research proposal format in india

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• v.60(9); 2016 Sep

How to write a research proposal?

Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Devika Rani Duggappa

Writing the proposal of a research work in the present era is a challenging task due to the constantly evolving trends in the qualitative research design and the need to incorporate medical advances into the methodology. The proposal is a detailed plan or ‘blueprint’ for the intended study, and once it is completed, the research project should flow smoothly. Even today, many of the proposals at post-graduate evaluation committees and application proposals for funding are substandard. A search was conducted with keywords such as research proposal, writing proposal and qualitative using search engines, namely, PubMed and Google Scholar, and an attempt has been made to provide broad guidelines for writing a scientifically appropriate research proposal.

INTRODUCTION

A clean, well-thought-out proposal forms the backbone for the research itself and hence becomes the most important step in the process of conduct of research.[ 1 ] The objective of preparing a research proposal would be to obtain approvals from various committees including ethics committee [details under ‘Research methodology II’ section [ Table 1 ] in this issue of IJA) and to request for grants. However, there are very few universally accepted guidelines for preparation of a good quality research proposal. A search was performed with keywords such as research proposal, funding, qualitative and writing proposals using search engines, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus.

Five ‘C’s while writing a literature review

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer.[ 2 ] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about the credibility, achievability, practicality and reproducibility (repeatability) of the research design.[ 3 ] Four categories of audience with different expectations may be present in the evaluation committees, namely academic colleagues, policy-makers, practitioners and lay audiences who evaluate the research proposal. Tips for preparation of a good research proposal include; ‘be practical, be persuasive, make broader links, aim for crystal clarity and plan before you write’. A researcher must be balanced, with a realistic understanding of what can be achieved. Being persuasive implies that researcher must be able to convince other researchers, research funding agencies, educational institutions and supervisors that the research is worth getting approval. The aim of the researcher should be clearly stated in simple language that describes the research in a way that non-specialists can comprehend, without use of jargons. The proposal must not only demonstrate that it is based on an intelligent understanding of the existing literature but also show that the writer has thought about the time needed to conduct each stage of the research.[ 4 , 5 ]

CONTENTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The contents or formats of a research proposal vary depending on the requirements of evaluation committee and are generally provided by the evaluation committee or the institution.

In general, a cover page should contain the (i) title of the proposal, (ii) name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators, (iii) institutional affiliation (degree of the investigator and the name of institution where the study will be performed), details of contact such as phone numbers, E-mail id's and lines for signatures of investigators.

The main contents of the proposal may be presented under the following headings: (i) introduction, (ii) review of literature, (iii) aims and objectives, (iv) research design and methods, (v) ethical considerations, (vi) budget, (vii) appendices and (viii) citations.[ 4 ]

Introduction

It is also sometimes termed as ‘need for study’ or ‘abstract’. Introduction is an initial pitch of an idea; it sets the scene and puts the research in context.[ 6 ] The introduction should be designed to create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal. It should convey to the reader, what you want to do, what necessitates the study and your passion for the topic.[ 7 ] Some questions that can be used to assess the significance of the study are: (i) Who has an interest in the domain of inquiry? (ii) What do we already know about the topic? (iii) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (iv) How will this research add to knowledge, practice and policy in this area? Some of the evaluation committees, expect the last two questions, elaborated under a separate heading of ‘background and significance’.[ 8 ] Introduction should also contain the hypothesis behind the research design. If hypothesis cannot be constructed, the line of inquiry to be used in the research must be indicated.

Review of literature

It refers to all sources of scientific evidence pertaining to the topic in interest. In the present era of digitalisation and easy accessibility, there is an enormous amount of relevant data available, making it a challenge for the researcher to include all of it in his/her review.[ 9 ] It is crucial to structure this section intelligently so that the reader can grasp the argument related to your study in relation to that of other researchers, while still demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. It is preferable to summarise each article in a paragraph, highlighting the details pertinent to the topic of interest. The progression of review can move from the more general to the more focused studies, or a historical progression can be used to develop the story, without making it exhaustive.[ 1 ] Literature should include supporting data, disagreements and controversies. Five ‘C's may be kept in mind while writing a literature review[ 10 ] [ Table 1 ].

