human physiology presentation topics

My Homework Done

Expert Writing Services

• How It Works
• Pay for homework
• Homework writers
• Assignment writing
• No Need To Study
• McGraw-Hill Connect
• Myaccountinglab
• Precalculus
• Word Problem
• Computer Science
• Language arts
• Engineering
• Biochemistry
• Microbiology

Homework is easy with expert tips and advice. And even easier when you have an expert to do it for you.

161 Informative Physiology Topics To Check Out

Table of Contents

Structure of a physiological research paper, features of a good physiological essay, awesome physiological research topics, physiology research topics for college students, anatomy and physiology topics for research papers, human physiology research topics, interesting animal physiology topics, good animal reproduction physiology research topics for college essays, informative exercise physiology research topics, best clinical exercise physiology research topics.

As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, and cells carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system. Some of its aspects include; medical physiology, animal, plant, cell, and comparative physiology.

With this, so many research works can be chosen from this field. Therefore as a student writing your essay on any physiology-related topic, you will have access to many medical journals, articles, encyclopedias, and thesis to aid your research paper, essay, or argument. We offer helpful online homework writing services to high school, college, and university students.

To assist students interested in physiological paper research, this section provides guidelines on how to effectively and efficiently arrange ideas, topics, subtopics, etc., to make for a coherent and accurate presentation. The following are notable structures and patterns to follow:

• Abstract: An abstract is an essential aspect in research papers and essays, and it is most often required that it is included in your essay or research. Primarily abstract appears at the beginning of a research essay. It details the essential points under your physiology paper topics.
• Introduction: This comes up at the beginning section of the essay or research paper. Just as its name implies, it introduces the paper, stating its purpose, goals, and objectives.
• Body: This is the most crucial part of a research paper. In this section, the student is expected to collect and arrange data that will persuade and intrigue the readers’ interest. It is also expected to be organized logically and partitioned into sections, using headings and subheadings to make for a chronological build-up.
• Conclusion: The essence of a conclusion is to restate the main topic. The conclusion reminds the reader of the basics of the research essay and reiterates the essential points in your essay.
• Reference List: This list contains all of the sources cited in the course of the research, and it usually appears at the end of the paper. It provides the necessary information on how to locate and retrieve cited sources in the text.

How can you ascertain a qualitative essay? How can you be convinced that your contributions to the physiological essays or research will be accepted? The following are great tips to consider to achieve this feat. They include:

• Clear Grammar: The application of language and the use of diction must be rich and concise. When the grammatical constructions applied are complex, then your work becomes too challenging to comprehend quickly, and this defeats the purpose of the essay. It is therefore advisable that you communicate in simple language.
• Conciseness: This involves the ability to communicate complete information about your research topic in as few words as possible. Your sentences should not contain unnecessary words, sentences, etc. but should be brief and to the point.
• Depth and Arguments: The arguments employed in your research writing must be intellectually profound. Looking at the different branches in physiology, you need to explore a particular branch whose arguments you can expand on. In doing this, you will be able to make your essay an engaging one. This, therefore, is a measure most readers often look out for.
• Clear Structure: Every research work must be structured chronologically. As a student, you are not expected to arrange your thoughts disjointedly; somewhat, you are expected to follow the proper model that your college professor or field has approved of the study

The study of physiology has already proven to be quite broad, spanning through various branches as it concerns the mechanisms in living systems. The following are physiological research topics that enable the students to focus on chosen aspects or branches of study. They include:

• Do some physical exercises lead to fatigue in women?
• Effects of cigar smoking on lung function
• Blood pressure changes during the menstrual cycle of older women.
• Dietary habits and their effects on the human body.
• Stress: Disease patterns and psychological stress in hypertensive men.
• The effects of pollution on the nutritional status of infants.
• Lactose intolerance in young adults: A case study.
• Adapting to cold temperatures: A Study on changes in the human body.
• Why are physical exercises crucially crucial for the psychological development of young children?
• Health Effects of Drugs on the Human Body.
• Dehydration and its predominant health effects.
• Weather as a tool for disrupting physiological processes.
• Vitamins as a one-way cure to health challenges.
• Cardiovascular Illnesses: Where it all begins.
• Bacteria metabolism in animals.
• Significant effects of environmental physiology.
• Stress and its effect on the human body.
• Exercises as a tool for redeeming the human body.
• The impact of climate change on marine animals.
• Eating disorders and their effect on the human body.

The following are samples of research topics that center on college students. These physiological psychology research topics include but are not limited to:

• The study of the effect of anti-diabetic drugs in men.
• Genetics and Developmental Stages: A case study of young females
• Age and Memory in older men.
• Stages of intellectual growth in humans.
• The assessment of the nutritional status of children between ages 7-12.
• Lactose intolerance in American Men
• Hemoglobin genotype in particular states
• Adapting to Physical Illnesses.
• Effects of salt deprivation and calcium load on blood pressure.
• The PH effect on Human erythrocyte Shape.
• Lactose intolerance in middle-aged women.
• Effect of cigarette smoking on lung function.
• Effect of excess salt intake on males and females
• The resulting influence of hemoglobin genotype in standard blood types.
• Research on the temperature and exercise on limb blood flow in man.
• Blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rates in older people.
• Causes of Lactose intolerance in people
• Serum and urinary levels of sodium and potassium in normal adults.
• Blood flow with patients with diabetes.
• Blood pressure rates in older Nigerian Men.

This section focuses on the integral part of living organisms and creatures and possible research topics that can be found in that field. Here are some interesting anatomy and physiology topics:

• A study of the human body
• The Chemistry of Life in Humans and Animals.
• Structure of the Cell: A case study of the Human Cellular system.
• Anatomy and Physiology of the Tissues.
• The Human Skeletal System
• Functions of the Articular System
• Importance of the Muscular System
• Nervous System: Its Function to the Human Body
• The Endocrine System: What to Know about it.
• Blood Vessels in the Human Body
• Cardiovascular System in animals
• Lymphatic System in mammals
• Nutrition and the Digestive System: How they Function
• Respiratory System: A case study of the integral structure.
• Urinary System: Understanding your body.
• Reproductive System: What Organs are Responsible for Reproduction in man and mammals.
• Functions of the brain cell in animals.
• Structure of the skeletal system in reptiles.
• A study of the life cycle in Amphibians
• The importance of the heart in transfusing blood.

Human physiology studies how the human body works. That includes the chemistry and physics that support body functions. Here are some human physiology topics to write on:

• Effects of excessive blood pressure on human beings.
• A study of the effects of Salt deprivation on the human body
• A critical study on how the body can adapt to cold temperatures
• How weather influences the physiological processes of the human body
• The effect of dehydration on the human body
• The resulting consequences of stress on the human muscle
• The health defects of drug consumption and drug abuse
• A study of the peculiarities of the human body
• The resulting cause of cardiovascular illness in old people
• Can young people develop early-stage cardiovascular illness?
• The result of calcium overload in the body
• Effects of the excessive consumption of Vitamin C on the human body
• A study of the resulting cause of yeast infection in women
• A comparative analysis of the effect of excessive Vitamin C and Vitamin E in the human body
• Effects of the excessive consumption of caffeinated drinks on the body
• Drug abuse and its resulting consequences to the body
• The harmful effect of excessive consumption of Ibuprofen
• A study of the central gap in the stress theory
• An overview of the Oxytocin hypothesis
• A comparative study of pancreatic alpha-amylase and salivary alpha-amylase

Aside from studying the human body, physiology also extends to the study of the animal body. Here are some interesting physiology topics in this aspect:

• A study of the resulting cause of the death of wild animals in bonds
• What are the reasons for the increased death rate in wild animals in bonds?
• The use and importance of anesthetics for animals
• A study of the types of parasites and illnesses that affect animals
• A study of the various types of parasites and illnesses they cause
• The study of the respiratory system of an elephant
• Respiratory study of the animal’s body
• A research study of the body metabolism of a lion
• What are the metabolic characteristics of domestic animals?
• A study of the metabolic characters of a lion
• The resulting challenges of global warming in animals
• How climate change affects animal’s productivity
• A study of the peculiarities in particular wild animals
• Types of parasites that affect other animals
• The harmful effect of parasitic relationships between animals
• How symbiotic relationships benefits animals
• The benefits and effects of commensalism on animals
• A study of the death rate of domestic animals
• How animal cruelty shortens animal’s lifespan
• A study of the lifespan of animals in the cat family

Animal physiology also extends to look into animal reproduction. Here are some animal physiology research topics on reproduction to look into:

• Importance of animal reproduction
• How global warming affects animal reproduction
• Importance of nurturance for pregnant animals
• How to improve the pregnancy rate in farm animals
• Importance of farm animals reproduction to humans
• Challenges animals face during reproduction
• A study of the animal reproductive system
• Reproduction is an essential component in farm animals
• An overview of animal science reproduction practice
• Importance of animal welfare during reproduction

Physiology also extends to sports and exercise. If you need ideas for sports physiology research topics or physiological paper topics to assist you while preparing your class or individual proposal for your physiology research topics, below are some detailed physiological topics in the exercise aspect:

• The importance of regular exercise to the human body
• The treatment pattern for knee joint injuries in athletes
• A proper meal plan for athletes
• How athletes can increase their body metabolism
• The study of aggressiveness and physical exercise
• Best ways to introduce physical effects therapy for athletes
• Importance of physiotherapy to athletes
• Adverse effects of going through physical rehabilitation without the assistance of a physiotherapist
• Outdoor physical exercises to reduce anxiety
• A study of how physical exercise can manage depression
• The dangers of muscle sprains in athletes
• Best cure procedures for muscle sprains for everyone
• In depth analysis of the effect of excessive consumption of caffeine on athletes
• Ways to prevent muscle fiber destruction during exercise
• Importance of engaging in physical exercise to the mental health
• A study on how physical exercise alleviates autism symptoms
• Why physical exercise is essential to the body
• Exercise therapy as a treatment for specific athletic injuries
• Importance of health nutrition plans for athletes
• Dangers of sprains to athletes

While still basing your physiology topics for research papers on the exercise aspect, you can look into clinical exercise topics. Here are some of them:

• Importance of cognitive assessment in athletes during physical exercise
• Exercise physiology for disabled people
• The use of placement support and supervision during clinical exercise physiology
• Physical exercise and clinical physiology
• The importance of clinical physiology exercise
• The limits of clinical exercise physiology
• Exercise effects on older people
• A critical analysis of inflight exercise
• The evaluation of clinical exercise physiology on humans
• A clinical examination and reading of specific physical exercises
• Talk Test therapy in patients
• A study of the Talk Test response practice in cardiac patients
• Temporal stability of pacing strategy in patients
• A study of the challenges of speech passage during a Talk Test response
• Physiological responses during a log rolling
• Relative exercise levels and battle rope training in males
• How does foam rolling affect flexibility in young adults.
• Physiological responses to water cycling.
• Work out planning using results versus predictions of maximal HR
• Accessing body composure: Accuracy of the lean screen app.
• Research on how wearing a cold vest affects energy expenditure
• Talk Test in children: Essential Tool in Child Physiotherapy
• Regulating work out levels using the Talk Test in Children
• Physiological responses during yoga exercises.
• Physiological responses on the treadmill.
• A study of the effects of Tabata training
• The use duration as a Talk Test response strategy
• Racing: Effect of pace variations.
• Walking as a tool to redeem the body’s fitness
• Training results of altitude masks

Schoolwork can become hectic to manage at times, and you might require professional biology homework help or research assistance. Be assured that there are reliable experts in this field, and are the best choice when you decide to do homework for money . They are ENL writers, professors, teachers that will provide you with custom written works that will gain you the best grades, all at a quick turnaround time and cheap rate.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

218 Anatomy & Physiology Topics to Research

• Icon Calendar 18 May 2024
• Icon Page 1982 words
• Icon Clock 9 min read

Anatomy and physiology research topics delve into the detailed exploration and explanation of the structure and function of biological systems. They include studies on cellular processes, tissue structures, organ functions, and system interactions in various life forms. Key themes encompass neurophysiology, cardiovascular dynamics, endocrinology, musculoskeletal anatomy, respiratory physiology, and digestive mechanisms. Advanced subjects include genetic influences on anatomy, the impact of disease and aging on physiological function, and the role of modern imaging techniques in anatomical research. The research also focuses on comparative and evolutionary aspects of anatomy and physiology, opening new frontiers in understanding life processes. Hence, anatomy and physiology research topics enhance human health and animal welfare, contributing to biological knowledge.

