, as we do not make exceptions. We also do not allow students to upload/submit material beyond what is required, such as degree certificates, extra recommendations, publications, etc.

A complete electronic CSE application includes the following:

• Three letters of recommendation ;
• Students admitted to the program will be required to supply official transcripts. Discrepancies between unofficial and official transcripts may result in the revocation of the admission offer.
• Statement of objectives (limited to approximately one page) and responses to department-specific prompts for Dept-CSE PhD applicants;
• Official GRE General Test score report , sent to MIT by ETS via institute code 3514 GRE REQUIREMENT WAIVED FOR FALL 2025 ;
• Official IELTS score report sent to MIT by IELTS†  (international applicants from non-English speaking countries only; see below for more information)
• Resume or CV , uploaded in PDF format;
• MIT graduate application fee of $75‡.

‡Application Fee

The MIT graduate application fee of $75.00 is a mandatory requirement set by the Institute payable by credit card. Please visit the MIT Graduate Admission Application Fee Waiver page for information about fee waiver eligibility and instructions.

Please note: CCSE cannot issue fee waivers; email requests for fee waivers sent to [email protected] will not receive a response.

Admissions Contact Information

Email: [email protected]

► Current MIT CSE SM Students: Please see the page for Current MIT Graduate Students .

GRE Requirement

GRE REQUIREMENT WAIVED FOR FALL 2025 All applicants are required to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Aptitude Test. The MIT code for submitting GRE score reports is 3514 (you do not need to list a department code). GRE scores must current; ETS considers scores valid for five years after the testing year in which you tested.

†English Language Proficiency Requirement

The CSE PhD program requires international applicants from non-English speaking countries to take the academic  version of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS).  The IELTS exam measures one’s ability to communicate in English in four major skill areas: listening, reading, writing, and speaking.  A minimum IELTS score of 7 is required for admission.  For more information about the IELTS, and to find out where and how to take the exam, please visit the IELTS web site .

While we will also accept the TOEFL iBT (Test of English as a Foreign Language), we strongly prefer the IELTS. The minimum TOEFL iBT score is 100.

This requirement is waived for those who can demonstrate that one or more of the following are true:

• English is/was the language of instruction in your four-year undergraduate program,
• English is the language of your employer/workplace for at least the last four years,
• English was your language of instruction in both primary and secondary schools.

Degree Requirements for Admission

To be admitted as a regular graduate student, an applicant must have earned a bachelor’s degree or its equivalent from a college, university, or technical school of acceptable standing. Students in their final year of undergraduate study may be admitted on the condition that their bachelor’s degree is awarded before they enroll at MIT.

Applicants without an SM degree may apply to the CSE PhD program, however, the Departments of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Mechanical Engineering nominally require the completion of an SM degree before a student is considered a doctoral candidate. As a result, applicants to those departments holding only a bachelor’s degree are asked in the application to indicate whether they prefer to complete the CSE SM program or an SM through the home department.

Nondiscrimination Policy

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is committed to the principle of equal opportunity in education and employment.  To read MIT’s most up-to-date nondiscrimination policy, please visit the Reference Publication Office’s nondiscrimination statement page .

Additional Information

For more details, as well as answers to most commonly asked questions regarding the admissions process to individual participating Dept-CSE PhD departments including details on financial support, applicants are referred to the website of the participating department of interest.

This question is about engineer education .

How long does it take to get a Ph.D. in engineering?

It takes between five to seven years to get a Ph.D. in engineering. Doctorate programs in engineering typically grant engineers a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, although some might award a Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng or D.E.). This depends on the particular college or university.

Typically, doctoral students work closely with one or more engineering professors who serve as Ph.D. advisers. These advisors guide them through their research and dissertation.

As part of the dissertation process, schools may require Ph.D. candidates to pass either written or oral (or both) qualifying exams and to defend their research conclusions before their Ph.D. advisory committee.

Course work for an engineering doctorate generally includes quantitative research methods and highly specialized classes in the student's engineering field.

In addition, students working toward a Ph.D. in engineering can expect to complete a written dissertation based on original research.

Graduates of Ph.D. in Engineering programs can work as professors at research universities, dedicate their expertise to industrial or government research labs, or create a business around their own inventions and innovation.

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Best Doctorates in Aerospace Engineering: Top PhD Programs, Career Paths, and Salaries

Graduates with a PhD in Aerospace Engineering can become leaders in the aerospace design field. This advanced degree is one of the highest academic achievements you can get and a great choice for anyone with a deep interest in aircraft and spacecraft design, dynamics, and development. An aerospace engineering PhD opens the door to high-level, lucrative engineering jobs and to opportunities to enter the field of academia as a professor.

Our guide covers the best PhDs in Aerospace Engineering and the best aerospace engineering jobs. We’ve included a few online degree options for those who wish to earn their degree while working full-time. We’ll end with what you can expect from a PhD in Aerospace Engineering salary and job outlooks in the field.

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What is a phd in aerospace engineering.

A PhD in Aerospace Engineering is the highest academic qualification in the field of aerospace design. Aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering are the two main branches of aerospace engineering, the former involving aircraft that function within Earth’s atmosphere and the latter involving aircraft outside Earth’s atmosphere.

Maintenance engineers, aircraft developers, and spaceship developers are just a few of the career options open to those with an aerospace engineering PhD. Similar fields of study include robotics, automotive engineering, and mechatronics.

How to Get Into an Aerospace Engineering PhD Program: Admission Requirements

The admission requirements for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering are typically a four-year undergraduate degree or, in some cases, a master’s degree. The bachelor’s degree can be in any engineering field with core subjects related to aerospace engineering.

Other typical requirements for admission into this degree program include the submission of academic transcripts, scores from standardized tests like the GRE/GMAT, a letter of recommendation, a thoroughly updated resume, and a personal statement to indicate your dedication. Having a strong research background and articles published in scientific journals may also be required.

PhD in Aerospace Engineering Admission Requirements

• A bachelor’s or master’s degree and an engineering background
• Copies of academic transcripts and published articles (if any)
• Letters of recommendation
• A statement of purpose or personal statement
• A comprehensive resume or curriculum vitae

Aerospace Engineering PhD Acceptance Rates: How Hard Is It to Get Into a PhD Program in Aerospace Engineering?

It is very hard to get into a PhD program in aerospace engineering because it is one of the toughest engineering degrees. Do you know the saying, “It isn’t rocket science”? Well, this literally is rocket science. You need to have a solid understanding of the fundamentals of engineering and mathematical concepts in order to excel in this field.

The acceptance rates for aerospace engineering PhD programs at the top universities are quite low. For example, the California Institute of Technology’s aerospace engineering PhD program has an acceptance rate of about 9 percent . However, this school’s particular engineering graduate program has been singled out as the most selective in the nation. There are other programs that are less challenging to get into if you are motivated and prepared.

How to Get Into the Best Universities

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Best PhDs in Aerospace Engineering: In Brief

Best universities for aerospace engineering phds: where to get a phd in aerospace engineering.

The best universities for aerospace engineering PhDs include Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, and Stanford University. If you are wondering where to get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, we’ll take a detailed look at some of the top institutes in the US.

We’ve researched the admissions process requirements, academic coursework, and required semester hours or credits and listed them in the section below to make sure that qualified students can easily get a PhD and start working in the aerospace engineering field. Read on for more information.

The California Institute of Technology , also known as Caltech, is a private research university in Pasadena, California, that was founded in 1891. The university excels in science and engineering and is one of the world's top, most selective universities. It has six different academic divisions but its main emphasis is on the fields of science and engineering.

PhD in Aeronautics or Space Engineering

Students admitted into this PhD program must complete first-year coursework that is the same as the first year of the master's degree program. Then they must select a research advisor and pass a qualifying exam. 

The qualifying exam determines the student’s readiness to tackle the challenges that are a major characteristic of PhD-level research. Prior to graduating, students will need to host a seminar presenting the outcomes of their thesis study.

PhD in Aeronautics or Space Engineering Overview

• Program Length: Approximately 4-5 years
• Acceptance Rate: 9%
• Tuition and Fees: $58,467/year
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Assistantships, external fellowships, institute fellowships, loans, stipends

PhD in Aeronautics or Space Engineering Admission Requirements

• Bachelor’s degree
• 3 letters of recommendation
• Academic transcripts
• A resume or CV
• A statement of purpose

The Georgia Institute of Technology , more commonly known as Georgia Tech, has evolved a lot since its inception in 1885. The PhD in Aerospace Engineering program at Georgia Tech is renowned for its academic and research excellence. It is widely regarded as the most rigorous program in the school.