Aims and objectives

The research purpose (or goal or aim) gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve in the research. The hypothesis to be tested can be the aim of the study. The objectives related to parameters or tools used to achieve the aim are generally categorised as primary and secondary objectives.

Research design and method

The objective here is to convince the reader that the overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the research problem and to impress upon the reader that the methodology/sources chosen are appropriate for the specific topic. It should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.

In this section, the methods and sources used to conduct the research must be discussed, including specific references to sites, databases, key texts or authors that will be indispensable to the project. There should be specific mention about the methodological approaches to be undertaken to gather information, about the techniques to be used to analyse it and about the tests of external validity to which researcher is committed.[ 10 , 11 ]

The components of this section include the following:[ 4 ]

Population and sample

Population refers to all the elements (individuals, objects or substances) that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe,[ 12 ] and sample refers to subset of population which meets the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria should be clearly defined. The details pertaining to sample size are discussed in the article “Sample size calculation: Basic priniciples” published in this issue of IJA.

Data collection

The researcher is expected to give a detailed account of the methodology adopted for collection of data, which include the time frame required for the research. The methodology should be tested for its validity and ensure that, in pursuit of achieving the results, the participant's life is not jeopardised. The author should anticipate and acknowledge any potential barrier and pitfall in carrying out the research design and explain plans to address them, thereby avoiding lacunae due to incomplete data collection. If the researcher is planning to acquire data through interviews or questionnaires, copy of the questions used for the same should be attached as an annexure with the proposal.

Rigor (soundness of the research)

This addresses the strength of the research with respect to its neutrality, consistency and applicability. Rigor must be reflected throughout the proposal.

It refers to the robustness of a research method against bias. The author should convey the measures taken to avoid bias, viz. blinding and randomisation, in an elaborate way, thus ensuring that the result obtained from the adopted method is purely as chance and not influenced by other confounding variables.

Consistency

Consistency considers whether the findings will be consistent if the inquiry was replicated with the same participants and in a similar context. This can be achieved by adopting standard and universally accepted methods and scales.

Applicability

Applicability refers to the degree to which the findings can be applied to different contexts and groups.[ 13 ]

Data analysis

This section deals with the reduction and reconstruction of data and its analysis including sample size calculation. The researcher is expected to explain the steps adopted for coding and sorting the data obtained. Various tests to be used to analyse the data for its robustness, significance should be clearly stated. Author should also mention the names of statistician and suitable software which will be used in due course of data analysis and their contribution to data analysis and sample calculation.[ 9 ]

Ethical considerations

Medical research introduces special moral and ethical problems that are not usually encountered by other researchers during data collection, and hence, the researcher should take special care in ensuring that ethical standards are met. Ethical considerations refer to the protection of the participants' rights (right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to autonomy and confidentiality, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm), obtaining informed consent and the institutional review process (ethical approval). The researcher needs to provide adequate information on each of these aspects.

Informed consent needs to be obtained from the participants (details discussed in further chapters), as well as the research site and the relevant authorities.

When the researcher prepares a research budget, he/she should predict and cost all aspects of the research and then add an additional allowance for unpredictable disasters, delays and rising costs. All items in the budget should be justified.

Appendices are documents that support the proposal and application. The appendices will be specific for each proposal but documents that are usually required include informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, measurement tools and patient information of the study in layman's language.

As with any scholarly research paper, you must cite the sources you used in composing your proposal. Although the words ‘references and bibliography’ are different, they are used interchangeably. It refers to all references cited in the research proposal.

Successful, qualitative research proposals should communicate the researcher's knowledge of the field and method and convey the emergent nature of the qualitative design. The proposal should follow a discernible logic from the introduction to presentation of the appendices.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Scientific Writing Resources / Preparing Scholarly Work  / Proposal

General Guidelines in Scientific Writing

• Academic Integrity
• Building an Argument
• Critical Reading
• Critical Writing   
• Figures and Tables   
• Paragraphs  
• Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
• Peer-review 
• Response to Reviewers’ Critiques
• Plagiarism   
• Writing Tips and Tools
• Types or Styles of Writing
• How to evaluate online information resources
• Miscellaneous

Preparing Scholarly Work

• Dissertation/ Thesis 
• Journal Article
• Original (Research) Article  
• Review Article 
• Editorial, Opinion, and Perspectives Articles

Preparing for a Publication

• Deciding on Authorship  
• Cover letter for a journal manuscript submission  
• Reference Management

Career Development

• Statement of Purpose (SOP) 
• Research Statement
• Teaching Statement
• Cover letter for a job application

The goals of a research proposal are to:

• Present and justify the need to study a research problem; and
• Describe a methodology to be conducted.