Best Anatomy and Physiology Research Topics

• Exploring the Biological Clock: Impact on Human Behavior and Health
• The Mysteries of Human Memory: A Neurophysiological Approach
• Roles of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Physiology of Aging: Unveiling the Cellular Mechanisms
• Effects of Physical Exercise on Cardiovascular Health
• Science Behind Muscle Hypertrophy: Physiology and Adaptation
• Interlinkages between Gut Microbiota and Human Health
• Nutrition and Digestive System: Impact on Overall Health
• The Incredible Journey of Red Blood Cells in the Human Body
• Unveiling the Secrets of the Human Brain: Neuroanatomy Insights
• Skeletal System Disorders: Causes, Implications, and Treatment
• Investigating the Interplay Between Hormones and Human Emotions
• Impacts of Chronic Stress on Physical Health
• Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Its Role in Metabolic Disorders
• Endocrine System and Homeostasis: An Essential Balance
• The Human Eye: Unraveling the Complexity of Vision Mechanisms
• Unpacking the Biochemistry of Human Metabolism
• Intricate Design of the Human Nervous System: An In-Depth Study
• Respiratory System: Understanding Its Efficiency and Limitations
• The Complex Dynamics of the Renal System and Electrolyte Balance
• Human Reproductive System: A Focus on Fertility Issues
• Roles of Autophagy in Cellular Health and Disease
• The Biomechanics of Human Movement: A Detailed Analysis
• Skin: The Body’s Protective Barrier and Its Roles

Easy Anatomy and Physiology Research Topics

• Physiology of Pain: Perception, Pathways, and Management
• Investigation into the Lymphatic System: The Body’s Silent Guardian
• Maternal-Fetal Exchange: Exploring the Placenta’s Role
• Effects of Space Travel on Human Anatomy and Physiology
• Alcohol and Its Impact on Liver Function: A Detailed Examination
• Vascular System Adaptation during Exercise: An In-Depth Analysis
• Tackling Obesity: Unraveling the Role of Leptin and Ghrelin
• Analyzing the Physiology of High Altitude Adaptation
• Understanding the Biochemistry of Hair and Nail Growth
• Exploring the Endocannabinoid System and Its Physiological Roles
• How Does the Body Respond to Hypoxia?
• The Human Ear: Deep Dive Into the Mechanism of Hearing
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Human Reflexes and Reaction Times
• Telomeres and Aging: Unraveling the Connection
• Exploring the Function of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System
• The Physiological Impact of Meditation on the Human Body
• Oxytocin: Its Role in Bonding, Birth, and Beyond
• Functions and Disorders of the Pituitary Gland: An Overview
• Study on the Neurobiology of Addiction
• Understanding Somatic vs. Germ-Line Mutations: Implications for Human Health

Interesting Anatomy and Physiology Research Topics

• Nitric Oxide in the Body: A Potent Messenger Molecule
• Insights Into the Physiology of Human Growth and Development
• The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems: A Comparative Study
• Roles of Adipose Tissue Beyond Energy Storage: A Detailed Review
• Unraveling the Complexities of the Human Vocal Apparatus
• Investigating the Role of Antioxidants in Cellular Health
• Delving Into the Intricacies of Bone Remodeling
• The Influence of Temperature on Human Physiology
• The Role of Probiotics in Gut Health: An Exploration
• Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Understanding the Delicate Balance
• A Look Into the Biological Mechanisms of Fever Response
• Human Microbiome: Understanding Its Impact on Health and Disease
• Physiology of Human Hydration and Dehydration
• Dissecting the Biochemical Pathways of Drug Metabolism
• Anatomy of the Human Foot: Exploring Its Complex Structure
• Implications of the HPA Axis Dysregulation in Stress-Related Disorders
• Unfolding the Mysterious Mechanisms of Wound Healing
• Analyzing the Intricacies of the Blood-Brain Barrier
• Genetic and Environmental Influence on Human Anatomy and Physiology
• Delving Into the Mysteries of Human Taste and Smell
• Decoding the Human Genetic Code: Implications for Health and Disease

Anatomy Research Topics for High School

• Exploring the Neurological Basis of Human Memory
• Significance of Blood Types and Transfusion Compatibility
• Roles of the Endocrine System in Human Mood Regulation
• Anatomical Differences and Similarities Between Primates and Humans
• Heart’s Electrophysiology: Understanding the Cardiac Cycle
• Evolution and Function of the Human Vestigial Structures
• The Effect of Exercise on Lung Capacity
• Effects of Aging on Bone Density and Strength
• Sleep’s Impact on Cognitive Function: A Neurological Analysis
• Autonomic Nervous System and Its Role in Body’s Homeostasis
• Examining the Mechanisms of Pain Perception
• Lymphatic System’s Functionality in Immune Response
• Understanding the Digestive System: From Ingestion to Excretion
• Roles of Hormones in Adolescent Body Changes
• Detailed Analysis of the Human Olfactory System
• Human Skin: More Than Just a Covering
• Photoreception in Humans: Decoding the Visual System
• Muscle Fiber Types: Their Role in Exercise and Movement
• Genetics and Human Eye Color Variation
• Cellular Process of Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review

Physiology Research Topics for High School

• Importance of the Circadian Rhythm in Health and Disease
• Relationship Between Diet, Metabolism, and Body Weight
• Roles of ATP in Energy Transfer Within Cells
• Function and Structure of the Human Ear
• Cardiovascular System’s Role in Maintaining Homeostasis
• The Genetic Basis of Inherited Metabolic Disorders
• Analyzing the Structure of the Human Spinal Cord
• Decoding the Function of the Hypothalamus in Hormone Regulation
• Evolutionary Significance of Bipedalism in Humans
• Interactions Between the Nervous and Muscular Systems
• Roles of Neurons in Transmitting Signals Across the Body
• Links Between Hydration and Kidney Function
• Understanding the Biological Clock and Its Impact on Sleep
• Mechanisms of Human Growth and Development
• Influence of Stress on the Human Immune System
• Examining the Complexity of the Human Hand’s Anatomy
• Investigating the Biological Processes of Aging
• Roles of Blood in Nutrient and Oxygen Transport
• Anatomy of the Human Eye and Vision Disorders
• Functions and Disorders of the Human Immune System
• Understanding the Body’s Electrolyte Balance and Its Importance

Anatomy Research Topics for College Students

• Exploring the Complexities of the Human Immune System
• Decoding the Structure and Function of the Human Brain
• Assessing the Physiological Impact of Stress on the Cardiovascular System
• Roles of DNA and RNA in Cell Division and Growth
• Chronic Diseases: The Impact on Organ Functioning and Structure
• The Role of Gut Microbiota in Digestion and Overall Health
• Understanding the Reproductive System: An In-Depth Study on Fertility
• Importance of Nutrition in Muscle Growth and Regeneration
• Neurobiology of Sleep: Examining Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders
• Exercise Physiology: Impact of Physical Activity on the Human Body
• Sensory Systems: Unraveling the Mechanics of Perception and Response
• Roles of the Endocrine System in Homeostasis and Stress Response
• Anatomy of Aging: Physical and Physiological Changes in Elderly Individuals
• Regenerative Capabilities of Different Tissue Types in the Human Body
• Mapping the Human Genome: Implications for Disease Susceptibility
• Human Metabolism: Understanding Energy Production and Consumption
• Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer Development and Progression
• Intricacies of Wound Healing: A Cellular and Molecular Perspective
• How Does the Respiratory System Respond to High Altitude Conditions?
• Obesity: Effects on the Cardiovascular and Digestive Systems
• Uncovering the Secrets of the Human Microbiome
• Bone Density and Osteoporosis: A Closer Look at Bone Physiology
• Hematopoiesis Process: Understanding Blood Cell Formation and Maturation
• Neurotransmitters and Their Role in Human Behavior and Emotions
• Lymphatic System: Understanding Its Role in Immunity and Disease

Physiology Research Topics for College Students

• Thermoregulation in the Human Body: A Detailed Examination
• Physiology of Vision: How Does the Eye Interpret Light and Color?
• Roles of Hormones in Human Growth and Development
• Functions and Disorders of the Nervous System
• Prenatal Development: Tracing the Journey From Fertilization to Birth
• Roles of Neurons in Memory Formation and Retrieval
• Physiology of Pain: Understanding Pain Perception and Response
• Genetic Disorders: Impact on Organ Functioning and Anatomy
• Influence of Diet on Gut Health and Digestion
• Study of the Skin: Anatomy, Function, and Related Disorders
• Exploration of the Role of Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration
• Roles of Proteins in Cell Structure and Function
• Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction: Implications for Health and Disease
• The Human Heart: Anatomical Structure and Physiological Function
• Physiology of Fear and Anxiety: A Neurological Examination
• Respiratory Physiology: Gas Exchange and Breathing Mechanics
• Pathophysiology of Diabetes: An In-Depth Study
• The Liver: Understanding Its Functions and Related Diseases
• Understanding the Genetics of Human Height
• Vestibular System: Examining Balance and Spatial Orientation
• Roles of Glial Cells in the Human Nervous System
• Study of Connective Tissue: Structure, Function, and Disorders
• The Impact of Dehydration on Human Physiological Function
• Investigating the Causes and Consequences of Inflammation in the Body

Anatomy Research Topics for University Students

• Exploring the Biochemical Processes of Digestion in Humans
• The Physiological Impacts of Long-Term Space Travel on the Human Body
• Unraveling the Mystery of Human Memory: Anatomical and Physiological Aspects
• Examining the Role of Circadian Rhythms in Human Physiology
• Human Cardiovascular System: A Detailed Examination of Heart Functions
• Implications of the Human Nervous System on Cognitive and Sensory Functions
• Researching the Influence of Hormones on Behavior and Mood
• Effects of Aging on Muscular Strength and Bone Density
• Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Its Role in Degenerative Diseases
• Understanding the Physiology of Pain: The Role of Nociceptors
• How Neurons Communicate: An Investigation Into Synaptic Transmission
• Lymphatic System and Its Crucial Role in Immunity
• Comparative Study on Human and Animal Respiratory Systems
• Relationship Between Physical Activity and Metabolic Rate: A Physiological Perspective
• Cellular Regeneration: An In-Depth Look Into Stem Cell Biology
• Physiological Adaptations in Animals Living in Extreme Environments
• Sensory System of Insects: A Comparative Study to Human Physiology
• Autonomic Nervous System: The Interface Between Emotional States and Physiology
• The Complexity of the Endocrine System: A Focus on Hormonal Regulation
• Functions and Mechanisms of the Human Reproductive System

Physiology Research Topics for University Students

• Roles of Glial Cells in Neurological Health and Disease
• Importance of pH Balance in the Human Body and Its Regulation
• Genetic Disorders and Their Impact on Human Anatomy and Physiology
• Renal Physiology: A Comprehensive Study of Kidney Functions
• Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Homeothermic Animals
• Unveiling the Intricacies of the Human Visual System
• How Does the Auditory System Decode Sound Waves Into Information?
• Physiology of Taste: Understanding the Mechanisms of Flavor Perception
• Examining the Physiological Responses to Hypoxia
• Skeletal System: An Investigation Into Bone Growth and Development
• The Role of the Liver in Metabolism and Detoxification
• Unpacking the Physiological Impacts of Chronic Stress on the Body
• Impacts of Nutrition on Human Growth and Development
• Telomeres and Aging: An In-Depth Analysis
• The Molecular Mechanisms Behind Muscle Contraction
• Understanding the Biological Clock: An Overview of Chronobiology
• Olfactory System: Decoding the Physiology of Smell Perception
• The Interplay Between the Digestive System and Microbiome Health
• Comparative Analysis of Bird and Mammal Cardiovascular Systems
• Effects of High Altitude on Human Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
• Investigation into the Physiological Adaptations of Deep-Sea Creatures

Anatomy & Physiology Project Ideas

• Exploring the Biological Clock: Understanding Circadian Rhythms
• Human Brain Plasticity: Neurogenesis and Learning
• Lung Capacity Differences: Factors Influencing Breathing Volume
• Investigating the Blood-Brain Barrier: Nature’s Biochemical Shield
• Unlocking Autophagy: The Body’s Recycling System
• Muscles and Movements: Kinetics of Human Motion
• Impacts of Nutrition on Bone Health: A Calcium Study
• Mystery of Sleep: Impact of REM and Non-REM Stages
• Cardiovascular Fitness: Exploring Heart Rate and Exercise
• Digestive System Efficiency: The Science Behind Metabolism
• Pain Perception: Understanding Neural Pathways
• Vision Variations: How Does Light Affect Sight?
• Studying Skin: The Human Body’s Largest Organ
• Hormones and Emotions: Impact on Human Behavior
• Lymphatic System: Body’s Silent Defender Against Diseases
• Roles of Enzymes: Catalysts in Digestion
• Fascinating Nervous System: Synapses and Signaling
• Human Microbiome: Impact on Health and Disease
• Taste and Smell: Exploring Sensory Perception
• Aging and Physiology: Changes in Organ Function Over Time
• Power of Regeneration: Comparative Study Between Species
• Endocrine System: The Influence of Hormones on Growth and Development

To Learn More, Read Relevant Articles

185 Astronomy Research Topics & Interesting Ideas

• Icon Calendar 3 June 2023
• Icon Page 1767 words

417 History Research Paper Topics & Interesting Ideas

• Icon Calendar 2 June 2023
• Icon Page 3908 words

• Anatomy & Physiology
• Astrophysics
• Earth Science
• Environmental Science
• Organic Chemistry
• Precalculus
• Trigonometry
• English Grammar
• U.S. History
• World History

... and beyond

• Socratic Meta
• Featured Answers

The Human Body

• Organization of the Human Body
• Homeostasis and Regulation
• Reproductive System
• Genetics and Heredity

Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Integumentary System

Immune System and Disease

• Nonspecific Defenses
• Immune Responses
• Immune System Diseases
• Environmental Problems and Human Health

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

• Circulatory System
• Blood/Hematologic System
• Respiratory System

Digestive and Excretory Systems

• Food and Nutrients
• Digestive System
• Excretory System

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

• Nervous System
• Endocrine System

• How It Works
• PhD thesis writing
• Master thesis writing
• Bachelor thesis writing
• Dissertation writing service
• Dissertation abstract writing
• Thesis proposal writing
• Thesis editing service
• Thesis proofreading service
• Thesis formatting service
• Coursework writing service
• Research paper writing service
• Architecture thesis writing
• Computer science thesis writing
• Engineering thesis writing
• History thesis writing
• MBA thesis writing
• Nursing dissertation writing
• Psychology dissertation writing
• Sociology thesis writing
• Statistics dissertation writing
• Buy dissertation online
• Write my dissertation
• Cheap thesis
• Cheap dissertation
• Custom dissertation
• Dissertation help
• Pay for thesis
• Pay for dissertation
• Senior thesis
• Write my thesis

222 Best Anatomy Research Paper Topics To Discuss

Human anatomy and physiology are undoubtedly among the most complex areas of study. This is a field that is ever-growing in terms of new discoveries, changes, and understanding of certain processes. Needless to say, the scope for research is high with these subjects as well. If you are a student of medicine, genetics, or any other field of study that is related to the human body, chances are that you will have to present an interesting human anatomy essay as part of your course.