PhD in Aerospace Engineering

Aerodynamics, Fluid and Structural Mechanics, Material Behavior, Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, Propulsion and Combustion, System Design and Optimization, and Flight Mechanics and control are among the specializations available to the students of this PhD program.

You must reach specific milestones within a set timeframe in order to successfully complete this PhD. These include a qualifying exam, a thesis proposal, and a successful research defense.

PhD in Aerospace Engineering Overview

• Program Length: 4-5 years
• Acceptance Rate: N/A
• Tuition and Fees: $14,064/year (full-time in state); $29,140/year (full-time out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Assistantships, fellowships, out-of-state tuition waivers, outside sponsorships, veterans services
• Bachelor’s degree in a related field 
• GRE/GMAT scores
• Relevant work experience

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is among the world’s most prestigious institutes of technology. It has created countless inventions, including pioneering high-speed photography and inventing a new kind of matter. 

At the institutional level, MIT provides significant support for multidisciplinary research throughout its multiple schools and departments.

PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics

The mission of this program is to produce original research in the field of aerospace engineering and create new leaders in the field. Graduates of this program will be able to solve future problems in aerospace engineering through advanced analytical and reasoning skills and communicate their solutions effectively.

PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics Overview

• Program Length: Not given
• Acceptance Rate: 6.7% (graduate school)
• Tuition and Fees: $28,795/year (in state); $1,440 for the first 3 semesters, plus $4,430/ subsequent semester (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Research assistantships, aero/astro diversity fellowships, teaching assistantships, MIT-sponsored fellowships, external fellowships

PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics Admission Requirements

• Online application for PhD study and application fee: $75
• Statement of objectives
• Transcripts
• English proficiency scores (international students)

Princeton University meets high standards for academic excellence and research opportunities across the board. Students pursuing a PhD in Engineering (such as the PhD in Mechanical Engineering or the PhD in Aerospace Engineering) from this institute benefit from exchange programs with other top colleges and universities across the globe.

PhD in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

The program educates researchers in engineering and applied sciences, preparing them for jobs in academia, industry, and government. It stresses foundational knowledge, deep knowledge, and outstanding communication abilities.

PhD in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Overview

• Program Length: 5 years
• Acceptance Rate: 11% (graduate school)
• Tuition: $56,010/year (in state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Research assistantships, instruction assistantships, departmental funds, external fellowships

PhD in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Admission Requirements

• A statement of purpose and an updated resume/CV
• Recommendation letters 
• Academic transcripts from your graduate degree
• Statement of financial resources and the area of interest for research
• English language tests (international students)

Stanford University is located in Palo Alto, California. It is consistently listed among the world's finest institutions. It was founded in 1885 and currently serves more than 17,000 students. It follows high academic standards and offers a number of engineering programs.

Students enrolled in this PhD program receive a broad-based education in aeronautics and astronautics through coursework as well as rigorous research in a particular area that culminates in a doctoral thesis.

• Program Length: 4-6 years
• Tuition and Fees: $66,297/year (full time)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Fellowships, research assistantships, training grants, teaching assistantships
• Bachelor’s or graduate degree and academic transcripts
• Online application and application fee
• Statement of purpose
• TOEFL scores (if applicable)

Texas A&M University (TAMU) is a land-grant university located in College Station, Texas. It is a public institute that was created in 1876. It serves as the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System. As of fall 2021, TAMU had the largest student body in the United States. It is the only university in the state to be designated as a land, marine, and space grant institution concurrently.

This PhD program provides you with in-depth knowledge of your chosen topic of study, research methods, and engineering principles. For degree completion, research must be carried out successfully in one of the following areas: aerodynamics, propulsion, dynamics, materials, or systems, and human integration. Tuition rates are based on a 9-credit-per-semester rate. 

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• Tuition and Fees: $8,026/semester (in state); $17,553/semester (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, academic excellence fellowship, Amelia Earhart Fellowships for Women
• Online application
• Bachelor’s or master’s degree
• Transcripts or grades from other institutions
• Internships or other work experience and published works (if any)
• TOEFL score, a statement of purpose, a resume, recommendation letters

With 15 interdisciplinary research institutes, the University of Colorado Boulder offers PhD students a variety of research options. The College of Engineering & Applied Science provides graduate degrees in eight fields of engineering and applied science. 

PhD in Aerospace Engineering Sciences

CU Boulder offers a varied range of opportunities for interdisciplinary research, ranging from space systems and control theory to biotechnology. Numerous collaborative research centers are available for students pursuing a PhD in Aerospace Engineering Sciences to collaborate with other students and researchers. While the acceptance rate for the entire university is 84 percent, there isn’t an available acceptance rate for this program specifically.

The school’s popular research centers include the Anschutz Medical Campus, the National Science Foundation's Industry-University Cooperative Research Program, and the Colorado Renewable Energy Collaboratory.

PhD in Aerospace Engineering Sciences Overview

• Tuition and Fees: $17,068/year (in state); $35,824/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate student assistantships, fellowships and grants, student employment

PhD in Aerospace Engineering Sciences Admission Requirements

• A bachelor’s degree
• A graduate faculty advisor
• Courses taken in calculus, linear algebra, and differential equations at the undergraduate level
• 2 semesters of calculus-based physics and engineering

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a land-grant research public university in Champaign and Urbana, Illinois. It is the system's flagship institution, having been founded in 1867.

This institute currently enrolls about 56,000 undergraduate and graduate students, making it one of the largest public colleges in the country.

The Department of Aerospace Engineering at this institute is a world leader in aerospace research and engineering. It is committed to excellence and leadership in teaching, research, and service through internationally renowned staff and state-of-the-art research facilities.

• Acceptance Rate: 37% (college of engineering)
• Tuition: $18,256/year (in state); $34,762/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Internal and external fellowships, research and teaching assistantships, graduate awards
• GPA of at least 3.0
• Letters of recommendation, transcripts, certificate of declaration of finances
• Completed online application
• Paid application fee of $70 ($90 for international students)

The University of Michigan is a forward-thinking research university. It is a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities and has been designated an R1 institution. With such a strong research focus, the university's PhD in Aerospace Engineering program provides ample opportunities for multidisciplinary research.

Michigan’s aerospace engineering program is the nation's oldest and most highly ranked collegiate aeronautics program. The graduate studies cover fundamental and contemporary aerospace themes, as well as a graduate seminar led by leading academics. 

• Acceptance Rate: 10% 
• Tuition and Fees: $25,230.38/year (in state); $50,646.38/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: All PhD applicants accepted receive full funding for at least 5 years; students are encouraged to pursue outside fellowships from NSF, DoD, NASA, or DoE.
• A Master’s Degree in Engineering is not required but a background in engineering and math is
• Statement of purpose and resume/CV

The University of Texas at Austin is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System, having been founded in 1883. It is also the largest institution in the system, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff.

This aerospace engineering graduate program is ranked 10th nationwide, and its students work with world-class faculty. Alumni have gone on to become astronauts, administrators, and pioneers in the area of aeronautical engineering.

• Tuition and Fees: $8,684 to $10,848/year (in state); $17,312 to $19,786/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Research assistantships, teaching assistantships, fellowships
• Bachelor’s or Master’s Degree in Aerospace Engineering or any related engineering degree from an accredited university
• Minimum 3.0 GPA in graduate-level work
• Reference letters

Can You Get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering Online?

Yes, you can get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering online. An online program will provide flexibility and convenience for you, which is especially helpful if you wish to pursue your PhD with fewer compromises to your work and personal life.

Best Online PhD Programs in Aerospace Engineering

How long does it take to get a phd in aerospace engineering.

It takes about four to five years to get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, which is the lengthiest timeframe for a degree. The main reason it takes so long to complete these engineering degree programs is that it requires original and authentic research, which takes time and dedication to produce.

The process will train you to be a researcher who can make innovative discoveries. You will first complete advanced courses for the program, then conduct research using professional research techniques, and lastly write a professional and publishable dissertation, which for aerospace engineering can be book-length.

Is a PhD in Aerospace Engineering Hard?

Yes, a PhD in Aerospace Engineering is hard. An aerospace engineer must have a deep understanding of engineering science and technology. The design and construction of aircraft and spacecraft necessitates extensive knowledge of mathematics, encompassing principles like geometry, calculus, and statistics.