A research proposal is typically written for obtaining a grant, a fellowship, a scholarship, an internship, or an academic position. The structure of a proposal can vary between different funding programs and agencies. The following presents a typical structure of a proposal:  

• Project Summary or Abstract:  A concise, half-page summary of the proposed work, which includes an introductory statement, hypotheses/goals, a description of the objectives and methods, and the implications of the work.
• Background or Review of Relevant Literature :  Include introductory information relevant to your topic. This section should set the stage of the context of your proposal. Review the status of research in the proposed topic and gap areas, if any, which you would like to address. Emphasize the need for further research.
• Origin of the Proposal : Highlight the scientific rationale and significance of the proposed work. Include the hypotheses you aim to test.
• Objectives or Specific Aims : Outline the objectives of your proposed work and the purpose for each objective. These objectives must be brief, focused, and conceptual.
• Research plan : Describe the overall strategy to be used to accomplish the proposed work, including the methods and activities to be undertaken.
• Expected outcomes : Discuss possible results of your proposed studies. Discuss the significance of the work and the relevance of the results.
• References: Include a list of references that are cited in the main body of the text.

Before submitting a proposal, carefully review the requirements and structure of the proposal, as announced in the funding call.   

The following resources provide more information on preparing a research proposal:

• Eve, J. (2008). Writing a research proposal: planning and communicating your research ideas effectively. Library and Information Research, 32, 102, pp. 18-28 . 
• Sudheesh, K., Duggappa, D.R., and Nethra. S.S. (2016) . How to write a research proposal . Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60, 9, pp. 631-634. 
• Punch, K.F. (2016). Developing effective research proposals . 3rd edition, SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN: 9781473916388. IIT Gandhinagar Library Call number: 300.72 PUN ( Browse shelf )
• Locke, L.F., Spirduso, W.W., and Silverman, S.J. (2013). Proposals that work:   A   guide for planning dissertations and grant proposals.  6th edition, SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN: 9781452216850
• Terrell, S.R. (2015). Writing a proposal for your dissertation: Guidelines and examples.  The Guilford Press. ISBN: 9781462523023
• Boxman, R. (2017).  Writing a winning research proposal.  
• University of Reading (2019). How to write a PhD research proposal.
• Monash University (2020).  Writing a Research Proposal.  
• The University of Edinburgh (2020).  Research proposals . 
• The University of Southern California (2020).  Writing a Research Proposal .  
• The University of Sydney.  How to write a research proposal . 

• How to Write a Research Proposal

How to Write a Research Proposal - Structure and Guidelines

To obtain any higher degree of education, you will be required to write a research paper as a part of your final project. A research proposal is written before you write your research paper. It is a description of your research topic and the details of your paper. There is a particular format for writing a research proposal. To learn more about what a research proposal is, go through this article.

Table of Contents

What is the purpose of a research proposal, abstract and table of contents, introduction, aims and objectives, background significance, literature review, research design and methodology, research questions, suppositions and implications, bibliography, tips to write a research proposal, frequently asked questions on writing a research proposal.

The purpose of writing a research proposal is to present the plan for the research. It can also be written as a proposal for the research project’s funding. First, a research proposal is sent to the guide or mentor for approval. Only after their approval can you proceed with the research.

No matter what your reasons are for drafting a research proposal, the format remains the same. The researcher portrays how and why the research topic is relevant to the field. They explain the research gap and the ways to fill up the research gap. A research proposal also proves that the author can conduct the research and make a significant contribution to the field’s current status. To do this, your research proposal must detail your academic history and credentials and also establish the academic worth of your proposed ideas.

Listed below are the important things to be covered in a research proposal.