Given the complex nature of the subject, it is hard to narrow down on topics that give you enough information without becoming too overwhelming. Whether you are looking for research paper topics or anatomy and physiology project ideas, here are over 200 topics that will help you write a crisp, concise, yet informative paper for the best grades.

Simple Anatomy and Physiology Research Paper Topics

These anatomy and physiology topics for research papers will help you get the best ideas to write a detailed paper.

• The role of the cell structure in studying human anatomy
• Detailed investigation of the human body cavity
• The primary systems of the human body
• Scientific evolution and the changes in the understanding of human anatomy and physiology
• Why is Andreas Vesalius known as the father of human anatomy?
• The first-ever dissection of the human body and the aftermath
• The effects of dehydration on human metabolism
• The in and outs of the human digestive system
• The complex network of the human cardiovascular system
• The harmful effects of toxic chemicals on the health of humans
• The evolutionary history of the nervous system
• The evolutionary history of the human brain
• Physiology of the reproductive system
• Mitochondria and why it is called the powerhouse of the cell
• Functional architecture of the human skeletal system
• The cerebellar artery and its relationship with cerebellomedullary fissure
• Causes for degenerative rotator cuff tear
• Treatment of hepatic veins
• Chemical messengers in the human body
• 5 methods of maintaining homeostasis in the human body
• The evolutionary history of the appendix
• The mechanism of hearing
• Instances of extreme temperature sustenance by the human body
• Changes in the human body with age
• The role of the internal body temperature
• Physics of the human skeletal system
• The different enzymes in the human body and their roles
• The role of iron in the human body
• Parts of the human body that continue to grow with age
• The human body is an open system. Comment on this statement.

Top Anatomy Research Topics

These are some popular anatomy research paper topics that have been used by students successfully. These topics allow you to collect ample data and present interesting papers that can help you get better grades:

• Components of the human body
• Why is the human body unable to digest sucralose
• The design of the body that allows it to conduct electricity
• The role of the endocrine system in metabolism.
• The advantage of the human body being maintained at a constant temperature of 37 degrees
• What is the reason for the human body being made of water mostly?
• The difference between the body composition of men and women
• Compare the nucleus of the cell to the brain
• The microbiota of the human body
• Provide examples of absorption in the human body
• The meninges around the brain and their role in the human body.
• The purpose of the Schwann cells in the human body
• Describe the structure of the DNA molecule and its evolutionary history
• Physiology and how it is affected by exercise
• The primary differences between physiology and pathophysiology
• Negative feedback and its physiology
• What does systemic physiology mean?
• The importance of physiology in modern medicine
• What is the difference between physiology and anatomy
• The evolution of human neurobiology
• Ceruminous glands and their purpose in the human body
• Describe the major branches of physiology.
• Difference between environmental, evolutionary, cellular and developmental physiology
• The evolution of Kinesiology and how is it different from physiology
• Different planes of the human body
• The division of the human body into systems
• Compare the adrenal body in frogs and adrenal glands in the human body
• How do physiology and anatomy complement each other?
• What are the principles of physics that are studied in physiology
• The importance of osmosis in the human body
• The composition of the matrix of the bone.
• History and discovery of the human anatomy
• Studying the anatomy of other species helps understand human anatomy better. Provide examples to prove this statement.
• The relationship between healthcare, anatomy, and science.
• Changes in the human anatomy during pregnancy
• Explain the proximal and distal parts of the human body with reference to one organ.
• Write a paper on the study of abnormal anatomy
• What are buffers? And the need for buffers in the body
• Explain the process by which the human body obtains energy from food.
• What are the basic things that the body needs in order to survive?
• The role of silicon in the human body
• Examples of the resilience of the human body
• The effects of cortisol in the body
• Does stress change the physiology and anatomy of the human body?

Topics For a Great Human Anatomy Research Paper

Here is a list of anatomy paper topics that open up several questions as you research in-depth about them. This allows you to write a paper that is detailed and full of interesting information to keep the reader engaged.

• Is the DNA the same in each cell of the human body? Provide examples to prove this statement.
• The human body is not an intelligent design. Support or argue against this statement with examples
• The different receptors in the human body and their roles
• The structure of different types of muscles in the human body and the function of each type of muscle.
• The process of active transport and its importance to the survival of a cell.
• The human anatomical position and its significance.
• Physiology is a life science. Write in detail about this statement
• How does the study of anatomy cross over with the arts?
• 100 most interesting facts about the human body
• Foods that the human body cannot digest. Explain this with reference to physiology and anatomy
• The importance of maintaining pH within a given range in the human body
• The physiological and anatomical changes that occur in the body after death.
• The major role of the RNA in the human body
• Write a paper on the communication system within the human body and how it is so efficient.
• Provide a detailed analysis of the body systems affected by schizophrenia
• Provide a detailed analysis of the body systems affected by meningitis
• Why is it important to study physiology and anatomy to understand psychology better?
• Name the body systems responsible for the reflex action and explain the process in detail.
• Write a paper on the human immune system and its functions
• What are some “useless” organs or parts of the human body?
• The role of sugar in the human body
• Are there any internal organs that are cold? If so, why?
• The two systems responsible for coordinating various body functions and the systems that regulate them.
• The physiological and anatomical changes in the body during adolescence.
• The role of carbon dioxide in the human body
• A detailed note on the 10 major muscles in the human body
• The anatomical and physiological changes in the body of a heroin addict
• What is the role of water in the human body?
• The need for sodium in the human body
• Explain the physical act of shivering from a physiological point of view
• The role of the kidneys in maintaining an acid-base balance
• Explain the anatomy of the human reproductive system and its evolutionary significance.
• What are some similarities between the male and female reproductive systems?
• Is the female reproductive system more complex than the male reproductive system? Explain with examples
• The anatomical and physiological changes that take place at puberty
• The effect of zinc on the human reproductive system.

Interesting Anatomy Topics For College Essay

Human anatomy and physiology are extremely interesting in general. There are some specific subjects that are particularly interesting. Here is a list of some of these anatomy and physiology research paper topics that are ideal for your next assignment.

• What are the environmental factors that affect the human reproductive system?
• The five hormones of the female reproductive system and their significance.
• The effect of oral contraceptives on the physiology of the female reproductive system
• The function of the female fallopian tubes and their evolutionary history
• Common diseases of the human reproductive system
• Discuss in detail the design of the sperm and its function in fertilizing the egg.
• The importance of pH in the human reproductive system.
• The four secondary sexual characters of females
• A detailed anatomical perspective of sexual reproduction in humans.
• The base pairs in the DNA molecule contain nitrogen.
• The detailed functions of the human skeletal system
• Evolutionary study of the human skull
• The role of the human skeletal system in the production of blood
• The differences between tendons, ligaments, and cartilages with examples of their function and structure
• The physiology of a fracture and how it heals over time
• The cartilaginous joints of the human body and how they are different from other joints.
• The role of the synovial fluid in the joints and how the body maintains the levels consistently.
• The five primary options to keep the skeletal system healthy
• The major components of the skeletal system besides the bones.
• The 3 major functions of the muscular system and how it is designed to carry out these functions?
• The relationship between the skeletal system, muscular system, and the nervous system
• Common degenerative disorders of the human skeletal system
• How calcium plays an important role in the human skeletal system.
• The common infectious diseases of the skeletal system
• The anatomical differences between the muscular structure of different races
• Are there any major anatomical differences between the structure of the brain of people from different ethnicities?
• The effect of obesity on the skeletal system
• Common lifestyle issues that affect the muscular and skeletal system
• What are the anatomical and physiological implications of poor posture?
• The cranial bones and their evolutionary history.
• The anatomical details of human blood.
• The physiology of the production of blood cells in the human body.
• Changes in the structure of the bones after pregnancy.
• Anatomical changes in the human muscular system as a result of weight training.
• Anatomical changes in the human muscular system as a result of the cardiovascular system
• A detailed study of the evolution of the human vertebral column.
• The changes in the human skeletal and muscular system from infancy to adulthood.
• The relationship between tendons, muscles, and bones.
• Relationship between the respiratory system, circulatory system, and the muscular system
• An anatomical comparison of the male and female muscular systems.
• The common types of muscle contractions with examples.
• Myosin and its significance to the human muscular system
• The importance of smooth muscles in the human body
• The physiology of the movement of food in the esophagus and the different movements of the muscles during the process.
• The process of muscle atrophy
• How do involuntary muscles function? Explain in detail.
• The effect of the muscular system on the other systems of the human body.
• How do neurotransmitters in the body function? Explain with examples of the most common neurotransmitters in the body.
• Technological development and how it helps in repairing damaged muscles
• The role of protein in the structure and development of the human muscles
• The anatomy of the human eye and its unique features
• The physiology of human vision
• The physiology of adaptation of vision in the dark.
• The physiology of cataracts.
• The function and unique features of the optical nerves
• What are the features of the retina that make it possible for us to see
• Difference between aerobic and anaerobic movement and its impact on the muscular system.
• The physiology of the production and storage of energy in the cells.
• The physiological changes that occur as a result of vitamin deficiency. Choose one type of vitamin to provide details.
• The role of the integumentary system in the human body
• The relationship between the immune system and the integumentary system.
• Examples of genetic disorders of the integumentary system.
• How does the integumentary system prevent dehydration of the body?
• The layers of the skin and their protective function.
• The evolutionary advantage offered by fingerprints
• The process of keratinization and its importance
• The anatomical function of tears
• How is the human hair formed?
• The body systems that are affected by acne.

Anatomy Project Ideas For College

An important anatomy project coming up? Here is a list of project topics in human anatomy that are perfect for developing a college project that is interesting and informative at the same time.

• Explain body odor from a physiological point of view.
• The synthesis of vitamin B in the skin.
• The role of the sweat glands in maintaining the body temperature.
• The six principal functions of the human integumentary system.
• The effect of a burn on other parts of the body besides the skin.
• The process of eliminating waste from the body and the physiological changes that take place.
• The types of glands in the human body.
• The skin is an organ. Explain with examples
• The body systems are engaged when you are swimming.
• A detailed understanding of the formation of the epidermis
• How does the human skin stay waterproof? Why is this significant?
• The response of the body to trauma or a wound. Provide step-by-step details.
• The importance of inflammatory response
• The physiology of common allergies
• The function of anti-inflammatory medication and how it works on the human body
• The role of antibiotics in inflammatory response
• The physiology of the immune response of the human body.
• The physiology of cancer
• What is an auto-immune disease? How is the body affected by it?
• The anatomical and physiological changes as a result of AIDS.
• The production and function of the human growth hormone
• The physiological significance of the human thyroid gland
• Common issues of the thyroid gland and the physiological changes.
• The role of alcohol and inflammation in the body
• The changes in the brain as a result of consumption of narcotics
• The meaning of histamine and what does it do to the body?
• The function of the human lungs with respect to the circulatory system
• The exchange of various gases between the body tissues and the lungs.
• The role of the lungs in maintaining homeostasis in the human body
• The physiological repercussions of pneumonia
• Quadriplegia and the ability of involuntary muscle function.
• The role of squamous epithelial cells in the human lungs.
• The development of scar tissues and why it is important.
• The anatomical significance of the alveoli of the lungs
• Physiological changes that lead to asthma
• How does the novel coronavirus affect the physiology of the human body?
• Interactions between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.
• The process of delivery of oxygen by the circulatory system.
• The role of visceral fat in the body
• The physiology of fat metabolism
• A detailed understanding of the autonomic nervous system and its evolutionary significance
• Examples of evolutionary changes in human anatomy.