When it comes to design and testing, you will need a solid understanding of computers and electronic components. You must also possess a great deal of focus and dedication to complete your research and write your thesis. Strong communication skills come into play in writing articles for publication and defending your thesis.

How Much Does It Cost to Get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering?

It costs about $19,792 per year to get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, according to the latest data from the National Center for Education Statistics. This cost applies to all public and private postsecondary degree-awarding institutions. The average annual tuition for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering from a public institution is $12,410 per year, while the same degree from a private institution costs comparatively more per year, around $26,597.

Most doctoral programs, including those in aerospace engineering, provide ample funding opportunities to subsidize your studies. They include assistantships, fellowships, and external grants, which can sometimes cover the entire cost of your degree.

How to Pay for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering: PhD Funding Options

The PhD funding options that students can use to pay for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering include research assistantships, teaching assistantships, university fellowships, government fellowships, tuition waivers, performance allowances, external grants, and scholarships.

PhD students in the US are generally discouraged from engaging in external employment while pursuing their degree. This is because most schools provide work and research opportunities to help students pay for their degrees. Some schools even offer full coverage of expenses to students accepted into their program.

Some schools offering a PhD in Aerospace Engineering are funded by government agencies or private companies to make sure they produce quality research. This can attract the attention of top-performing students and draw them to these schools.

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What Is the Difference Between an Aerospace Engineering Master’s Degree and PhD?

The difference between an aerospace engineering master’s degree and a PhD is the amount of time spent in class versus the time spent researching. A master’s degree provides further specialization in aerospace engineering through relevant classes and hands-on experience.

A doctoral candidate spends only a small portion of time in class and a large portion of time conducting independent research. Typically, a PhD program teaches you how to conduct your own independent research and how to publish your findings and present them to an audience.

Master’s vs PhD in Aerospace Engineering Job Outlook

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), jobs for aerospace engineering graduates are expected to grow by 8 percent in this decade. This applies to entry-level jobs available for those who possess a bachelor’s degree.

In general, the higher your level of education, the more job opportunities will be open to you. For managerial positions like aerospace engineering managers or instructors, which come with an average salary of $152,350 and an expected job growth of four percent according to BLS, having an advanced degree will help you stand out among candidates. A PhD also prepares you to be a postsecondary teacher, which BLS shows has a 12 percent job growth rate in coming years .

Difference in Salary for Aerospace Engineering Master’s vs PhD

There is a considerable difference in salaries for master’s degree holders and PhD holders in the field of aerospace engineering. The average salary for someone with a Master’s Degree in Aerospace Engineering is about $91,000, according to PayScale. With this degree, you can work as an aerospace engineer, mechanical engineer, research scientist, research engineer, or senior systems engineer with small variations in annual salary.

On the other hand, the average salary for a PhD holder in aerospace engineering is about $111,000, according to PayScale. Many of the same jobs are available to these engineering professionals but with higher starting salaries. With an average difference in pay of $20,000 per year, earning a PhD in Aerospace Engineering should be high on your list of career goals as it can make a big difference in your day-to-day life.

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Why You Should Get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering

You should get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering if you want to be among the most highly skilled and highly paid engineers in this field. A doctorate in engineering qualifies you to teach at the college or university level. Research and development in a variety of engineering disciplines, as well as managerial jobs, are further great career options.

If you are involved in research and development in the aerospace industry, getting a PhD will place you on a much higher level in your work due to the advanced research and development skills gained in earning your degree. Courses are taught by experienced aerospace and aeronautical engineers and industry leaders in the aerospace industry and aviation industry, so you’ll have plenty of opportunities to learn from them and sharpen your research skills.

There are sectors both inside and outside the aerospace industry where a PhD is considered almost essential for solving complex problems. Having a PhD will help increase your authority and give your peers and superiors more confidence in your work.

Reasons for Getting a PhD in Aerospace Engineering

• Higher salaries. Following this program of study and getting a PhD in Aerospace Engineering results in higher salaries for the same job as compared to having a master’s or bachelor’s degree.
• Funding for research projects. The authority and experience that comes with a doctoral degree vastly increases your chances of winning various government-funded and privately funded research projects. This can help you become a leader and innovator in the field.
• Robust academic career. Many aerospace engineering students who pursue a doctoral degree intend to make a career in academia rather than in the industry. You can publish research papers and grow as a respected researcher in this field.
• More career options overall. In addition to research opportunities, PhD holders in this field have more job options overall. These are usually higher-ranked positions. You are also eligible to become a postsecondary teacher of engineering subjects at colleges and universities.

Getting a PhD in Aerospace Engineering: Aerospace Engineering PhD Coursework

While pursuing a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, you have the opportunity to perform research in the fields of aerospace structures and propulsion as well as aerodynamic systems. As soon as you complete the graduate admissions process, you’ll need to put your previous academic background to good use because doctoral courses require a massive amount of both knowledge and research.

You will be required to complete a specific number of minimum credit hours in your graduate-level coursework on topics such as the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, aerospace engineering design, and advanced computational aerodynamics. Below are examples of the types of courses you can expect during your formal coursework.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

This fluid mechanics course typically spans everything from air reentry at hypersonic speeds to particle transport and biofluid flow. Classes like this one provide opportunities for students to learn the wide range of experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches that are used to solve issues with fluid dynamics and mechanics.

Aerospace Engineering Design

This graduate study course deals with aeronautics , astronautics, and design concepts that address the essential principles and methodologies of aerospace engineering. The course promotes active learning by making use of exploration technologies.

Advanced Computational Aerodynamics

This course helps you understand and make sense of flow physics and numerical methods to identify and create solution algorithms for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). It also helps you with the ability to pick and design solution algorithms for flight dynamics that can be described as vicious, inviscid, compressible, or incompressible.

Spacecraft Optimal Estimation

This course teaches conventional and new estimate techniques and links them to modern dynamic systems encountered in aeronautical specialties. It emphasizes the mathematical thinking and modeling of physical problems. The course applies to both spacecraft and aircraft systems.

Computational Multibody Dynamics

In this course, you will study the theoretical, numerical, and methodological foundations that will allow you to build your first model-based designs (MBDs) before you proceed to more complicated ones.

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How to Get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering: Doctoral Program Requirements

Getting a doctoral degree in aerospace engineering involves having a solid background in the fundamentals of aerospace engineering, represented by a bachelor’s or master’s degree in the field. This knowledge is assessed by a preliminary exam.

A PhD dissertation must also be completed and defended, requiring you to demonstrate your ability to investigate and provide a solution for an original research problem. Below is a more thorough list of the steps that are required to complete all doctoral program requirements. We’ve done the research for you on how to get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, so read on to find out more.

Doctoral students must complete the coursework required for the degree within the first academic year. While doing so, they must maintain at least a 3.0 GPA, which could vary for different universities.

The credits required for a PhD can vary based on a number of different factors, but generally you need a minimum of 48 credits for this degree. Most of your time will be spent conducting research rather than sitting in a classroom.

Before taking the PhD candidacy qualification examination, you must complete three semesters of research under the guidance of a faculty advisor. In order to do this, you first need to present a dissertation proposal by the end of the third semester to formally start the proceedings for your dissertation research work.

In most cases, there is a requirement for scientific publication in reputed journals with a good impact factor to produce a high-quality dissertation thesis in an aerospace engineering PhD degree program.

Via the qualification exam, you will have the opportunity to demonstrate your mastery of the principles of your chosen discipline, your capacity to conduct original research, and your ability to successfully convey your findings to a broad audience. 

Overall, the qualification examination encourages you to consolidate the knowledge and skills you have gained throughout the program. It is the responsibility of the department to determine whether you have met the degree standards and qualify for the doctoral degree in engineering. 

Many universities measure the performance of each student during the research and coursework phases by conducting annual reviews. These reviews are done by the PhD advisory faculty committees, the school of aerospace engineering, and the personal advisor or supervisor.

If a candidate fails to meet the minimum requirements of the annual review, there is a chance of cancellation of the degree by the school. 

The PhD program concludes with the completion of an original dissertation on a research topic chosen by the student and its defense in front of the dissertation committee as a final public oral examination. The dissertation requirements include providing substantial and unique contributions to the development of knowledge in any sub-field related to aerospace engineering.

Potential Careers With an Aerospace Engineering Degree

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PhD in Aerospace Engineering Salary and Job Outlook

The PhD in Aerospace Engineering salary and job outlook is reasonably high, between four and 12 percent with most jobs. With a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, you will be among the most sought-after candidates in a wide range of engineering professions. You can either become an engineering professor in a university or college or work in the research and development sector of a company.