• The research methodology
• The research tools and procedures to be used by the researcher to collect and analyse the data
• Explanation of how the research can fit the budget and other restrictions imposed by the institution, department, or academic program

Structure of a Research Proposal

A research proposal must include the following.

An abstract and table of contents are added at the beginning of the research proposal, just before the introduction. An abstract talks about the research in brief. It can also include keywords used in the proposal towards the end.

Like in any other academic writing, the introduction of a research proposal introduces your research idea. It covers the research problem and the questions it raises. The introduction provides the context for your research. It must be precise and must cover all the relevant information. Be careful not to make it look like all the information is crammed into one paragraph.

This is an important section of a research proposal. This is where you explain your objectives for conducting the research and what you intend to achieve through it. This will help the reader understand your point of view more clearly. Mention the objectives in bullet points.

This is the section where you explain why the research is essential and how it is related to the field. You have to also explain the research problems and why you have to work on them here.

The literature review plays a vital role in a research proposal. In this section, you will explain information related to the study from books, articles and other sources. The main objective here is to establish the research gap.

After the literature review, the important thing to discuss in the research proposal is the research methodology and the design of your research. In this section, you will mention about,

• The type of research to be conducted – qualitative or quantitative. You will have to mention if the data is collected originally by you or if you are analysing other researchers’ works.
• You will also have to explain if you are conducting an experimental, correlational, or descriptive type of research.
• Discuss the data you are working with. If you are conducting social science research, for example, you will have to describe the demographic you are looking at. You must also explain how you will choose your subjects and collect data from them.
• Also, explain the tools to be used while conducting the research. It can be surveys, interviews, videos, etc.

After looking at your research and the type of research, you can also add information regarding the budget, time frame, and obstacles.

Research questions direct you to stick to the research and not deviate from it at any point. It can be two to four or five questions that you seek to find answers to with your research.

Although you will not know the findings of your research until you’ve completed it, you should have a clear sense of how your work will benefit your field before you begin. This section of your research proposal is likely the most important because it expresses why your research is vital. You can explain the below-given points in this section.

• How your research will create the foundation for future research.
• How it can be challenging to the already existing theories.
• How it adds practical value to the practitioners, researchers, teachers, etc.
• The problems that you may have to work on and fix.
• Policies that can be impacted by your findings.
• How your findings can be implemented in academics, and how they can transform the system.

Primarily this section talks about the value that your research can add. Rather than talking about the exact result or exact answer, you can discuss the expected outcomes.

The conclusion contains the overall summary of the proposal. Make sure you do not end it abruptly.

A bibliography plays a crucial role in a research paper as well as a research proposal. It is the list of sources you have referred to and cited to avoid plagiarism and copyright issues. At times, the full list of the bibliography is not needed. In such a case, we can just add the reference list. You can seek help from your guide or supervisor for the correct format.

• Include all the information regarding the final research paper to make it understandable to the supervisor, guide, etc.
• Citations play a major role. Cite every source you have referred to and used.
• Follow one format of writing, e.g. MLA format, APA format, etc. Consult with your guide and find out which format you have to follow to write your research proposal.
• Establish a strong argument for your research proposal because your objective is to make your reader say “Yes” to your proposal.
• Proofread and edit it to avoid any possible errors.

What are the essential components of a research proposal?

The essential components of a research proposal are the introduction, literature review, research questions, aims and objectives, and the research methodology.

Why is a research proposal written?

A research proposal is written to seek approval from the research guide, to get financial support, or to prepare a representation of your research plan and strategies.

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FAIRNESS IN CONTRACTS: A CONSUMER LAW PERSPECTIVE

PROSECUTION PROCEDURE IN NOISE POLLUTION CASES

PREPARING RESEARCH PROPOSALS FOR RESEARCH GRANTS/PROJECTS

• November 21, 2020

Ms. Archita Narayanan, Assistant Professor, NLSIU

Research Grants or Projects requirements vary from funding institution to institution. Most funding agencies/institutions have a specific set of requirements or research areas/topics that they are looking to extend financial support to. The Research Proposal, its components and the budget need to be aligned to these requirements and the application guidelines put forth by the funding institution.