You can also get professional help with research paper to get the best content and data. Contact our skilled writers who give you affordable and high-quality solutions for any assignment.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Comment * Error message

Name * Error message

Email * Error message

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

As Putin continues killing civilians, bombing kindergartens, and threatening WWIII, Ukraine fights for the world's peaceful future.

Ukraine Live Updates

Ch. 7 – The Nervous System

• Overview & Organization of the Nervous System

Functions of the Nervous System

The master controlling & communicating system of the body…

• Sensory input —gathering information
• To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body
• Changes = stimuli
• Integration
• To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed
• Motor output
• A response to integrated stimuli
• The response activates muscles or glands
• Structural Classification �of the Nervous System
• Central nervous system (CNS) – dorsal body cavity; integrating and command centers; interpret sensory information & give out instructions

Spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – outside of CNS
• Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
• Spinal nerves – carry impulses to and from spinal cord
• Cranial nerves – carry impulses to and from brain
• Functional Classification of �the Peripheral Nervous System
• Sensory (afferent) division
• Nerve fibers that carry information to the CNS
• Somatic sensory fibers – deliver impulses from skin, skeletal muscle, and joints
• Visceral sensory fibers (afferents) – deliver impulses from viscera
• Motor (efferent) division
• Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS
• Somatic (voluntary) NS – voluntary control of skeletal muscles
• Autonomic (involuntary NS – involuntary control of smooth & cardiac muscle and glands
• Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Answer Did You Get It? #1

• Structure & Function of Nervous Tissue
• Support Cells
• Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as neuroglia (AKA glia or glial cells ) = “nerve glue”
• Functions: support, insulate, and protect neurons
• Cannot transmit nerve impulses (as can neurons)
• Never lose their ability to divide (as neurons do)
• Most brain tumors are gliomas
• Glia of the Central Nervous System:
• Ependymal cells
• Oligodendrocytes
• Glia of the Peripheral Nervous System:
• Schwann cells
• Satellite cells

Support Cells, continued…

• Abundant (~1/2 of neural tissue)
• Star-shaped cells
• Brace & anchor neurons to capillaries
• Form living barrier between capillaries and neurons (exchange) (blood-brain barrier)
• Control brain’s chemical environment
• Absorb leaked K + ions
• Absorb released neurotransmitters
• Spiderlike phagocytes
• Protect from infection
• Dispose of debris
• Dead brain cells & bacteria
• Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
• Beating cilia circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• CSF fills brain & spinal cord cavities & serves as cushion
• Wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS
• Produce fatty insulating coverings = myelin sheaths
• Protect neuron cell bodies
• Form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 2-3

• Neurons = nerve cells
• Cells specialized to transmit nerve impulses from one part of body to another
• Two major regions of neurons:
• Metabolic center: contains nucleus, large nucleolus
• No centrioles = no mitosis
• Nissl substance = specialized RER
• Neurofibrils (intermediate cytoskeleton)
• Maintain cell shape

Neurons, continued…

• Processes outside the cell body
• Microscopic to 3-4 ft in length
• Longest = from lumbar region of spine to great toe
• Dendrites —conduct impulses toward the cell body
• A neuron may have hundreds
• Axons —conduct impulses away from the cell body
• Arises from cone-like region of cell body called axon hillock
• Collateral branches
• End in highly branched axon terminals
• Axon terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
• Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a synaptic cleft
• Synapse —junction between nerves ( syn = clasp/join)

Neuron processes, continued…

• Myelin sheath —whitish, fatty material covering axons
• Protects & insulates fibers
• Increases rate of nerve impulse transmission
• Schwann cells —produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashion
• Schwann cells in the PNS; oligodendrocytes in the CNS
• Neurilemma – portion of cell membrane on outer layer of coil where most of its cytoplasm resides
• Nodes of Ranvier —gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
• Aid in speeding up nerve impulses – saltatory conduction
• Homeostatic imbalance – multiple sclerosis = gradual destruction of myelin sheaths (become hardened = sclerosis), autoimmune disease (sheath protein)
• Visual & speech disturbances, loss of muscle control, increasingly disabled
• Interferon injections provide relief; no cure
• Terminology of Neurons
• Most neuron cell bodies are found in the CNS
• Nuclei —clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the CNS (protected within the brain case and vertebral column)
• Ganglia —small collections of cell bodies in the PNS
• Tracts = bundles of nerve fibers in CNS
• White matter – myelinated tracts in CNS
• Gray matter —cell bodies and unmyelinated tracts in CNS
• Nerves = bundles of nerve fibers in PNS
• Functional Classification of Neurons

Direction of nerve impulse with respect to CNS

• Sensory (afferent) neurons
• Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS
• Ganglion outside of CNS
• Dendrite endings associate with receptors
• Cutaneous sense organs in muscles and tendons
• Proprioceptors —detect stretch or tension

Naked nerve ending; pain/temp

Meissner’s corpuscule: touch

Pacinian corpuscule: deep pressure

Golgi tendon organ & muscle spindle;: proprioception

Functional Classification of Neurons, continued…

• Motor (efferent) neurons
• Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands
• Cell bodies always in CNS
• Interneurons (association neurons)
• Connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways
• Structural Classification of Neurons
• Multipolar neurons—many extensions from the cell body
• most common
• Bipolar neurons—one axon and one dendrite
• Rare in adults
• Act in sensory processing – eye, nose
• Unipolar neurons—have a short single process leaving the cell body
• Divides into proximal (central) and distal (peripheral) processes
• Dendrites only at peripheral end
• Conducts action potentials both ways
• Found in sensory neurons of PNS ganglia

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 4-7

• Physiology of the Nervous System
• Functional Properties of Neurons
• Irritability - ability to respond to stimuli and convert to nerve impulses
• Conductivity - ability to transmit an impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands
• Nerve Impulses
• Electrical conditions of a resting neuron’s membrane
• Polarized – resting/inactive neuron
• Fewer positive ions on inner face of plasma membrane than on outer face
• Depolarized – stimulated neuron
• More positive ions inside the cell than outside

Nerve Impulses, continued…

• Action Potential Initiation and Generation
• Stimuli excite neurons: light, sound, pressure, mostly neurotransmitters released by other neurons
• Cause a temporary change in the cell membrane’s permeability
• Stimulus causes sodium channel gates to open, and sodium to rush in
• Causes depolarization of the neuron’s membrane
• Inside more positive, outside less positive = graded/local potential
• If stimulus is strong enough, a long distance signal called an action potential or nerve impulse occurs
• Nerve impulses are all-or-nothing responses – they are either propagated over the entire axon or not at all
• Repolarization
• Membrane immediately becomes impermeable to sodium, but permeable to potassium ions
• K + ions rush out of the neuron, restoring electrical conditions to polarized = repolarization
• Repolarization must occur before another impulse can be conducted
• The sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original concentrations of Na + and K + .
• Saltatory conduction = In myelinated fibers, propagation occurs more quickly since the nerve impulse jumps from node to node.
• Homeostatic imbalance: factors that impair impulse conduction:
• Sedatives & anesthetics block sodium entry
• Cold & continuous pressure interrupt blood circulation (nutrients & O 2 ) – e.g. ice creates numbness, foot “goes to sleep”; prickly feeling caused by impulse transmission starting back up
• Transmission of the Signal at Synapses
• Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles within the axon terminal
• Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse
• Neurotransmitters bind to receptors in the membrane of the next neuron
• If enough neurotransmitters are released, another nerve impulse will be generated in this neuron
• Enzymes remove the neurotransmitters from the receptors
• Impulse transmission is an electrochemical event – electrical along the neuron’s membrane; chemical within the synapses

Axon�terminal

Synaptic�cleft

Action�potential�arrives

Axon of�transmitting�neuron

Receiving�neuron

Neurotrans-�mitter is re-�leased into�synaptic cleft

Neurotrans-�mitter binds�to receptor�on receiving�neuron’s�membrane

Vesicle�fuses with�plasma�membrane

Synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter�molecules

Ion channels

Receiving neuron

Transmitting neuron

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter�broken down�and released

Ion channel opens

Ion channel closes

• Reflex — rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus
• Always travel in one direction
• Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs
• Reflex arc — direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
• Neural pathway involving the CNS and PNS

Stimulus at distal�end of neuron

(in cross section)

Interneuron

Sensory neuron

Motor neuron

Integration�center

Reflexes, continued…

• Types of Reflexes
• Somatic reflexes
• Reflexes which stimulate the skeletal muscles
• Example: moving hand away from a hot stove
• Autonomic reflexes
• Regulate the activity of smooth muscles, heart, and glands
• Examples: salivary reflex, pupillary reflex
• Regulate: digestion, elimination, blood pressure, and sweating
• Parts of a reflex arc
• Sensory receptor – reacts to a stimulus
• Integration center
• Effector organ – muscle or gland which is stimulated
• Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex is an example of a two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11d

Figure 7.11b–c

Sensory (afferent)�neuron

Motor�(efferent)�neuron

Sensory receptors�(stretch receptors�in the quadriceps�muscle)

Effector�(quadriceps�muscle of�thigh)

Synapse in�ventral horn�gray matter

Inter-�neuron

Sensory receptors�(pain receptors in�the skin)

Effector�(biceps�brachii�muscle)

• Flexor (withdrawal) reflex is an example of a three-neuron reflex arc
• Withdrawal reflex arc has an interneuron
• The more neurons involved, the slower the communication because of the time it takes for neurotransmitters to diffuse
• Many spinal reflexes do not involve the brain
• Other reflexes require the brain to evaluate different types of information
• Reflex testing evaluates condition of the nervous system
• Exaggerated, distorted, and absent reflexes indicate nervous system disorders

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 8-11

• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
• Runs along the dorsal median plane
• 4 th week – anterior end expands = brain formation
• Rest of tube = spinal cord
• The central canal of the neural tube enlarges into 4 chambers = ventricles
• Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
• Functional Anatomy of the Brain
• ~3 lbs, wrinkled, texture similar to cold oatmeal
• 4 major regions:
• Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
• Diencephalon

Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum

• Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)
• Paired, superior parts of the brain
• Includes more than half of the brain mass; obscures most of the brain stem
• The surface is made of ridges ( gyri = “twisters”) and grooves ( sulci = “furrows”)
• Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes
• Occipital lobe
• Temporal lobe

Figure 7.13b

• Cerebral Cortex
• Functions : speech, memory, logic, emotion, consciousness, sensation interpretation, & voluntary movement
• Cell bodies of neurons in cerebral cortex in outermost gray matter
• Primary somatic sensory area
• In parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus
• Receives & interprets impulses from the body’s sensory receptors
• Detects: pain, cold, light touch

Sensory & motor homunculus – the more neurons there are for a function, the larger the area represented by that body region

Figure 7.14

• Visual area in occipital lobe
• Auditory area in temporal lobe
• Olfactory area deep in temporal lobe
• Primary motor area in frontal lobe
• Conscious movement of skeletal muscle
• Axons of these motor neurons form the corticospinal or pyramidal tract
• Descends to spinal cord
• Broca’s area at base of precentral gyrus
• Involved in our ability to speak
• Only located in one (usually left) hemisphere
• Damage here can cause inability to speak – conscious of what you want to say, but unable to do it
• Frontal association areas – higher intellectual reasoning & socially acceptable behavior
• Complex memories stored in temporal and frontal lobes
• Speech/language (Wernicke’s) area – junction of temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes
• Allows us to sound out words
• Usually in just one hemisphere
• Damage: Wernicke’s aphasia – lack of language comprehension; clear speaking though
• Frontal lobes – language comprehension (word meaning)
• Gustatory area – taste – base of primary somatic sensory area (parietal)
• General interpretation area – temporal & parietal
• Cerebral White Matter
• White matter—fiber tracts carrying impulses to, from, and within the cortex
• Corpus callosum – large tract connecting hemispheres; allows hemispheres to communicate with one another
• Called commisures
• Association fiber tracts connect areas within hemispheres ; projection fiber tracts connect cerebrum to lower CNS centers
• Basal nuclei (basal ganglia ) — islands of gray matter buried within the white matter
• Regulate voluntary

motor activities

• Homeostatic Imbalance:
• Problems with basal

nuclei cause difficulty in

walking or other voluntary

movements: Huntington’s

disease & Parkinson’s

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 12-13

• Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon (Interbrain)
• Sits on top of brain stem; enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
• Made of three parts: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus
• Thalamus – relay station for sensory impulses traveling up to sensory cortex
• Crude awareness of a pending sensation being pleasant or not
• Hypothalamus – floor of diencephalon
• Autonomic NS center: helps body temp, water balance, & metabolism
• Limbic system – “emotional-visceral brain” where thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers are
• Regulates the pituitary gland ; secretes hormones
• Mammillary bodies – reflex centers involved in olfaction

Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon

• Epithalamus
• Forms the roof of the third ventricle
• Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
• Includes the choroid plexus —complex of capillaries which form cerebrospinal fluid

Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem

• Small: ~thumb in diameter & ~3” long
• 3 regions: midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata
• Provides a pathway for ascending & descending tracts
• Contains nuclei with rigidly programmed autonomic behaviors necessary for survival
• Some connected to cranial nerves controlling breathing & blood pressure
• From mammilary bodies to pons
• Cerebral aqueduct – canal connecting 3 rd ventricle of diencephalon to 4 th ventricle
• Has two bulging fiber tracts — cerebral peduncles : convey ascending & descending impulses
• Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
• Has four rounded protrusions— corpora quadrigemina (“gemini” = twins)
• Reflex centers for vision and hearing
• Pons (“bridge”)
• Rounded part of brain stem just below midbrain
• Mostly composed of fiber tracts
• Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
• Medulla Oblongata
• Most inferior part of the brain stem
• Merges into the spinal cord
• Includes important fiber tracts
• Contains nuclei which control:
• Blood pressure
• Fourth ventricle
• Reticular Formation
• Diffuse mass of gray matter along the length of the brain stem
• Involved in motor control of visceral organs
• Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
• Damage here can cause a coma (permanent unconsciousness)
• Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum
• Cauliflower-like, dorsally projecting from under the occipital lobe
• Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
• Outer cortex composed of gray matter; inner region composed of white matter
• Provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls balance & equilibrium
• “Automatic pilot” – compares brain’s intentions with body’s actual performance; initiates appropriate corrective measures
• Ataxia – damage to cerebellum can result in clumsy & disorganized movements; appear to be drunk

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 14-16

• Protection of the Central Nervous System
• Nervous tissue is soft and delicate; neurons injured easily
• Brain and spinal cord protected by
• Scalp and skin
• Skull and vertebral column
• Meninges (membranes)
• Cerebrospinal fluid (watery cushion)
• Blood-brain barrier – protection from harmful substances in the blood

Figure 7.17b

• Connective tissue membranes which cover & protect the CNS
• Double-layered, outermost layer; leathery
• Periosteal layer (periosteum)—attached to inner surface of the skull
• Meningeal layer —outer covering of the brain; fuses with the dura mater of the spinal cord
• Layers are fused except in dural venous sinuses where venous blood is collected
• Inward folds attach brain to cranial cavity
• Falx cerebri & tantorium cerebelli
• Arachnoid mater (“spider”)
• Middle layer
• Attached to the pia mater, forming the subarachnoid space
• Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Arachnoid villi – projections of arachnoid mater; protrude through dura mater
• CSF passes into dural sinuses through these structures
• Pia mater (“gentle mother”)
• Innermost membrane
• Clings tightly brain and spinal cord surfaces
• Epidural injections – “upon the dura”
• Homeostatic Imbalance :
• Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges
• Bacterial or vial infections
• Serious threat to brain if spreads into CNS
• Encephalitis – inflammation of the brain
• Diagnosed by sampling CSF

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• Similar to blood plasma composition
• Less protein, more vitamin C, different ion composition
• Formed from blood by choroid plexuses
• Clusters of capillaries hanging from each of brain’s ventricles
• Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain from trauma
• Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
• CSF continually circulates in brain
• From two lateral ventricles, to 3 rd ventricle, through cerebral aqueduct, to 4 th ventricle
• Some CSF continues to spinal cord
• Normally circulates at a constant rate
• Changes to CSF composition may indicate meningitis, tumors, or MS
• Lumbar/spinal tap – sample the CSF
• Remain lying down for 12 hrs or “spinal headache”
• Homeostatic Imbalance - Hydrocephalus
• If something obstructs CSF drainage, it accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain
• “Water on the brain”
• Results in enlarged head in newborns with increasing brain size
• Would cause brain damage in adults
• Treated by surgically inserting a shunt (plastic drain); drains excess fluid into a vein
• Blood-Brain Barrier
• Brain is super sensitive to having a constant internal environment
• Neurons kept separated from bloodborne substances by the blood-brain barrier
• Composed of least permeable capillaries of the body
• Bound by tight junctions
• Allowed to enter:
• Water, glucose, and essential amino acids pass easily through
• Metabolic wastes (urea, toxins, proteins, most drugs), nonessential amino acids, K +
• Useless as a barrier against some substances
• Fats and fat soluble molecules
• Respiratory gases

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 17-19

• Traumatic Brain Injuries
• Head injuries are leading cause of accidental death in US; caused by damaging blow to head
• Further damage caused by brain ricocheting on opposite end of skull
• Slight brain injury
• Dizzy/”see stars,” briefly lose consciousness
• No permanent brain damage
• Marked tissue destruction occurs
• May remain conscious if cerebral cortex injury; may be in coma if brain stem is injured severely (especially RAS)
• Nervous tissue does not regenerate
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Bleeding from ruptured vessels
• May cause death
• Cerebral edema
• Brain swelling from the inflammatory response
• May compress and kill brain tissue – neurological deterioration
• Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA/Stroke)
• 3 rd leading cause of death in US
• Blood circulation to brain is obstructed by a blood clot or ruptured blood vessel
• Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies
• Loss of some functions or death may result; undamaged neurons can spread into damaged areas and take over some lost functions (= neuroplasticity )
• Hemiplegia – one-sided paralysis ( e.g. right-sided paralysis = damage to left motor cortex)
• Apahsia – damage to language areas
• Motor/Broca’s aphasia – loss of ability to speak
• Sensory/Wernicke’s aphasia – loss of ability to understand written & spoken language
• Transient ischemic attack (ITA) – temporary restriction of blood flow (ischemia) to brain
• Last 5-50 min; numbness, temporary paralysis; impaired speech
• Warning of impending, more serious CVA

Answer Did You Get It #20

• The Terrible Three
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Progressive degenerative brain disease, results in dementia (mental deterioration)
• Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
• Victims experience: memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, eventual loss of language, irritability, moodiness, confusion, sometimes violent, and ultimately, hallucinations.
• Structural changes in the brain include: low Ach, shrinking gyri, brain atrophy (especially in areas of thought and memory), abnormal protein (senile plaque – beta amyloid peptide ) deposits, and twisted tau fibers within neurons
• Treat with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Problem associated with basal nuclei; cause not known
• Typically affects people in 50’s-60’s
• Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra, causing basal nuclei to become overactive
• Symptoms: persistent tremor (even at rest), head nodding, “pill-rolling” of fingers, forward-bent walking posture, shuffling gait, stiff facial expressions, difficulty in initiating movements
• Treatments: L-dopa for some symptoms (bad side effects); deprenyl to slow degeneration; thalamic stimulation via electrodes alleviates tremors; implants of embryonic tissue promising
• Huntington’s Disease
• Genetic disorder (dominant) – typically occurs at middle-age
• Massive degeneration of basal nuclei and later of the cerebral cortex
• Progressive symptoms: wild, jerky movements ( chorea ), later marked mental deterioration
• Typically fatal within 15 years
• Overstimulation of motor cortex
• Treat with drugs that block dopamine; fetal tissue implants are promising
• Spinal Cord
• 2-way conduction pathway to and from the brain
• Major reflex center (spinal reflexes)
• Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra
• Cushioned & protected by meninges
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord
• Cervical & lumbar enlargements – origin of upper & lower limb nerves
• Cauda equina (horse’s tail) is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end

Spinal Cord Anatomy

• Gray matter of Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
• Gray matter surrounds the central canal (filled with CSF)
• Dorsal (posterior) horns – project posteriorly
• Contain interneurons
• Sensory neuron cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia ; enter spinal cord through dorsal root
• Anterior (ventral) horns – project anteriorly
• Motor neuron cell bodies in ventral horns; axons exit spinal cord through ventral root
• Homoeostatic imbalance – flaccid paralysis – damage to ventral root = no stimulation of muscles
• Spinal nerves – fusion of dorsal and ventral roots
• White matter of the Spinal Cord
• Myelinated fiber tracts (see 7.22)
• Dorsal, lateral, ventral columns
• Sensory/afferent tracts – conduct sensory impulses to brain
• Motor/efferent tracts – conduct impulses from brain to skeletal muscles
• Dorsal column tracts are all ascending carrying sensory input to brain
• Lateral & ventral tracts contain both ascending & descending tracts
• Homeostatic imbalance – spastic paralysis : transected (cut crosswise) or crushed spinal cord – affected muscles stay healthy b/c still stimulated, but moments become spastic; loss of feeling below injury
• Quadriplegic = 4 limbs affected
• Paraplegic = legs only

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 21-23

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Nerves and ganglia outside CNS
• Structure of a Nerve
• Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS
• Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue
• Delicate endoneurium surrounds each fiber
• Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by coarser perineurium
• Fascicles are bound together by tough, fibrous epineurium
• Forms cordlike nerve

Structure of a Nerve, continued…

• Nerves are classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses:
• Mixed nerves – nerves with both sensory and motor fibers
• Sensory (afferent) nerves – nerves carrying impulses toward the CNS
• Motor (efferent) nerves – nerves carrying impulses away from the CNS
• Cranial Nerves
• 12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck
• Only the pair of vagus nerves extend to thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Numbered in order; names typically match the structures they control
• Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only (optic, olfactory, & vestibulocochlear)

Cranial Nerves, continued…

• Olfactory nerve — sensory for smell
• Optic nerve — sensory for vision
• Oculomotor nerve — motor fibers to eye muscles (most movements, lens shape, & pupil size)
• Trochlear nerve — motor fiber to eye muscle (superior oblique)
• Trigeminal nerve — sensory for the face, nose, & mouth; motor fibers to chewing muscles
• Abducens nerve — motor fibers to eye muscles (lateral movement)
• Facial nerve — sensory for anterior taste buds; motor fibers for facial expression and lacrimal & salivary glands
• Vestibulocochlear nerve — sensory for balance and hearing
• Glossopharyngeal nerve — sensory for posterior taste buds; motor fibers to the pharynx (swallowing & saliva production); carotid artery pressure sensors
• Vagus nerves — sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and thoracic & abdominal viscera (mostly parasympathetic = promote digestion & regulate heart activity)
• Accessory nerve — motor fibers to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius
• Hypoglossal nerve — motor fibers for tongue movements; sensory impulses from tongue
• O h O nce O ne T akes T he A natomy F inal V ery G ood V acations A re H eavenly.
• O nly O wls O bserve T hem T raveling A nd F inding V oldemort G uarding V ery S ecret H orcruxes
• Spinal Nerves & Nerve Plexuses
• There are 31 pairs formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord
• Named for the region from which they arise
• Spinal nerves divide after leaving the spinal cord
• Dorsal rami — serve the skin and muscles of the posterior trunk
• Ventral rami — for nerves T 1 -T 12 forms intercostal nerves (muscles between ribs & skin and muscles of anterior trunk); for rest of nerves forms a nerve networks ( plexus ) for limb sensory & motor

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 24-27

Spinal Nerves & Nerve Plexuses, continued…

• Cervical plexus – from C 1 –C 5 ventral rami
• Phrenic nerve – diaphragm; shoulder/neck muscles
• Brachial plexus – from C 5 –C 8 and T 1 ventral rami
• Axillary nerve – deltoid muscle, shoulder skin; superior thorax muscles & skin
• Radial nerve – triceps & extensor muscles; upper limb posterior skin
• Median nerve – flexor muscles; forearm skin; some hand muscles
• Musculocutaneous nerve – arm flexor muscles; lateral forearm skin
• Ulnar nerve – some forearm flexor muscles; wrist & hand muscles; hand skin
• Lumbar plexus – from L 1 –L 4 ventral rami
• Femoral nerve – lower abdomen , hip flexors & knee extensors; leg & thigh anteromedial skin
• Obturator nerve – adductor & small hip muscles; medial thigh & hip joint skin
• Sacral plexus – from L 4 –L 5 and S 1 –S 4 ventral rami
• Sciatic nerve – largest nerve in body; splits into two nerves; lower trunk & posterior thigh surface (hip extensors & knee flexors)
• Common fibular nerve – lateral leg & foot
• Tibial nerve – posterior leg & foot
• Superior & inferior gluteal nerves – gluteal muscles

Distribution of Major Peripheral Nerves of the �Upper and Lower Limbs

Spinal Nerve Plexuses

Autonomic Nervous System (AKA Involuntary NS)

• Motor subdivision of the PNS
• Controls body activities automatically
• Special neurons that regulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (visceral organs & blood vessels), and glands
• Helps to maintain homeostasis – constantly makes adjustments to keep internal conditions stable
• Consists only of motor nerves

Note the differences between ANS & SNS

Autonomic Nervous System, continued…

• Somatic vs. Autonomic nervous systems (both PNS)
• Different effector organs and neurotransmitters
• Somatic NS has cell bodies in CNS and an axon that extends to the effector organ
• Autonomic NS has a chain of two motor neurons
• Preganglionic axon – 1 st neuron; in the CNS (“before the ganglion”)
• Postganglionic axon – 2 nd neuron; outside of CNS; goes to organ
• Two divisions of ANS
• Sympathetic & parasympathetic division
• Regulate the same organs, but with opposite effects (counterbalance one another)
• Sympathetic division – mobilizes body during extreme situations (“fight vs. flight”)
• Parasympathetic division – rest and digest; unwind & conserve