What Can You Do With a PhD in Aerospace Engineering?

With a PhD in Aerospace Engineering, you can have a successful career as a post-secondary engineering teacher, an aerospace engineer, an industrial engineer, a mechanical engineer, or a senior research officer. You can have a rewarding career in many leadership positions in academic- or industry-related jobs.

Best Jobs with a PhD in Aerospace Engineering

• Post-secondary engineering teacher
• Aerospace engineer
• Industrial engineer
• Mechanical engineer
• Senior research officer

What Is the Average Salary for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering?

The average salary for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering is about $112,000 , according to the data collected by PayScale. A PhD holder earns the most among people with educational and professional backgrounds in aerospace engineering.The average fluctuates slightly according to the actual job, so read on for more information.

Highest-Paying Aerospace Engineering Jobs for PhD Grads

Best aerospace engineering jobs with a doctorate.

The best aerospace engineering jobs with a doctorate include aerospace engineer, mechanical engineer, industrial engineer, materials engineer, and architectural and engineering manager. These are all among the highest-paid jobs in the country with a good job outlook.

Architectural and engineering managers are responsible for the planning, direction, and coordination of activities within architectural and engineering firms. They are most often seen working in offices, but they can also be found in research labs and manufacturing units.

• Salary with an Aerospace Engineering PhD: $152,350
• Job Outlook: 4% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 197,800
• Highest-Paying States: California, Colorado, New Mexico, New Jersey, Texas

Aerospace engineers are engaged in industries where employees design or construct aircraft, missiles, systems for national security, or spacecraft, among other things. They are largely engaged in the sectors of manufacturing, analysis and design, research and development, and the federal government.

• Salary with an Aerospace Engineering PhD: $122,270
• Job Outlook: 8% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 61,400
• Highest-Paying States: Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, Washington DC, California

Materials engineers manufacture, process, and test materials for a variety of uses. Materials engineers usually operate in offices with computers and design tools. Others work in research and development labs. Materials engineers are normally employed full-time, with the possibility of working overtime hours when necessary.

• Salary with an Aerospace Engineering PhD: $98,300
• Number of Jobs: 25,100
• Highest-Paying States: Washington, Alaska, Maryland, Texas, California

Aerospace engineering graduates may choose to work in the field of mechanical engineering . These engineers are responsible for the design, development, construction, and testing of mechanical and thermal machines and devices. They may visit work sites occasionally to address a problem or a piece of equipment that requires their personal attention.

• Salary with an Aerospace Engineering PhD: $95,300
• Job Outlook: 7% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 299,200
• Highest-Paying States: New Mexico, Louisiana, Washington DC, California, Alaska

The goal of industrial engineers is to design efficient systems that integrate employees, machines, materials, information, and energy in order to manufacture a product or offer a service to the public. The best companies for industrial engineers are those that allow them to work in the environments they are seeking to change. For example, they may be found at an office looking at data collected by others or themselves, seeking to solve the errors in it.

• Job Outlook: 14% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 292,000
• Highest-Paying States: Alaska, Washington, California, Louisiana, New Mexico

Is a PhD in Aerospace Engineering Worth It?

Yes, a PhD in Aerospace Engineering is worth it. The salaries and job outlooks in this field are strong, especially with the private sector’s entrance into space exploration through companies like Space Exploration Technologies Corp (SpaceX).

If you want to learn how to solve unique problems in science and engineering, pursuing a PhD in Aerospace Engineering may be a more worthwhile investment of your time. You will have the exciting opportunity to use your sharp scientific skills to make innovative research discoveries and become a leader in the field.

If you wish to work in academia as a professor, obtaining a PhD is almost always required. This is because having a PhD gives you authority in your field.

Additional Reading About Aerospace Engineering

[query_class_embed] https://careerkarma.com/blog/jobs-for-aerospace-engineering-majors/ https://careerkarma.com/blog/best-aerospace-engineering-schools/ https://careerkarma.com/blog/aerospace-tech-companies/

PhD in Aerospace Engineering FAQ

According to US News , the best university for a PhD in Aerospace Engineering is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Caltech gets second place. They are both included in our list, which is based on key factors like tuition, quality of research and innovation in the aerospace field, laboratory facilities, and available funding for prospective students like PhD candidates.

Some universities do require GRE scores for admission into their PhD program in aerospace engineering. However, due to COVID-19 and its repercussions, most universities have waived the requirement.

Yes, aerospace engineers make good money. According to BLS, aerospace engineers earn on average $122,270 per year. The lowest 10 percent of aerospace engineers made less than $77,440, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $168,370. Aerospace engineers can get employed by major aerospace tech companies such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and SpaceX.

No, you cannot get a PhD in Aerospace Engineering for free. However, with funding opportunities like assistantships and fellowships, you can make getting your PhD quite affordable. Some programs even cover all of your costs with funding.

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National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics

• All previous cycle years

The SED is an annual census of research doctorate recipients from U.S. academic institutions that collects information on educational history, demographic characteristics, graduate funding source and educational debts, and postgraduation plans.

Survey Info

• tag for use when URL is provided --> Methodology
• tag for use when URL is provided --> Data
• tag for use when URL is provided --> Analysis

The Survey of Earned Doctorates is an annual census conducted since 1957 of all individuals receiving a research doctorate from an accredited U.S. institution in a given academic year. The SED is sponsored by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within the National Science Foundation (NSF) and by three other federal agencies: the National Institutes of Health, Department of Education, and National Endowment for the Humanities. The SED collects information on the doctoral recipient’s educational history, demographic characteristics, and postgraduation plans. Results are used to assess characteristics of the doctoral population and trends in doctoral education and degrees.

Areas of Interest

• STEM Education
• Science and Engineering Workforce

Survey Administration

The 2022 survey was conducted by RTI International under contract to NCSES.

Survey Details

Featured survey analysis.

Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2022

SED Overview

Data highlights, the number of research doctorates conferred by u.s. institutions, which began a sharp 15-month decline in spring 2020 due to the covid-19 pandemic, rebounded in 2022 with the highest number of research doctorates awarded in any academic year to date.

Over the past 20 years, most of the growth in the number of doctorates earned by both men and women has been in science and engineering (S&E) fields 

Methodology

Survey description, technical notes, technical tables, questionnaires, view archived questionnaires, featured analysis.

Research Doctorate Conferrals Rebound, Leading to Record Number of U.S. Doctorate Recipients in 2022

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Earn a Ph.D. in Software Engineering

Holland Webb

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Learn about our editorial process .

Updated April 30, 2024

Mitch Jacobson

Contributing Editor

Reviewed by

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Are you ready to discover your college program?

If you love software engineering and aspire to teach, lead, or conduct original research in this field, a doctorate may offer an ideal pathway. A Ph.D. can equip you with theoretical knowledge, while D.Sc. and D.Eng. degrees provide sharper technical skills.

Professionals with doctorates in software engineering can teach emerging software developers, testers, and quality assurance professionals. As the market reacts to inflation, changing consumer habits, and new supply chains, the need for problem-solvers and thinkers in technology continues to grow.

Use this guide to discover more about what it takes to earn a Ph.D. in software engineering. Discover details on available career pathways and how to find the right program for your personal and professional goals.

Why Get a Software Engineering Doctorate?

Like all computer science disciplines, software engineering is a relatively new field, which began when developers faced fresh problems that needed undiscovered solutions. In the late 1960s, software engineering was born as existing knowledge and research couldn't scale to meet new challenges.

In 2022, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that 1,795,300 Americans worked as software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers. The field is growing much faster than average. As the world relies more than ever on digital technology, these tech-savvy problem-solvers remain in high demand.

Software experts work for computer systems designers, software publishers, finance companies, manufacturers, and management consultants. They typically need strong technical and problem-solving skills to design and implement complex computer systems.

If you have a solid academic and professional background in computer science and an interest in research, a Ph.D. in software engineering may be the next logical step in your career. This degree can prepare you to lead the field today and shape its future workforce.

• Academic Credentials : A doctorate is the pinnacle of an academic career. Earning this degree can qualify you for leadership, teaching, research, and policy analysis roles.
• Advanced Research Skills : A Ph.D. requires original research. In your program, you will learn how to identify a problem, collect and analyze data, and draw conclusions in academic settings.
• Technology Leadership Opportunities : This degree could qualify you to sit on an academic committee, testify to legislative committees, author peer-reviewed articles, or serve as an executive for a software trade association.