Some points to remember while applying for Research Grants/Projects:

• The guidelines mentioned by the funding agency/ institutions for the application and research proposal should be followed to the tee.
• Be aware of the deadline. Most Government Agencies or Departments require the hard copy of the Proposal and the requisite documents to reach them via post before the stated deadline.
• Always send the Proposal and documentation with a cover letter on the institutions letterhead.
• The grant amount is generally specified by the funding agencies. The tentative budget breakup for the grant and activities to be conducted should be realistic and achievable.
• The research questions and objectives should be aligned to the research topic and the requirements of the funding agency. Moreover, the methods and proposed outcome of the research project should have an explicit/direct connection to the research objective, questions and research topic.

How to find prospective Research Grants/ Projects and start preparing a research proposal:

• Research grants can be from specific Government bodies/ministries/departments, NGOs and private foundations (United Nations, World Bank, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation etc.) or research and educational bodies (CSIR, UGC, ICSSR) or the industry. Make sure that your research objective and the funding agencies research requirements align.
• The websites of these institutions as well as newspapers should constantly be checked for any Call for Proposals or Request for Proposals (RFP) for a Research Grant/Project.
• Look into the eligibility/expertise requirements of institutions/individuals that can be given the grant/project. See whether the Research topic, deliverables, budget and timeline align with your or your institutions research interest and capacity/ specialization.
• Apart from the Call for Proposal/RFP documents/guide, carry out a background research on the funding agency, their activities and areas of specialization. This can be done to align the Proposal and the research that is proposed to be conducted to the requirements of the funding agency.
• Pay attention to the application requirements, conditions and other documents that are to be submitted to the funding institution. (Audited accounts, annual reports of the institution, registration of the institution etc.) Non submission of the supporting documents may result in the rejection of the application/ proposal.

Structure and Content of the Proposal

Most funding agencies provide a sample format that is to be followed for the preparation of the Research Proposal. Most research proposals consist of the following content:

• Title of the Research Project

The Research Project title briefly encapsulates the scope of the research project. Make sure that the title is succinct and reflects the primary objective/outcome of the research undertaken.

• Background to the topic

Keep the background short and to the point. Unlike a literature review, the background should chart out the brief history and current position of the research problem that is being targeted or proposed to be studied. Make sure that the literature being researched for the background is up to date. The background should demonstrate that you know the field thoroughly.

• Statement of the Research Problem

In order to identify a substantial research problem, one must first identify that an actual problem or gap exists in the policy or regulatory framework that the research proposes to target. Make sure that the problem is significant and there is a need or requirement for research to be undertaken in that area. The subject of research, the methodology or any other significant component of your approach to the research should not have been undertaken earlier, so as to lend a novel component to the research. The difference between an academic research proposal and a proposal for a grant or project is that the problem is current and the research must be focused to provide outcomes/ recommendations/tools that are of substantial worth to the funding agency and are actionable. The problem statement should not be more than a few lines.

• Research Aim, Objectives and Outcome

The research aim and objectives should meet the mission of the funding agency or the Scheme/Grant under which the agency has called for proposals. The aim and objectives of the research undertaken should be clear and concise and should flow from the problem statement or research problem identified. It should suggest steps to remedy the problem identified or recommend steps to reduce the gap between the status quo and the ideal scenario. The aim and objectives should be stated using action verbs and should be measurable and realistic and should directly be aligned to the Project Title. Words such as to describe, to assess, to calculate, to determine etc. should be used while framing the same.

  Research Title: The Socio- Economic Impact of MGNREGA on Beneficiaries: A Case Study of Bellary District in Karnataka

• Research Aim: To assess the socio-economic impact of MGNREGA on beneficiaries in Bellary District in Karnataka
• Research Objectives:
• To determine the impact of MGNREGA on socio- economic development of beneficiaries in Bellary District in Karnataka
• To ascertain the legal and regulatory  bottlenecks  in  the implementation of MGNREGA in Bellary District in Karnataka
• To suggest  reforms and strategies  for  effective implementation  of  MGNREGA  in Bellary District in Karnataka

The Research outcomes are the main deliverables or the result of the research being undertaken. The outcome should be concrete and identifiable such as a policy document, report encapsulating recommendations or any substantial findings adding to the existing literature and understanding of the research area.