Brain & Spinal Cord Cranial & Spinal Nerves

Sensory Division Motor Division

(Periphery → CNS) (CNS → Periphery)

Afferent/Incoming Efferent/Outgoing

Cranial Spinal Somatic Motor NS Autonomic NS

Nerves Nerves Voluntary Involuntary

Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric

Stimulatory Inhibitory GI

• Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
• Originates from brain nuclei of cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, & X) and S 2 -S 4
• AKA craniosacral division
• Cranial neurons synapse with ganglionic motor neuron in terminal ganglia (basically are at the effector organs)
• Sacral preganglionic neurons form pelvic splanchnic nerves (pelvic nerves) – pelvic cavity
• Always uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
• Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
• Originates from gray matter in spinal cord from T 1 through L 2
• AKA thoracolumbar division
• Ganglia are at the sympathetic trunk (near the spinal cord)
• Short pre-ganglionic neuron and long post-ganglionic neuron transmit impulse from CNS to the effector
• Norepinephrine and epinephrine are neurotransmitters to the effector organs
• Sympathetic Functioning —“fight or flight”
• Response to unusual stimulus
• Takes over to increase activities
• Remember as the “E” division
• Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
• Homeostatic Imbalance – excessive sympathetic NS stimulation
• Type A personality – never slows down; may be susceptible to heart disease, high blood pressure, ulcers
• Parasympathetic Functioning —“housekeeping” activites
• Conserves energy (rest & digest)
• Maintains daily necessary body functions
• Remember as the “D” division
• digestion, defecation, and diuresis

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 28-30

• Tracking Down CNS Problems
• EEG – electroencephalography
• Recording of brain neuron’s electrical impulse transmission
• Attach electrodes on scalp
• Record speed of brain waves (unique to each individual)
• Alpha = awake, relaxed state
• Beta = awake, alert state
• Theta = common in children, not normal adults
• Delta = deep sleep

Tracking Down CNS Problems, continued…

• CT, MRI & PET scans
• CT (computed axial tomography) & MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – easily identify tumors, intracranial lesions, MS plaques & areas of dead brain tissue (infarcts)
• PET scans – localize lesions that cause epileptic sezures; used for Alzheimer’s diagnosis, and in cancer tumor activity

CT Scan: normal vs. tumor

PET Scan: normal vs. Alzheimer’s disease

• Cerebral angiography
• Used to visualize arteries in brain
• Used to guide a catheter carrying clot-busting drugs (tPA)

Cerebral angiogram showing an aneurism

87-year-old man with acute onset left hemiplegia. . The image on the left (A) obtained preoperatively. The image on the right (B) was obtained after intra-arterial thrombolysis.

• Development Aspects of the Nervous System
• The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development; therefore, any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects
• Maternal measles (rubella) = deafness
• Lack of O 2 for minutes can cause neuron death
• Smoking decreases amount of O 2 in blood; less O 2 to developing fetus’s brain (potentially brain damage)
• Radiation & drugs (alcohol, opiates, cocaine, etc.) can all damage fetal nervous system development
• Homeostatic imbalances :
• Cerebral palsy – poor control and spastic movements of voluntary muscles, seizures, mental retardation, impaired hearing & vision
• Can be caused by lack of O 2 during difficult delivery
• Anencephaly – failure of the cerebrum to develop; cannot hear, see, or process sensory inputs
• Spina bifida – “forked spine”; vertebra fail to completely form; can result in varying degrees of paralysis & loss of bowel and bladder control

Development Aspects of the Nervous System, cont’d

• The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop (regulates body temperature_
• Premature babies can’t thermoregulate well
• Continued growth & maturation of nervous system through childhood
• Myelination: cranial to caudal; proximal to distal
• Brain is maximum weight as young adult
• Neurons then continue to get damaged and die
• Steady decline of brain weight and volume
• Can still learn throughout life; unlimited neural pathways available
• Sympathetic NS becomes less efficient (especially in constricting blood vessels)
• Orthostatic hypotension – pooling of blood in the feet due to lack of activation of vasoconstrictor fibers and lightheadness; common in elderly when they stand up quickly
• Arteriosclerosis (plaque build up in arteries) and high blood pressure result in less O 2 supply to brain
• Can causes senility – forgetfulness, irritability, confusion, and difficulty in concentrating and thinking clearly
• Some drugs, low blood pressure, constipation, poor nutrition, depression, dehydration, and hormone imbalances can cause “reversible senility”
• Professional boxers (& other high impact sports) and chronic alcoholics hasten the effects of aging on the brain
• “Punch drunk” – slurred speech, tremors, abnormal gait, dementia in retired boxers
• Reduced brain size in both

Answer Did You Get It? #’s 31-32

Introduction

Chapter objectives.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify several branches of each
• Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization
• Identify the functional characteristics of human life
• Identify the four requirements for human survival
• Define homeostasis and explain its importance to normal human functioning
• Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures, body regions, and directions in the body
• Compare and contrast at least four medical imaging techniques in terms of their function and use in medicine

Though you may approach a course in anatomy and physiology strictly as a requirement for your field of study, the knowledge you gain in this course will serve you well in many aspects of your life. An understanding of anatomy and physiology is not only fundamental to any career in the health professions, but it can also benefit your own health. Familiarity with the human body can help you make healthful choices and prompt you to take appropriate action when signs of illness arise. Your knowledge in this field will help you understand news about nutrition, medications, medical devices, and procedures and help you understand genetic or infectious diseases. At some point, everyone will have a problem with some aspect of their body and your knowledge can help you to be a better parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, or caregiver.

This chapter begins with an overview of anatomy and physiology and a preview of the body regions and functions. It then covers the characteristics of life and how the body works to maintain stable conditions. It introduces a set of standard terms for body structures and for planes and positions in the body that will serve as a foundation for more comprehensive information covered later in the text. It ends with examples of medical imaging used to see inside the living body.

As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's permission.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction

• Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Anatomy and Physiology 2e
• Publication date: Apr 20, 2022
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction

© Dec 19, 2023 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.

Anatomy & Physiology: Human Anatomy Topics

• Getting Started
• Human Anatomy Topics
• Books at NPC Library
• Databases for Research

Diagrams - Human Anatomy

• Circulatory System: Topic Page System of vessels in an animal's body that transports essential substances (blood or other circulatory fluid) to and from the different parts of the body.
• Digestive System: Topic Page In the body, all the organs and tissues involved in the digestion of food.
• Endocrine System: Topic Page Body control system composed of a group of glands that maintain a stable internal environment by producing chemical regulatory substances called hormones.
• Immune System: Topic Page The adaptable system of body defenses centers on specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes. These respond to invasion by varied microorganisms.
• Muscular System From The human body book: An illustrated guide to its structure, function and disorders Muscle tissue creates bodily movements and it also powers internal processes, from the heartbeat and the movement of food through the intestines to the adjustment of artery diameter and focusing the eye.
• Reproductive System: Topic Page In animals, the anatomical organs concerned with production of offspring.
• Urinary System: Topic Page Group of organs of the body concerned with excretion of urine, that is, water and the waste products of metabolism.
• Bone Marrow: Topic Page Soft tissue filling the spongy interiors of animal bones. Red marrow is the principal organ that forms blood cells in mammals, including humans. As the skeleton matures, fat-storing yellow marrow displaces red marrow in the shafts of the long bones of the limbs.
• Brain: Topic Page The supervisory center of the nervous system in all vertebrates.
• Intestine: Topic Page Muscular hoselike portion of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the lower end of the stomach (pylorus) to the anal opening.
• Liver: Topic Page Largest glandular organ of the body, weighing about 3 lb (1.36 kg).
• Pancreas: Topic Page Glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones.
• Spleen From Black's Medical Dictionary An organ deeply placed in the abdomen and a major constituent of the RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM.

Sensory Organs

• Skin: Topic Page The flexible tissue (integument) enclosing the body of vertebrate animals. In humans and other mammals, the skin operates a complex organ of numerous structures (sometimes called the integumentary system) serving vital protective and metabolic functions.
• Tongue A freely movable muscular organ that lies partly in the floor of the mouth and partly in the pharynx. It is the organ of taste and contributes also to chewing, swallowing, and speech.
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: Videos >>
• Last Updated: Mar 1, 2024 3:36 PM
• URL: https://libguides.np.edu/Anatomy_Physiology

Human Bio Media

Images, Animations, Interactives, and Simulations

To help explain and explore human anatomy and physiology.

Open-Source Materials

Free artwork designed for presentations, publications, videos, quizzes, and flashcards.

Illustrations

Simple, colorful, and accurate representations of anatomical structures and physiological processes.

Illustrations that sequentially show biological activities, interactions, and pathways.

Continuous motion displays that help students visualize and summarize physiological events.

Interactives and Quizzes

Exercises designed to help students investigate and new concepts and structures and assess their level of understanding.

Simulations for Labs

Virtual exercises that replicate classroom lab activities and allow students to work with test equipment, generate data, and analyze results.

Mobile Friendly

Detailed 2-D reproductions of structures and processes that display well on desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

• Houston Community College
• Eagle Online

• Balaji.Krishnan
• Anatomy and Physiology II Lectures
• Chapter 19 Blood

Chapter 19 Blood Lecture PowerPoint Presentation

To print or download this file, click the link below:

Human Physiology and Endocrinology PPT

Human physiology is the study of the normal functioning of the human body and its various systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and endocrine systems. It seeks to understand the mechanisms and processes that allow the human body to maintain homeostasis and respond to environmental stimuli. Here you can find simplified and self explanatory Human Anatomy and Physiology PPT (PowerPoint Presentations) for life science undergraduage and post-graduate students for learning. You can download all PPTs absolutely free without any subscription or payments.

Human Physiology Notes   |   Human Physiology MCQs

Human Anatomy and Physiology PPT

This page will be updated soon

<<< back to BIOLOGY PPT Page

No related posts.

Privacy Overview

MBBS Physiology Notes-Topic Wise (Physiology PPT Presentations)

• Lecture Notes 

We will keep on updating this post with latest notes. So, please bookmark this link and please do share this link with your friends

MBBS Physiology Notes Topic wise

1 Renal Nephron RN Download 10 Endocine Introduction EI Download 11 Adrenal Medullary Hormones AMH Download 12 Pancreatic Hormones PH Download 13 Hormonal Control of Calcium And Phosphate Metabolism Download 14 Cardiac Cycle CC Download 15 Heart Sounds And Murmurs HSM Download 16 Cns I Sensory CS Download 17 Synapse Download 18 Pain Download 19 Acid Base Regulation ABR Download 2 Renal Body Fluids RBF Download 20 Excretory System ES Download 22 Potassium Balance PB Download 23 Urine Concentration UC Download 24 Nerve Muscle Physiology Introduction NMPI Download 25 Nerve Muscle Physiology Nerve Classification Download 26 Nerve Muscle Physiology Neurotransmitters Download 27 Nerve Muscle Physiology Potentials Across The Membrane Download 28 Nerve Muscle Physiology Skeletal Muscles Download 29 Nerve Muscle Physiology Smooth Muscles Download 3 Renal Gfr And Rbf RGR Download 30 Nerve Muscle Physiology Synapse Download 31 Action Potential AP Download 32 Cardiac Cycle CC Download 33 Cardiovascular System CS Download 34 Dyamics Of Respiration Composition Ventilation Download 35 Elastic Properties of Lung And Pulmonary Ventilation Download 36 Electrocardiography Part 1 EP Download 37 Electrocardiography Part 2 EP Download 38 Experimental Methods Nerve EMN Download 39 Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System FARS Download 4 Renal Gfr And Rbf RGR Download 40 General Physiology GP Download 41 Hematology Functions of Plasma Proteins HFPP Download 42 Homeostasis Download 43 Introduction Respiratory System IRS Download 44 Introduction To General Physiology IGP Download 45 Blood Cells Platelets BCP Download 46 Hematology Blood Composition And Function HBCF Download 47 Anemia Download 48 Hematology Blood HB Download 49 Hematology Blood Transfusion HBT Download 5 Tubular Processes TP Download 50 Hematology Normal HN Download 51 Hemoglobinopathies Download 52 Hematology Download 53 Wbcs Download 54 Hematology Immunity 1 Download 55 Hematology Immunity 2 Download 56 Hematology Immunity 3 Download 57 Hematology Rbcs HR Download 58 Hematology Erythropoiesis Download 59 Hematology Hb Synthesis Download 6 Growth Hormone Download 60 Hematology Iron Metabolism Download 61 Loh Dct LD Download 62 Membrane Transport MT Download 63 Plasma Proteins PP Download 64 Properties of Cardiac Muscle Part 1 Download 65 Properties of Cardiac Muscle Part 2 Download 67 Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Download 68 Structure Skeletal Muscle Download 69 The Cell TC Download 7 Thyroid Hormones TH Download 70 Type Of Nerve Fibers TNF Download 8 Pituitary Hormones PH Download 9 Mech Of Hormone Actn MHA Download Renal Physiology – Introductory RPI Download Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion TRS Download

If you face trouble opening any of the question paper or if you need any other paper, please drop us a mail to [email protected] with subject, university, semester  details. We will send you the papers.