Popular Online Programs

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

What to Expect From a Ph.D. in Software Engineering Program

Earning a Ph.D. in software engineering can prepare you to conduct academic research, create novel infrastructures, or serve as a leader in the software development industry.

Most doctoral programs in this field take 4-5 years to complete. The process includes coursework, comprehensive exams, and crafting a dissertation. Typically, a doctorate requires 90 credits — 30 at the master's level and 60 credits of coursework and dissertation work at the doctoral level.

Whether you pursue a Ph.D. or an applied doctorate, this academic level requires more than accumulating credits. You must also demonstrate scholarly leadership and exceptional skills in original research for software development.

Consequently, some of your coursework may concentrate on one area of interest, such as software creation, organization, or notations and tools. You may also perform research in your area as part of a team and under the direction of a seasoned professor.

Read More Learn more about software engineering programs

Admission Requirements

To apply for a doctorate in software engineering, you need to meet admission requirements, which may include the following:

• A bachelor's degree or a master's degree in computer science or a related field
• Proficiency in software engineering with at least 18 credits in the field
• A GPA of 3.0 or better (some schools require a 3.5 minimum)
• Programming skills in multiple languages such as C++, C#, or Java
• Minimum revised GRE scores of 300 or better (some schools may waive this requirement)
• Evidence of research potential shown through letters of recommendation or work experience

Degree and Specialization Options

Doctoral degrees in software engineering can offer various concentrations and delivery methods.

You may encounter online, in-person, and hybrid forms of Ph.D. and applied engineering doctorates. Popular specialization options include:

• Software Creation: In this concentration, enrollees learn to develop novel techniques and software systems.
• Software Organization: Coursework focuses on the architecture, design, and frameworks organizations use to structure systems and programs.
• High-Performance Applications Engineering: Learners discover the structure and quality of effective programs in this specialization.

Popular Software Engineering Courses

Each university offers a specific software engineering curriculum based on its faculty expertise and developments in the field. The following list includes common classes in a Ph.D. in software engineering program.

• Object-Oriented Software Engineering : Students explore concepts, methods, and techniques for object-oriented software design. The course explores ways to use unified modeling language notation in iterative and architecture-centric processes.
• Advanced Software Architecture and Design : Students learn to develop and reuse software architecture and design. Topics include identifying, analyzing, and synthesizing systems data, functional design elements, and connectors. Coursework also covers trade-off analysis and design alternatives.
• Information Technology in Global Sustainability : This course presents students with the practical and theoretical resources to help organizations advance sustainability goals through tech. Topics include how technology affects society and policymaking in the sustainability space.
• Overview of Human-Computer Interaction and Design : HCI aims to create safe, functional, and usable computer systems. In this course, students explore how people use technology, tools for building usable systems, and methods to create people-centered rather than machine-centered technology.
• Advanced Topics in Algorithms : This course covers topics such as string algorithms, graph algorithms, linear programming, and randomized algorithms. Students learn to master a subset of algorithms and apply them as problem-solvers.

How Much Will a Doctorate in Software Engineering Cost?

The NCES Digital Lab reports that the average annual cost of a Ph.D. or other doctorate in a STEM field is $25,348. However, this broad average may not represent the options available to you.

Many factors affect the cost of higher education. Tuition varies depending on a school's prestige, public or private status, and student residency policies. Along with tuition, learners should also budget for university fees and living expenses.

Full-time learners often receive graduate assistantships or teaching assistantships to cover tuition and living costs while pursuing Ph.D. degrees. Part-time enrollees may need to rely on scholarships, research grants, student loans, and their own contributions.

Although full-time degrees may come with attractive financial aid packages , prospective students should consider the opportunity costs associated with leaving the industry to spend 4-5 years in academia.

Careers for Ph.D. in Software Engineering Graduates

A Ph.D. in software engineering can prepare you for many leadership and research roles. The list below covers a few professional pathways for individuals with doctorates in the field.

Computer and Information Research Scientists

Computer and information research scientists use algorithms to create and upgrade computer software, architecture, and systems. These scientists can specialize in robotics, programming, cloud computing, or machine learning systems. They may work for research laboratories, universities, government agencies, and corporations.

• Required Education: Master's degree or higher
• Median Annual Salary: $136,620
• Job Outlook (2022-32): +23%

Postsecondary Teachers

Professors and educators teach computer science and software engineering at colleges and universities. They may teach one or more courses within computer science and engineering departments. In addition to teaching courses, these professionals may conduct experiments, apply for grants, publish original research, or supervise graduate assistants.

• Median Annual Salary: $80,840
• Job Outlook (2022-32): +8%

Computer and Information Systems Managers

Computer and information systems managers set technological goals and oversee the process of meeting those goals. They may focus on specific areas or address organization-wide issues. In smaller organizations, they may take on the day-to-day management of the IT department, while they often oversee managers who lead departments in larger companies.

• Required Education: Bachelor's degree
• Median Annual Salary: $164,070
• Job Outlook (2022-32): +15%

Chief Information Officers

A CIO is the top executive responsible for a company's information framework. This leader makes the final decisions about the selection, purchase, installation, and upgrades of all IT equipment. They also manage IT teams and work cross-functionally to ensure the organization remains operational, secure, and profitable. A CIO generally needs an advanced degree and at least five years of management in the field.

• Required Education: Bachelor's degree or higher
• Median Annual Salary: $189,520
• Job Outlook (2022-32): +3%

Software Developers

Software developers design and create the programs that control computer devices and networks. They usually have a strong background in coding and programming. With experience and education, they may advance to project management specialist and computer and information systems manager roles.

• Median Annual Salary: $127,260
• Job Outlook (2022-32): +26%

Choosing the Right Software Engineering Ph.D. Program

Should you pursue an online or traditional degree? Does full-time or part-time enrollment better fit your life, and does an applied doctorate or theory-focused program meet your professional goals? Consider these and other factors as you look for the right software engineering Ph.D.

• Accreditation: Choosing an institutionally accredited program with approval from an organization such as the Higher Learning Commission is critical. However, programmatic accreditation agencies do not accredit graduate-level computer-related programs.
• Cost and Financial Aid: Be sure to choose a program you can afford through low tuition and/or a robust financial aid package. Full-time enrollees often receive assistantships to cover tuition and living costs.
• University Resources and Prestige: Your university's resources should support your research, and its brand recognition can benefit your career.
• Admission Requirements: Highly selective programs may receive recognition from the public, academia, and industry leaders.
• Ph.D. vs D.Sc. Programs: A Ph.D. emphasizes theory, while a D.Sc. focuses on technology research.

Discover more paths to top degree programs

Top Software Engineering Certificates

Best Master's Degrees in Software Engineering

Master's Programs in Machine Learning

Doctoral Degrees in Artificial Intelligence

What else should i know about degrees in software engineering, is a ph.d. in software engineering hard.

Yes, a Ph.D. in software engineering is strenuous. The road to any doctorate is long and challenging, and this particular advanced research program requires you to conduct inventive studies in a complex STEM field.

Is a Ph.D. worth it for software engineers?

A Ph.D. could be worth the investment for software engineers looking to conduct research, teach college students, or assume leadership roles in the industry. However, a master's degree is usually sufficient for engineers who want to code or create programs.

How long does it take to finish a doctorate in software engineering?

A Ph.D. in software engineering generally takes 4-5 years to finish. People who already hold master's degrees may finish more quickly.

How much can I make with a Ph.D. in software engineering?

According to BLS data from 2022 , people with doctoral degrees earn a median weekly salary of $2,083 and have a 1% unemployment rate. Computer and information research scientists , a common career for Ph.D. degree-holders in the field, earn a median annual salary of $136,620.

Page last reviewed April 8, 2024.

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• Arenberg Doctoral School

for Science, Engineering & Technology

News & events, information for.

Applicants   PhD researchers   Supervisors Postdocs   Predocs   Alumni

Financial support

Arenberg Doctoral School stimulates initiatives for young researchers. More specifically ADS gives financial support to:

• Summer Schools
• PhD Symposia
• Meet the Jury Seminars
• Grassroots initiatives

More information

Join Arenberg Doctoral School

Arenberg Doctoral School offers PhD positions in all fields of Science, Engineering & Technology.

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Research in Science, Engineering & Technology

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PhD defences

Every year about 350 researchers defend their PhD in Science, Engineering & Technology

Calendar PhD defences

Regulations & guidelines

• Doctoral regulations
• Intellectual property, publishing & scientific integrity
• Legal status and scholarship status of PhD and predoc

Roadmap to a PhD

• Overview of the milestones throughout the PhD track
• Documents and forms related to PhD administration

Doctoral training

The Arenberg Doctoral School aims at training doctoral researchers both as future scientists and as scientifically trained professionals. The core of the doctoral training is doing research . In addition to research as an instrument for training and development, doctoral researchers also follow more formal training via seminars, workshops, summer schools and other course components.

In order for foctoral researchers to be employable in a broad range of high qualified positions, transferable skills are a necessary part of the doctoral training programme.

• Read more about the doctoral training programme
• The KU Leuven transferable skills training offer is available in KU Loket (login in to KU Loket with your u-number, go to the tab 'Personnel', then select 'Courses and registration' )
• YouReCa organises a broad range of training activities
• FLAMES  - Flanders training network for methodology and statistics
• PhD Society offers a variety of skills training activities

What does a PhD programme involve besides the research? Aren't there already too many PhD holders? What is the added value of a PhD? Will doing a PhD make me feel depressed? Are universities training PhD researchers too much to be specialist? What is the value of a PhD as a first step in my career?

These and more questions are being raised in articles and online media and they have inspired KU Leuven to invest in more support for PhD researchers.

Discover some of the actions that we are taking to help you get the best out of your PhD!

International

• My KU Leuven international
• Introduction sessions for international (pre)doctoral students
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RIT graduate pursues Ph.D. across time zones

Nastaran Nagshineh, center, defended her Ph.D. thesis at RIT in April. Faculty from RIT’s Rochester and Dubai campuses served on her thesis committee and include, from left to right, Kathleen Lamkin-Kennard, Steven Weinstein, Nathaniel Barlow, and David Kofke (a professor at the University at Buffalo). Mohamed Samaha participated remotely and appears on the video screen behind the group and alongside Nagshineh’s picture.

Nastaran Nagshineh is one of the first Ph.D. candidates to bridge RIT’s Rochester and Dubai campuses. Her accomplishment creates a path for future students at the university’s international campuses.

Nagshineh completed her Ph.D. in mathematical modeling while working full time as a mathematics lecturer at RIT Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, teaching as many as five classes a semester. She described her Ph.D. journey as “an exercise in perseverance” due to competing demands and long days. Rochester is eight hours behind Dubai, and the time difference meant many late-night classes and meetings.

“I saw this collaboration as an opportunity, rather than as a challenge, because my primary adviser, Dr. Steven Weinstein (RIT professor of chemical engineering), and my co-adviser, Dr. Mohamed Samaha (RIT Dubai associate professor of mechanical engineering), both have the same area of research interest,” she said. “They both worked toward my success.”

Nagshineh is one of 67 RIT Ph.D. students who defended their thesis this academic year and who will earn their doctorate. RIT awarded 63 Ph.D. degrees in 2023.

In 2020-2021, RIT’s Graduate School met and surpassed the university’s goal of conferring 50 Ph.D. degrees during an academic year. That number will continue to grow as students cycle through the seven new Ph.D. programs that RIT has added since 2017, said Diane Slusarski , dean of RIT’s Graduate School.

Meeting these goals puts RIT on a path toward achieving an “R1,” or research-intensive designation, from the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Learning. RIT is currently ranked as an R2 institution . Many factors go into changing a university’s status, including research investment and maintaining a three-year average of 70 Ph.D. degrees awarded per year, according to Slusarski.

“We have met the goals of the strategic plan, and now we look forward to contributing to the research innovation in the future,” Slusarski said. “We want to help the new programs thrive and win national research awards.”

RIT’s emphasis on high-level research is seen in Nagshineh’s Ph.D. work. She applies mathematical modeling to the field of fluid dynamics. Her research has been published in top-tier journals and has gained notice, said Weinstein, her thesis adviser.

Weinstein describes Nagshineh’s accomplishments as “a testament to a fantastic work ethic and commitment” and is inspirational to younger students at Rochester and Dubai.

“The collaboration between RIT Dubai/Rochester has continued,” he said. “Another paper was submitted a few weeks ago with Mohamed Samaha and Nate Barlow (RIT associate professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics) as co-authors, as well as Cade Reinberger, a younger Ph.D. student in my research group.”

Mathematical modeling is one of RIT’s newer Ph.D. degree programs, and Nagshineh is among its earliest graduates. The program has doubled in size since it began accepting students in 2017, Slusarski said. This past fall, the mathematical modeling program had 35 students, with two graduating this year.

Altogether, RIT has 13 Ph.D. degree programs currently enrolling 438 students, with computing and information sciences accounting for the largest with 117 students. RIT’s other Ph.D. programs include astrophysical sciences and technology , biomedical and chemical engineering , business administration , color science , electrical and computer engineering, imaging science , mechanical and industrial engineering , microsystems engineering , and sustainability .

New programs in cognitive science and physics will launch in the fall.

The growth in RIT graduate education—with more than 3,000 master’s and doctoral students—reflects a demographic change in the student population, Slusarski said. “We have a higher percentage of women in the graduate programs than we have for RIT undergraduate programs.”

RIT’s graduate programs enroll 42 percent women, according to Christie Leone , assistant dean for the Graduate School.

Nagshineh, who also holds an MS in electrical engineering from RIT Dubai, welcomes her role as a mentor to other women students on both campuses.

“As a young woman in an Arabic country, the power of women is often underestimated and undervalued, and I hope to serve as a role model to female students, especially those that question their path,” Nagshineh said.

She plans to continue in her career as a professor and a researcher. “I would like to pursue a research program where I can advise my own students and teach them more deeply.”

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Engineering Physics

• Undergraduate Program

Introduction to the Major

The Engineering Science (ES) program is a multi-departmental and interdisciplinary undergraduate program that encompasses closely-related areas of the physical sciences, mathematics and engineering. Students in the ES program acquire knowledge of engineering methods and can pursue their interests in areas of natural science, as well as advanced study in engineering, science, or mathematics. Students choose one of four majors: energy engineering, engineering mathematics and statistics, engineering physics, or environmental engineering science. A minor in energy engineering is also offered .

“ The classes across a variety of departments have allowed me to take a very interdisciplinary approach to engineering. And the great community within this major has taught me how to work with a team .” -  T.G. Mekenzi Roberts, Energy Engineering Science, Class of 2020

ES Major Options 

Energy Engineering interweaves the fundamentals of classical and modern physics, chemistry, and mathematics with energy engineering applications.

Engineering Mathematics and Statistics is the s tudy of pure and applied mathematics as essential components of modern engineering. 

Engineering Physics interweaves classical and modern physics, chemistry, and mathematics with their engineering applications.

Environmental Engineering pairs engineering fundamentals with courses in the environmental and natural sciences.

Amplify Your Major

Get involved with a student group such as Society of Engineering Sciences .

Apply to GLOBE Ambassadors , a learning and travel program for Engineering students .

Pursue a research opportunity for Engineering students .

• Enrich your studies with a minor in Energy and Resources or Sustainability .
• Four-Year Student Timeline

Explore Your Major

Meet with your ESS advisor to discuss your academic plans .

Familiarize yourself with ma jor and college requirements .

Talk to an ES advisor about department programs and research opportunities .

Enroll in ENGIN 98: The Insider's Guide to Berkeley Engineering .

Connect and Build Community

Take advantage of tutoring and workshops for Engineering students .

Find academic support at the Student Learning Center and Center for Access to Engineering Excellence .

Find student opportunities in the ESS newsletter and new student podcast .

Discover Your Passions

Browse research taking place in Engineering centers, institutes, and labs .

Attend the Undergraduate Research and Scholarships Fair in October .

Discover new interests in a Freshman Seminar or student-run DeCal course .

Broaden your perspective by attending Newton Series or View from the Top lectures .

Engage Locally and Globally

Attend the Calapalooza student activities fair and get involved with a student organization .

Find service opportunities through the Public Service Center .

Connect with other students during Engineers Week .

Reflect and Plan Your Future

Visit Berkeley Career Engagement and the Career Counseling Library .

Sign up for Handshake and CareerMail .

Explore career resources on the Engineering website .

• Attend an ESS workshop to create a resume and LinkedIn page .

Second Year

Talk to ESS peer advisors about life in the major .

Meet with your ESS advisor to discuss your academic progress .

Complete lower division prerequisites and start planning your upper division courses .