MBBS LECTURE NOTES FOR ALL SUBJECTS (UPDATED FOR 2019 SYLLABUS) – ALL UNIVERSITIES

MBBS 1st Year Important Questions Download Here

MBBS 2nd Year Important Questions Download Here

MBBS 3rd Year Year Important Questions Download Here

MBBS Final Year Year Important Questions Download Here

About The Author

FirstRanker.com is an educational site for all the B.Tech, B.E, M.E, B.Sc, M.Sc, B.Pharm, M.Tech, M.Pharm, MBA, MCA, MBBS, BDS, MD, Degree, Nursing students.

Add a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

Got any suggestions?

We want to hear from you! Send us a message and help improve Slidesgo

Top searches

Trending searches

education technology

242 templates

9 templates

meet the teacher

30 templates

19 templates

computer technology

308 templates

39 templates

Anatomy and Physiology - Bachelor of Science in Human Biology

It seems that you like this template, anatomy and physiology - bachelor of science in human biology presentation, free google slides theme, powerpoint template, and canva presentation template.

Are you ready to explore the intricacies of a bachelor of science in human biology? With a focus on the scientific study of biological processes within the human body, this field is perfect for those looking to dive deep into anatomy and physiology. But what about creating a presentation that captures the essence of this fascinating field? Say hello to our minimalist template - it's the perfect backdrop for showcasing your knowledge. With illustrations of bones, lungs, and the heart, this template is not only professional and modern, but also engaging and fun.

Features of this template

• 100% editable and easy to modify
• 35 different slides to impress your audience
• Contains easy-to-edit graphics such as graphs, maps, tables, timelines and mockups
• Includes 500+ icons and Flaticon’s extension for customizing your slides
• Designed to be used in Google Slides, Canva, and Microsoft PowerPoint
• 16:9 widescreen format suitable for all types of screens
• Includes information about fonts, colors, and credits of the resources used

How can I use the template?

Am I free to use the templates?

How to attribute?

Attribution required If you are a free user, you must attribute Slidesgo by keeping the slide where the credits appear. How to attribute?

Related posts on our blog.

How to Add, Duplicate, Move, Delete or Hide Slides in Google Slides

How to Change Layouts in PowerPoint

How to Change the Slide Size in Google Slides

Related presentations.

Premium template

Unlock this template and gain unlimited access

Register for free and start editing online

Anatomy and Physiology II Brown: Powerpoint Slides & Handouts

• Powerpoint Slides & Handouts
• Hints and Tips
• Web Resources
• Additional Info

Look through the various powepoint presentations. They are all availible in ppt form - perfect for reviewing and printing.

Printing from PowerPoint - how to change from slides to handouts.

• C lick the office button
• 2 Click Print Print what: – on lower left side click the down pointing arrow and then click handouts from the drop-down list Change Color to pure black & white Under Handouts choose 3 or 6 slides per page
• Click on the preview button and zoom to 100% - this will show you what the pages will look like if in your hands.  This is a great way to determine how many slides you want on a page. 

***You must change from slides to handouts for EACH chapter.

Powerpoints for A&P II

• Cardiovascular system
• Nutrition and Metabolism
• Pregnancy growth and development
• Respiratory system
• Lymph Sys. and Immunity
• The Reproductive system
• Urinary System
• Water, Electrolyte, Acid Balance

Select any of the following to download to your computer: *Note some of the slides are broken up into two different presentations due to size.

PJC Library

• << Previous: Anatomy & Physiology !!
• Next: Hints and Tips >>
• Last Updated: May 24, 2024 7:52 AM
• URL: https://parisjc.libguides.com/AnatomyIIBrown

Human Physiology

Sep 04, 2014

531 likes | 1.19k Views

Human Physiology. Zou Yuan, PhD Department of Physiology Dalian Medical University. What is Physiology?. A branch of biological science. To study normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body. What will be learn in Physiology. Physiological function of organs.

Share Presentation

• energy metabolism
• chapter 5 respiration
• abbreviated de motu cordis

Presentation Transcript

Human Physiology Zou Yuan, PhD Department of Physiology Dalian Medical University

What is Physiology? • A branch of biological science. • To study normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body.

What will be learn in Physiology • Physiological function of organs

Cell and its Function

Blood Circulation Blood

Respiration Digestion and Absorption

Energy Metabolism and Body temperature Regulation

Kidney The Nervous System

Endocrine System

Two themes of Physiology • Homeostasis • Integration

Developmental History of Physiology William Harvey(1578-1657) An english physician who, by observing the heart in small animals and fishes, proved experimentally that heart receives and expels blood during each cycle, found valves in the veins and the flow of blood in one direction. He developed the first complete theory of the circulation of blood. He published his observations and interpretations in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (1628), often abbreviatedDe Motu Cordis.

W. Beaumont (1785-1853) American frontier doctor who treated Alexis Saint Martin, a nineteen-year-old Canadian trapper accidentally wounded in the stomach. When the wound healed, Beaumont observed that a hole remained in the stomach cavity. He used the opportunity to insert and withdraw various foods after varying periods of time and tabulate the results. Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) Russian physiologist. He received the Nobel prize in medicine and physiology in 1904. stomach secretion and nervous regulation.

Neural Science

1993, Glasgow, Integrative Physiology At present, from gene to function. We can see, the research levels from whole body, to organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and genes.

Methodology • Physiology is a experimental science. • In vivo: perform on the whole animals. • In vitro: perform on isolated tissue or organ. • Acute: perform on the animals under anesthesia. • Chronic: perform on conscious animals for a long time.

Application and significance • Medicine • Need for know ourselves • Need for practice • Plant Physiology, Animal Physiology, and so forth. • Diving Physiology, Aviatic Physiology.

Fundamental Characteristics of Living Organism • Metabolism • Excitability • Reproduction or adaptation

Metabolism: • Catabolism: catabolic reaction, decomposition. • Anabolism: anabolic reaction, synthesis of molecules. • Material metabolism: learned in Biochemistry. • Energy metabolism: will be learned in Physiology.

Excitability: • Definition: A ability of response to environmental stimuli. • Stimulus: changes in external or internal environment. • Physical stimulus: thermal electric phonic photic

Chemical stimulus: • Biological stimulus: chemical substances bacteria, virus

Response: • Excitatory response: excitation • Inhibitory response: inhibition • Essence of excitability: • AP production

Reproduction • A process by which an animal produces one or more individuals similar to itself. • Reproduction makes species succession possibility.

Regulation of Body Functions • Nervous Regulation • Humoral or Neuro-humoral Regulation • Auto-Regulation

Homeostasis • Internal environment: • Cells to live, namely extracellular fluid. • Interstitial fluid, plasma, etc. • Physical and chemical status are stable: T, pH, etc. • Homeostasis: W.B. Cannon • Constant condition of internal environment. • A dynamic equilibrium: CellTissueOrganSystem. • Homeostasis needs regulatory mechanisms.

Nervous Regulation • It is completed under CNS by reflex that the regular response was made to internal or external stimuli under CNS. • Reflex arc: • Sensor, afferent and efferent limbs, reflex center, and effector. • Classification: • Unconditional reflex: congenitally available • Conditional reflex: learned by individual life. • Properties: • Accuracy: reflex arc is stereotyped. • Rapidity: speed of AP

Hormonal or Neuro-hormonal Regulation • It is completed by special chemicals or metabolic products. • Regulative types: • Endocrine: • Paracrine: • Neuro-endocrine: • Properties: • Slow in onset, diffuse in nature, longer in duration.

Auto-regulation • It is completed by a tissue or organ itself, neither on nervous nor humoral control. • Properties: • Local in range • Limited in action

Feedback Control of body function • Feedback: • To feed the output information back to the control so as to modify the nature of control. Physiological information Control element Effector Feedback information

Forms of feed back: • Positive Feedback: • Negative Feedback: • Feed-forward control:

Contents • Chapter 1 Introduction • Chapter 2 The Cell and its Function • Chapter 3 Blood and Body Fluid • Chapter 4 The Heart and Circulatory system • Chapter 5 Respiration • Chapter 6 Digestion and Absorption • Chapter 7 Energy Metabolism and Body temperature Regulation • Chapter 9 The Kidney • Chapter 10 The Nervous System • Chapter 11 The Endocrine system

• More by User

Human Physiology. A short introduction to the field of human physiology. Introduction. Living systems possess a special organization Physiology studies two related aspects of that organization: structure and function For this reason physiology is closely related to Anatomy and Biochemistry.

682 views • 13 slides

Human Physiology: Tissues

Human Physiology: Tissues. BY DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE) PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY III Lecture 7/August/2012. Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html.

927 views • 61 slides

Human Eye Physiology

Human Eye Physiology. Václav Hlaváč. Plato , 427-347 B.C. inner fire in the eye + emanated ray Epicurus , 341-270 B.C., replicas of the object into the mind Galen , 130-200, physiological details, rays out and in. Alhazen , Arabic philospopher, 965-1040, idea of pinhole camera

695 views • 19 slides

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. Instructor : Dr. Norm Garrison Office: HHS 3152 Phone: (540)568-3047 Office Hours: 1-3:30 W; 9-11:30 Th E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://csm.jmu.edu/biology/garrisne/ Physiology Web Page username: physiology password : bio270jm. Prerequisites.

237 views • 21 slides

Human Physiology. Welcome to your first day of class!!. You Can Contact Me. Lisa.harvey@ vvc.edu 760-245-4271, ext. 2658. Physiology is …. the study of the function of all plants and animals in their normal state. an integrative science. Organ Systems. operate as integrated units

482 views • 18 slides

Human Physiology. The Digestive System. GI-introduction. The gastrointestinal (GI) system consists of the digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus; and associated glands: salivary glands, pancreas, and liver. GI functions .

1.05k views • 93 slides

Human Physiology. Endocrine System. Control pathways May be Local pathways Paracrine and autocrine responses In or in the vicinity of the cells or tissues Long-Distance pathways Response loops Stimulus Sensor/receptor Afferent pathway Integrating center Efferent pathway Effector

461 views • 35 slides

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. FOR NURSING STUDENTS DEVELOPED BY: A . POORHOSSEINI,M.D . SEMESTER 91-92-1. INTRODUCTION. What is physiology? •From cell to human (levels of organization) •A review of the organ systems •Introduction of the concept of homeostasis •Themes in Physiology

698 views • 25 slides

Human Physiology. Course requirements:. Texts: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 6 th ed. Frederic H. Martini Anatomy &amp; Physiology Coloring Workbook, 7 th ed. Elaine Marieb

1.17k views • 75 slides

Human Physiology. The Central Nervous System. Thing to be covered Anatomy of the CNS The Spinal Cord The Brain. Human Physiology. The Central Nervous System. Anatomy of the CNS The Skull or Cranium (for brain) The Vetebral Column (for spinal cord) Meninges

376 views • 19 slides

Human Physiology. Bio 5 Denise Lim, Instructor. ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests. Orange, 8.5&quot; X 11&quot; Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them. MasteringA&amp;P. Online homework and online quizzes. Use Your Textbook Wisely. Glossary/Index Concept Reviews (Blue Headings)

503 views • 21 slides

Human Physiology. Welcome to your first day of class!!. You Can Contact Me. [email protected] 760-245-4271, ext. 2658. Physiology is …. the study of the function of all plants and animals in their normal state. an integrative science. Organ Systems. operate as integrated units

377 views • 18 slides

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. Objectives: Define homeostasis Describe mechanisms used by the human body to maintain balance Identify how the body uses these mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. HOMEOSTASIS. Tendency towards a relatively stable state or equilibrium (balance) Examples:

261 views • 9 slides

Human Physiology. By: Ian Pendleton. Overview.

553 views • 45 slides

Human Physiology. Physiology 1 Section 3056 – Mon Lab Section 3057 – Wed Lab Dorena Rode [email protected] 577-0379 8am – 8pm. Course Web Site www.dorenarode.com/physiology. Lecture notes Study guide Old tests Study questions Syllabus Links to other resources. Web Check In .

321 views • 21 slides

Human Physiology:

Human Physiology:. How Does the Human Body Work?. Homeostatic Control System. How Do Parts of The body Communicate?. How does the body quickly send information to anatomical structures? Diffusion of substances is effective for short distances.

740 views • 71 slides

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. LECTURES 1 &amp; 2. CENTRAL THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY. CENTRAL THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY. Structure – Function relationship Adaptations, acclimatization and acclimation Homeostasis Conformity and regulation Feedback control systems. STRUCTURE – FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP.

328 views • 27 slides

238 views • 21 slides

Human Physiology. Chapter 12: the study of how living things work. Barron ’ s Essential 5: #3. Molecules, cells, and organs coordinate activities for the fitness of the organism as a whole. Digestion. A.) Digestion

392 views • 30 slides

• Frontiers in Physiology
• Integrative Physiology
• Research Topics

Emerging Topics in Human Physiology

Total Downloads

Total Views and Downloads

About this Research Topic

This Frontiers Research Topic is launched in a post-pandemic recovery moment within the occasion of the 2nd International Meeting of the Portuguese Physiological Society. Together with the Brazilian Physiological Society and the Spanish Society of Physiological Sciences, multiple initiatives were creatively ...