• Plan now if considering a double major , simultaneous degree , minor , or study abroad .

Join an Engineering student group such as Society of Engineering Sciences .

Get to know Engineering professors and graduate student instructors during their office hours .

Find study space and resources in the Kresge Engineering Library .

Consider pursuing a research opportunity for Engineering and ES students .

Apply to a REU research program. Check Berkeley Lab and UCSF for more research options .

Check out design and maker opportunities at the Jacobs Institute .

Work with a community organization in an American Cultures Engaged Scholarship course such as ENGIN 157AC .

Mentor local youth with Pioneers in Engineering, Berkeley Engineers and Mentors , or Engineering for Kids .

Discuss career options and goals with a Career Educator .

Explore career opportunities through a winter externship and informational interviews .

Learn about graduate and professional school .

• Pursue an internship and attend an internship career fair .

Focus on upper division requirements and electives .

Continue meeting with your ESS advisor to review your academic progress .

Submit paperwork for a double major, simultaneous degree, minor, or study abroad .

Give back by becoming an ESS peer advisor .

Join the Berkeley Engineering group on LinkedIn .

Explore student groups outside of Engineering, and deepen your involvement with an Engineering student group .

Explore your mission and impact as an Engineer through the LeaderShape Institute .

Consider the Sutardja Certificate in Entrepreneurship and Technology or a summer abroad through the European Innovation Academy .

Apply for a research opportunity if you haven’t done so already .

Take your engineering skills international through Engineers Without Borders .

Consider a Berkeley Global Internship such as the Engineering Internship in Toronto .

Experience life at another UC or college on a visitor and exchange program .

• Planning a summer internship abroad? Apply for travel funding from GLOBE Scholars .

Attend career and graduate school fairs such as the STEM Career & Internship Fair .

Discuss graduate school options with advisors and professors .

Sign up for a ESS career workshop , networking dinner , or career conference .

• Make an advising appointment in ESS and explore options such as 5th year MS, MEng, and PhD .

Fourth Year

Meet with your ESS advisor to do an official degree check and plan for your final year .

Complete any “bucket list” courses and remaining major, college, and campus requirements .

Join a professional association such as the Association of Energy Engineers or American Physical Society .

Continue attending tutoring and workshops, and reading the weekly ESS newsletter .

Connect with alumni groups and leverage your network as you prepare to graduate .

Teach your own DeCal course .

Consider being an instructor for ENGIN 98 .

Continue to pursue your interests through a fellowship or gap year after graduation .

• Choose your post-baccalaureate plans based upon your intended mission and impact as an Engineer .

Serve as a student representative on a college committee .

Hone your leadership skills with the Peter E. Haas Public Service Leaders program .

Explore service opportunities after graduation, such as Peace Corps , Teach for America , or U.S. Department of State .

Ask professors and graduate student instructors for recommendation letters .

Utilize job board tools in your job search.  Meet employers at Employer Info Sessions and On-Campus Recruiting .

Attend the job offer negotiation workshop in ESS .

• Apply to jobs, graduate school, and other opportunities .

What Can I Do With My Major?

Graduates in Engineering Science gain a broad foundation for graduate studies in theoretical branches of engineering, as well as in mathematics, and are prepared for careers in specific sectors of industry or business, such as green technology, solar engineering, and environmental firms to name a few.

Jobs and Employers

Data Engineer, Capital One

Data Scientist, Barclays Capital 

Engineer, Northrop Grumman

Hybrid Calibration Engineer, General Motors

Project Coordinator, Climate Corps

Software Engineer, Primus Power

Project Engineer, New Energy Equity 

Research Assistant, California Institute of Technology

Graduate Programs

Aerospace, Aeronautical, and Astronautical Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, PhD

Atomic/Molecular Physics, PhD

Electrical, Electronics, and Communications Engineering, Masters

Engineering, Masters

Materials Engineering, PhD

Physics, PhD

Examples gathered from the First Destination Survey of recent Berkeley graduates .

Connect With Us

Come to Berkeley’s annual Open House in April for information sessions, campus tours, special talks, and more .

Golden Bear Orientation

Join your peers in the campus-wide UC Berkeley orientation program for all new students .

Attend program events with students, staff, and faculty. Visit engineeringscience.berkeley.edu for news and updates .

Visit Engineering Student Services in 230 Bechtel  for advising on academic difficulty, change of major/double majors/simultaneous degrees, withdrawal/readmission, degree completion, education abroad, academic progress, and petitions and exceptions. See engineering.berkeley.edu/students/advising-counseling/ .

Contact the ES Undergraduate Advisor at [email protected] about registration, departmental policy, and campus resources. Meet with an ES Faculty Advisor about coursework, careers in ES, graduate school, letters of recommendation, and summer internships. See engineeringscience.berkeley.edu/faculty/

How to Use this Map

Use this map to help plan and guide your experience at UC Berkeley, including academic, co-curricular, and discovery opportunities. Everyone’s Berkeley experience is different and activities in this map are suggestions. Always consult with your advisors whenever possible for new opportunities and updates.

• What Can I Do with My Major?

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Blog: Get Involved, Be You and Represent with Pride

Uc davis undergraduate student reflects on the 50th annual convention of the national society of black engineers.

• by Arnauld Fomben
• May 17, 2024

Just moments after breakfast with our National Society of Black Engineers chapter at the University of California, Davis, NSBE alumni and several campus leaders — Chancellor Gary S. May, Vice Chancellor of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Renetta Garrison Tull and chief strategy officer for DEI Ebony Lewis — third-year computer engineering student Jacob Petros exclaimed to two NSBE members and me, “I got it! I got the internship with Honeywell! They called in to meet with them at the hotel lobby and said that I got it. They’re even offering to cover housing, which was exactly what I was praying for!” 

As we each congratulated Jacob on the exciting news, the jubilant expressions on the faces of each of the attendees spoke to the excitement and honor of being able to attend NSBE’s 50th Annual Convention in Atlanta, Georgia. The lessons of representation, commitment and discipline were ones we held firmly as we departed for Davis the next day.

Bonjour! My name is Arnauld Fomben. I am a fourth-year managerial economics major and a communication minor. I am the treasurer of the NSBE chapter at UC Davis, as well as the head of recruitment for the Managerial Economics Society. I was born and raised in Douala, Cameroon, and migrated to the U.S. in 2009 with my family. Growing up in the diverse city of Pittsburg, California, truly set the basis for being comfortable in my own skin and welcoming of other cultures. 

With a commitment to a better future, my parents instilled strong values of education into my two siblings and me at a very young age. My eldest sister, Gwladys Keubon, graduated from UC Davis with a chemical engineering degree, and my older brother, Gilles Djomani, graduated with a physics degree from UCLA and pursued his Ph.D. in computer engineering at Cornell University. Needless to say, I have some big shoes to fill.

Embracing Excellence: My NSBE Onset

Both of my siblings were active in NSBE, and my involvement in the organization began as a “NSBE Jr.” in 2019 when I was in high school. My sister encouraged me to attend the 45 th  Annual Convention in Detroit, Michigan. There, I saw first-hand the glamor of a NSBE convention: huge career fairs, networking events, workshops and more than 14,500 attendees from all backgrounds. 

Attending UC Davis seemed sensible to me. Davis is close to home, has a great university town culture and I had an organization that I knew would challenge me to be better in NSBE. Since high school, I’ve always had a love and understanding for economics, and with guidance from a mentor and economics professor, Dr. David Simon, throughout my time at Diablo Valley College, my interest grew exponentially. 

When I transferred to UC Davis, I committed to a B.S. in managerial economics because I’ve always had an affinity for STEM and had the intention of contributing to the NSBE chapter that inspired me earlier in my development.

The Value of Mentorship and Representation

As I wave over at this 6’4’’ light-skinned African American gentleman wearing a Google-printed t-shirt, grabbing his attention, I mouth the words, “Hey, can I talk to you?” The gentleman, who is on the phone, responds to me with a few quick nods and a thumbs up, then raises his index finger up to indicate that I give him a moment to finish his conversation. 

As I waited for my opportunity to talk with the Google employee at the NSBE career fair, I couldn’t help but notice the gold chains and sleeves of tattoos on the gentleman. A flood of judgment ran through my mind as I thought to myself, “Wait a minute, this guy works at Google? Wow, you don’t see that every day. Maybe works in a lower ranked role.” 