Keywords : human physiology, neurophysiology, locomotion, exercise physiology, muscle physiology, heart, circulation, respiration, renal physiology, urinary physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, skin physiology, endocrine physiology, reproductive physiology, development, integrative physiology

Important Note : All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Topic Editors

Topic coordinators, recent articles, submission deadlines.

Submission closed.

Participating Journals

Total views.

• Demographics

No records found

total views article views downloads topic views

Top countries

Top referring sites, about frontiers research topics.

With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author.

• Accountancy and Control (master)
• Accountancy and Control (premaster)
• Actuarial Science (bachelor)
• Actuarial Science and Mathematical Finance (master)
• American Studies (master)
• Ancient Studies (bachelor)
• Arabische taal en cultuur (bachelor)
• Arbeidsrecht (master)
• Archaeology (master)
• Archaeology (premaster)
• Archaeology (bachelor), EN
• Archaeology and Heritage (research master)
• Archeologie (bachelor), NL
• Archival and Information Studies (duale master)
• Art and Performance Research Studies (research master)
• Artificial Intelligence (master)
• Bèta-gamma (bachelor)
• Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (master, joint degree)
• Biological Sciences (master)
• Biologie (bachelor)
• Biomedical Sciences (master)
• Biomedische wetenschappen (bachelor)
• BMS: Cell Biology and Advanced Microscopy (master)
• BMS: Cognitive Neurobiology and Clinical Neurophysiology (master)
• BMS: Developmental and Therapeutic Biology (master)
• BMS: Experimental Internal Medicine (master)
• BMS: Infection and Immunity (master)
• BMS: Medical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (master)
• BMS: Molecular Neurosciences (master)
• BMS: Oncology (master)
• BMS: Physiology of Synapses and Networks (master)
• BMS: Psychopharmacology and Pathophysiology (master)
• Boekwetenschap (master)
• Boekwetenschap (schakelprogramma)
• Brain and Cognitive Sciences (research master)
• BS: Ecology and Evolution (master)
• BS: Freshwater and Marine Biology (master)
• BS: General Biology (master)
• BS: Green Life Sciences (master)
• Business Administration (bachelor)
• Business Administration (master)
• Business Administration (premaster)
• Business Analytics (bachelor)
• Business Economics (master)
• Business Economics (premaster)
• Chemistry (master, joint degree)
• Chemistry (premaster)
• Chemistry: Analytical Sciences (master, joint degree)
• Chemistry: Molecular Sciences (master, joint degree)
• Chemistry: Science for Energy and Sustainability (master, joint degree)
• Child Development and Education (research master)
• Classics and Ancient Civilizations (master)
• Cognition, Language and Communication (bachelor)
• Commerciële rechtspraktijk (master)
• Communicatiewetenschap (bachelor)
• Communication and Information (duale master)
• Communication Science (bachelor)
• Communication Science (master)
• Communication Science (premaster)
• Communication Science (research master)
• Comparative Cultural Analysis (master)
• Comparative Literature (master)
• Computational Science (master, joint degree)
• Computational Social Science (bachelor)
• Computer Science (master, joint degree)
• Conflict Resolution and Governance (master)
• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage (master)
• Cultural Analysis (research master)
• Cultural and Social Anthropology (master)
• Cultural and Social Anthropology (premaster)
• Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (bachelor)
• Cultural Data & AI (master)
• Culturele antropologie en ontwikkelingssociologie (bachelor)
• Cultuurwetenschappen (bachelor)
• Curating Art and Cultures (duale master)
• Data Science (master)
• Data Science and Business Analytics (master)
• Documentaire en fictie (duale master)
• Duits, Educatie en communicatie (master)
• Duits, Educatie en communicatie (schakelprogramma)
• Duitslandstudies (bachelor)
• Duitslandstudies (master)
• Earth Sciences (master)
• East European Studies (master)
• Econometrics (master)
• Econometrics (premaster)
• Econometrics and Data Science (bachelor)
• Economics (master)
• Economics (premaster)
• Economics and Business Economics (bachelor)
• Engels, Educatie en communicatie (master)
• Engels, Educatie en communicatie (schakelprogramma)
• English Language and Culture (bachelor)
• English Literature and Culture (master)
• Entrepreneurship (master)
• ES: Environmental Management (master)
• ES: Future Planet Ecosystem Science (master)
• ES: Geo-Ecological Dynamics (master)
• European Competition Law and Regulation (master)
• European Policy (master)
• European Private Law (master)
• European Studies (bachelor)
• European Studies (premaster)
• European Union Law (master)
• Europese studies (bachelor)
• Exchange programme Economics and Business
• Exchange programme Humanities
• Exchange programme Law - Amsterdam Law School
• Exchange programme PPLE - Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics
• Exchange programme Science
• Exchange programme Social and Behavioural Sciences
• Film Studies (master)
• Filosofie (bachelor)
• Filosofie (master)
• Finance (master)
• Fiscaal Recht (bachelor)
• Fiscaal Recht (master)
• Fiscale Economie (bachelor)
• Fiscale Economie (master)
• Fiscale Economie (premaster)
• Forensic Science (master)
• Frans, Educatie en communicatie (master)
• Frans, Educatie en communicatie (schakelprogramma)
• Franse taal en cultuur (bachelor)
• Future Planet Studies (bachelor)
• Geneeskunde (bachelor)
• Geneeskunde (master)
• Geneeskunde (schakelprogramma)
• General Linguistics (master)
• Geschiedenis (bachelor)
• Geschiedenis (master)
• Geschiedenis (research master)
• Geschiedenis (schakelprogramma)
• Geschiedenis van de internationale betrekkingen (master)
• Geschiedenis, Educatie en communicatie (master)
• Gezondheidsrecht (master)
• Gezondheidszorgpsychologie (master)
• Global Arts, Culture and Politics (bachelor)
• Griekse en Latijnse taal en cultuur (bachelor)
• Hebreeuwse taal en cultuur (bachelor)
• Heritage and Memory Studies (duale master)
• Holocaust and Genocide Studies (master)
• Human Geography (master)
• Human Geography (premaster)
• Human Geography and Planning (bachelor)
• Identity and Integration (master)
• Informatica (bachelor)
• Informatiekunde (bachelor)
• Informatierecht (master)
• Information Studies (master)
• Information Systems (master)
• Interdisciplinaire sociale wetenschap (bachelor)
• Internationaal en Europees belastingrecht (master)
• International and Transnational Criminal Law (master)
• International Criminal Law - Joint programme with Columbia Law School (master)
• International Development Studies (master)
• International Development Studies (premaster)
• International Development Studies (research master)
• International Dramaturgy (duale master)
• International Dramaturgy and Theatre Studies (premaster)
• International Tax Law (advanced master)
• International Trade and Investment Law (master)
• Italië Studies (bachelor)
• Jewish Studies (master)
• Journalism, Media and Globalisation (Erasmus Mundus Master's - joint degree)
• Journalistiek en media (duale master)
• Kunst, cultuur en politiek (master)
• Kunst, cultuur en politiek (schakelprogramma)
• Kunstgeschiedenis (bachelor)
• Kunstgeschiedenis (master)
• Kunstgeschiedenis (schakelprogramma)
• Kunstmatige intelligentie (bachelor)
• Language and Society (master)
• Language, Literature and Education (master)
• Language, Literature and Education (premaster)
• Latin American Studies (master)
• Latin American Studies (premaster)
• Law & Finance (master)
• Lerarenopleidingen
• Linguistics (bachelor)
• Linguistics (premaster)
• Linguistics and Communication (research master)
• Literary and Cultural Analysis (bachelor)
• Literary Studies (premaster)
• Literary Studies (research master)
• Literature, Culture and Society (master)
• Logic (master)
• Mathematics (master)
• Media and Culture (bachelor)
• Media and Information (bachelor)
• Media en cultuur (bachelor)
• Media Studies (premaster)
• Media Studies (research master)
• Medical Anthropology and Sociology (master)
• Medical Anthropology and Sociology (premaster)
• Medical informatics (master)
• Medische informatiekunde (bachelor)
• Midden-Oostenstudies (master)
• Midden-Oostenstudies (schakelprogramma)
• Militaire geschiedenis (master)
• Museum Studies (duale master)
• Music Studies (master)
• Music Studies (premaster)
• Muziekwetenschap (bachelor)
• Natuurkunde en sterrenkunde (bachelor, joint degree)
• Nederlands als tweede taal en meertaligheid (duale master)
• Nederlands als tweede taal en meertaligheid (schakelprogramma)
• Nederlands, Educatie en communicatie (master)
• Nederlands, Educatie en communicatie (schakelprogramma)
• Nederlandse taal en cultuur (bachelor)
• Nederlandse taal en cultuur (master)
• New Media and Digital Culture (master)
• Nieuwgriekse taal en cultuur (bachelor)
• Onderwijswetenschappen (bachelor)
• Onderwijswetenschappen (master)
• Onderwijswetenschappen (schakelprogramma)
• (Forensische) Orthopedagogiek (schakelprogramma)
• Oudheidwetenschappen (bachelor)
• P&A: Advanced Matter and Energy Physics (master, joint degree)
• P&A: Astronomy and Astrophysics (master, joint degree)
• P&A: Biophysics and Biophotonics (master, joint degree)
• P&A: General Physics and Astronomy (master, joint degree)
• P&A: GRAPPA - Gravitation, Astro-, and Particle Physics (master, joint degree)
• P&A: Science for Energy and Sustainability (master, joint degree)
• P&A: Theoretical Physics (master, joint degree)
• Pedagogical Sciences (master)
• Pedagogische wetenschappen (bachelor)
• Pedagogische wetenschappen (master)
• Philosophy (master)
• Philosophy (research master)
• Philosophy of the Humanities and the Social Sciences (master)
• Philosophy of the Humanities and the Social Sciences (schakelprogramma)
• Physics and Astronomy (master, joint degree)
• Political Science (bachelor)
• Political Science (master)
• Political Science (premaster)
• Politicologie (bachelor)
• PPLE - Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics (bachelor)
• Preservation and Presentation of the Moving Image (duale master)
• Preventieve jeugdhulp en opvoeding (schakelprogramma)
• Privaatrechtelijke rechtspraktijk (master)
• Psychobiologie (bachelor)
• Psychologie (schakelprogramma)
• Psychologie (bachelor), NL
• Psychologie (master), NL
• Psychology (premaster)
• Psychology (bachelor), EN
• Psychology (master), EN
• Psychology (research master), EN
• Public International Law (master)
• Publieksgeschiedenis (master)
• Rechtsgeleerdheid (bachelor)
• Rechtsgeleerdheid met HBO-vooropleiding (schakelprogramma)
• Rechtsgeleerdheid met WO-vooropleiding (schakelprogramma)
• Redacteur/editor (duale master)
• Religiewetenschappen (bachelor)
• Religious Studies (research master)
• Russische en Slavische studies (bachelor)
• Scandinavië studies (bachelor)
• Scheikunde (bachelor, joint degree)
• Science, Technology & Innovation (bachelor)
• Security and Network Engineering (master)
• Sign Language Linguistics (bachelor)
• Social Sciences (research master)
• Sociale geografie en Planologie (bachelor)
• Sociologie (bachelor)
• Sociology (bachelor)
• Sociology (master)
• Sociology (premaster)
• Software Engineering (master)
• Spaanse en Latijns-Amerikaanse studies (bachelor)
• Spirituality and Religion (master)
• Spirituality and Religion (schakelprogramma)
• Staats- en bestuursrecht (master)
• Stads- en architectuurgeschiedenis (master)
• Stochastics and Financial Mathematics (master)
• Strafrecht (master)
• Taalwetenschappen (bachelor)
• Technology Governance (advanced master)
• Television and Cross-Media Culture (master)
• Theaterwetenschap (bachelor)
• Theatre Studies (master)
• Universitaire Pabo van Amsterdam (bachelor)
• Urban and Regional Planning (master)
• Urban and Regional Planning (premaster)
• Urban Studies (research master)
• Vertalen (master)
• Vertalen (schakelprogramma)
• Wiskunde (bachelor)

Presentation Master's thesis - Eva van den Klundert - Social Psychology

Roeterseilandcampus - Building G, Street: Nieuwe Achtergracht 129-b, Room: GS.01

This study investigates the impact of emotional arousal on memory accuracy and susceptibility to false memories following exposure to misinformation. Following a between-subjects experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) misinformation-arousal, (2) misinformation-neutral, (3) no misinformation-arousal, or (4) no misinformation-neutral. Initially, participants viewed a neutral video clip and answered questions designed to either introduce misinformation or remain neutral. Subsequently, emotional arousal was either induced through an arousing video or participants were showed a calming nature clip. Memory retention and the incorporation of false details were assessed through a final test. Data analysis aimed to explore how emotional arousal and misinformation during the storage phase influenced memory accuracy during retrieval.