However, as I spoke to the man, the feelings of regret immediately brushed over me. The man exuded gallantry, wisdom and sheer intelligence. Donovan Thomas, who earned a Ph.D. in material science and engineering and two master’s degrees in material science and optical engineering from Norfolk State University, worked for four years at Intel as a module and integration engineer and now nearly two years as a technical program manager at Google. 

The conversation with Dr. Thomas was the most memorable and enlightening that I had at the convention because of the level of time, patience and insightful advice he gave me on life after graduation. As I gave my well-rehearsed elevator pitch and asked about positions I was looking for in the company, I presented my resume to Dr. Thomas. Because I represented myself well and embodied confidence, over the next 15-20 minutes, Dr. Thomas picked apart my resume with constructive criticism, even showing me his resume and assigning me a simple task he called “homework” to look for entry-level roles that I found on Google Careers that piqued my interest. 

“Hey, did you do your homework?!” Dr. Thomas asked me after I returned the next day with my list before helping me tailor my resume to fit the roles I identified interest in.

I have had a lot of guidance in my life from family, friends, mentors and organizations of all backgrounds. Out of the many lessons I’ve learned from them is to get involved, be yourself and represent yourself well. When I misjudged Dr. Thomas, doubting his position and ranking at Google by his appearance on a casual dress day, I realized why getting involved and learning to bust stereotypes is crucial. 

Ignorance and bigotry thrive in exclusion. Had I not gotten involved in NSBE and gone on the trip, I would have never known that people could be so dynamic because I have not been exposed to that in Pittsburg, where those with sleeves of tattoos were often gang-affiliated. 

Perception is one of the most fundamental things in human psychology. People may judge you by your appearance, but Dr. Thomas proves that one should never compromise who they are, instead focusing on representing their character and values. 

There was a values exchange that led to the guidance Dr. Thomas gave me at the convention. Jacob Petros experienced the same thing with his own success. Getting involved in NSBE at UC Davis and sharing his lovable personality got him three next-day interviews at the convention when the majority of attendees struggled to get even one. Jacob is undoubtedly qualified, with a great GPA and extracurriculars. 

As our experiences on each end of the spectrum demonstrate, the ability to communicate one’s character and values can determine an opportunity opening or closing. So, I encourage all students to take the first step to get involved at UC Davis, meet new people and learn new lessons! This will help to develop character, communication and leadership skills, and you never know where it will take you. 

Pride and Honor: Trailblazing with NSBE

As a minority, I’m usually the only African American in my lecture halls, but my Cameroonian lineage and Bamileke tribe have reminded me to have honor and represent myself with pride.

Through my leadership roles at UC Davis, I present in front of over 800 students quarterly. I’ve earned these roles by getting out of my comfort zone and proving to my boards that I can represent the organizations honorably, the same way I did at my late brother’s funeral just a year ago. I was the only one to give a speech at the funeral, per my mother’s request, because she believed I would represent my brother, Gilles Djomani Fomben (August 31, 1998 – April 13, 2023), and the family best. 

In these moments, I’ve gained lessons of honor that I pray stay firm with me throughout my life. 

As graduation approaches, I reflect on my journey with NSBE, from hosting campus events to working alongside our president, Oshione Nash-Haruna, vice president, Tijesuni Oyeyemi, and secretary, Xaviera Azodoh, to sponsor 13 members to attend the NSBE convention. I am excited to see what's next for the chapter. I look forward to meeting new members and growing an organization that will last for generations. 

I'm thrilled to represent UC Davis and NSBE at the  Yolo Juneteenth Celebration on June 2. Please join me for the #AggieBlackExcellence segment as we honor black history, grow in equity and offer opportunities to the future leaders of our community.

Remember, as you navigate your path, that the journey will have its challenges. So, keep your head up, take care of your mental health, get out of your comfort zone, and understand that you represent someone at UC Davis, whether yourself and/or someone else, so do so with pride.

Primary Category

Most crime has fallen by 90% in 30 years – so why does the public think it’s increased?

Associate Professor in Criminal Justice Data Analytics, University of Leeds

Professor of Crime Science, University of Leeds

Disclosure statement

Toby Davies has received funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the UK Home Office.

Graham Farrell has received funding from the Economic and Social Research Council.

University of Leeds provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

View all partners

Seventy-eight per cent of people in England and Wales think that crime has gone up in the last few years, according to the latest survey . But the data on actual crime shows the exact opposite.

As of 2024, violence, burglary and car crime have been declining for 30 years and by close to 90%, according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) – our best indicator of true crime levels. Unlike police data , the CSEW is not subject to variations in reporting and recording.

The drop in violence includes domestic violence and other violence against women. Anti-social behaviour has similarly declined. While increased fraud and computer misuse now make up half of crime , this mainly reflects how far the rates of other crimes have fallen.

All high-income countries have experienced similar trends, and there is scientific consensus that the decline in crime is a real phenomenon .

There is strong research evidence that security improvements were responsible for the drop. This is most obvious with vehicle electronic immobilisers and door deadlocks, and better household security – stronger door frames, double glazed windows and security fittings – along with an avalanche of security in shopping centres, sports stadiums, schools, businesses and elsewhere. Quite simply, it became more difficult to commit crimes.

Decreases in crimes often committed by teenagers, such as joyriding or burglary, had a multiplying effect: when teenagers could no longer commit these easy “debut crimes” they did not progress to longer criminal careers.

There are, of course, exceptions. Some places, times and crime types had a less pronounced decline or even an increase. For many years, phone theft was an exception to the general decline in theft. Cybercrime, measured by the CSEW as fraud and computer misuse, has increased and is the most prominent exception.

But this increase was not due to thwarted burglars and car thieves switching targets: the skillset, resources and rewards for cybercrime are very different . Rather, it reflects new crime opportunities facilitated by the internet. Preventive policy and practice is slowly getting better at closing off opportunities for computer misuse, but work is needed to accelerate those prevention efforts.

The perception gap

So why is there such a gulf between public perception and the reality of crime trends? A regular YouGov poll asks respondents for their top three concerns from a broad set of issues. Concern about crime went from a low in 2016 (when people were more concerned with Brexit), quadrupled by 2019 and plummeted during the pandemic when people had other worries. But in the last year, the public’s concern about crime has risen again.

Proportion of people naming crime as a top three issue facing the country:

There are many possible explanations for this, of which the first is poor information. A study published in 1998 found that “people who watch a lot of television or who read a lot of newspapers will be exposed to a steady diet of crime stories” that does not reflect official statistics.

The old news media adage “if it bleeds, it leads” reflects how violent news stories, including crime increases and serious crimes, capture public attention. Knife crime grabs headlines in the UK, but our shock at individual incidents is testament to their rarity and our relative success in controlling violence – many gun crimes do not make the news in the US.

Most recent terrorist attacks in the UK have featured knives (plus a thwarted Liverpool bomber ), but there is little discussion of how this indicates that measures to restrict guns and bomb-making resources are effective.

Political rhetoric can also skew perceptions, particularly in the run-up to elections. During the recent local elections, the Conservatives were widely criticised for an advert portraying London as “a crime capital of the world” (using a video of New York), while Labour has also made reference to high levels of crime under the current government.

There are also some “crime drop deniers”, who have vested interests in crime not declining due to, for example, fear of budget cuts. One of us (Graham) worked with a former police chief who routinely denied the existence of declining crime.

Despite the evidence of crime rates dropping, some concerns are justified. Victims, along with their families and friends, have legitimate concerns, particularly as crime is more likely to recur against the same people and at the same places.

And, while the trend is clear, there are nevertheless localised increases in some types of offending. When these relate to harmful and emotive issues like knife crime in London , for example, it is natural that this might have a substantial influence.

We are unlikely to be able to change political agendas or journalists’ approach to reporting. But governments should be taking a more rational approach to crime that is based on evidence, not public perception.

Local governments need to keep on top of their local crime hotspots: problem bars and clubs where crime occurs, shops where shoplifting is concentrated, local road traffic offence hotspots and so on. The common theme here is how crime concentrates.

National government, meanwhile, should lead on reducing crime opportunities via national-level levers. Only national government can influence social media platforms and websites that host online crime and encourage larger businesses to improve manufacturing, retailing and service industry practices.

The positive story around crime rarely makes headlines, but this should not put us off from learning the lessons borne out in the data. We know this can work from past success, but it took decades to get car makers to improve vehicle security and to get secure-by-design ideas in building regulations. Society needs to move more quickly.

• Public opinion
• Crime rates
• Violent crime
• Cyber crimes
• Give me perspective

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