• Methodology

The overall research methodological approach/type of research (quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods approach) for the Project should be stated first and the reason for the adoption of the particular approach should also be given. The method and design being used for the research should be aligned with the aim and objectives of the research. The Research Design should encapsulate the Data Collection methods, sources and tools.  [Methods (quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, explanatory) sources (primary, secondary), tools (questionnaires, interviews, checklists)].

Information such as the sampling size, the research sampling method and data analysis tools and methods should also be stated in the Proposal.

• How is the objective related to the objective of the Scheme under which the grant is given/ objective of the institution

The funding institutions or scheme/grants mission should not be contorted or interpreted in a fashion so as to fit the research project. The applicant institution should explain how the objectives/ outcome of the project align with the mission statement of the funding institution and how the proposed deliverables would assist in achieving those objectives.

• Activity based Timelines of the project

Should be as per the requirements of the agency (usually mentioned in the RFP) and as per the capacity of the institution proposing to undertake the research.

• Total cost with activity-wise break up

The format is generally provided in the RFP. The activities proposed to be undertaken should be practicable and within the capacity of the institution. The corresponding costs should be reasonable and should reflect the real actual or best estimate of the cost of undertaking the activity. The activities proposed to be undertaken should be such that they fulfil the aim/objective of the Project. It should be in direct alignment of the Project goals.

• Composition of the research team

Make sure that the members included in the team either have prior experience in the relevant field/ research area and/or possess the requisite research experience/expertise required for fulfilling the project deliverables.

• List of research project undertaken

The prior research projects undertaken and current projects being executed by the institution with the name of the funding agency, the title, duration and primary objective of the project are to be mentioned. This information can be presented in a tabular format.

Language to be used in the Proposal

The language for the proposal should be formal and readable. Legalese and grandiose language should be avoided. The proposal should not be highly technical or detailed, and at the same time not too general. The level of detail required should be gauged from the type of institution funding the project and the requirements as mentioned in the RFP. There should not be repetition of content, ideas or facts in the proposal. If repetition is unavoidable, the content should be put forth or constructed in a different manner, however not changing the intent of what is being put forth. One should ensure that the language, sentence construction and wordings are used in such a manner that they convey the intended meaning of project applicant. The formatting should be consistent and as per the requirements mentioned in the RFP. The Proposal should be thoroughly checked and proof read for grammatical and sentence construction errors prior to the submission.

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Submission of Research Proposal Home / Engage with Us / Academia / Sponsored Research / Submission of Research Proposal

An individual or group(s) of scientists / faculty members affiliated to any academic institution/autonomous R&D institutions may submit proposals.Faculty of STCs and RAC-S established at various IITs/NITs; IISc and SPPU can select and generate proposals from Research Areas in Space document.Faculty of the academic institutions/R&D labs other than STCs and RAC-S can select and generate proposals from Respond Basket. The Principal Investigator(s) should be full-time employee(s) of the concerned institution. The age limit for the Principal Investigator should be below 65 years (sixty five) including the project period.The Head of the academic institution must forward proposals with application for research grants. Proposals from individuals not affiliated to any recognized institution will not be considered.

Each proposal must name a Principal Investigator who is a domain expert in the area to which the proposal belongs and who is a full time employee/faculty of the institution forwarding the application. There may also be co-investigator(s) from the same/different institutions working on the project. But satisfactory completion of a project will be the responsibility of the Principal Investigator and her/his institution. The following information will be required for the submission of the proposal online.

• Detailed bio-data of all the investigators (Age also to be indicated) including publications/awards & recognition received.
• Contact details: address, email id, telephone/fax numbers of investigators as well as the institution.
• In case the institution belongs to Non Government Category, NGO Darpan ID and PAN number of the institution.
• Brief description of the research proposal including the objectives and the scientific/application merits of the work.
• Description of the research methodology or technique to be used for the proposed project.
• The extent of financial support needed from ISRO for executing the work within the shortest possible time.
• A list of research projects related to the proposal undertaken or carried out through funding by other Agencies.

More Details

• Scanned copy of the declaration form (Annexure 1- Page No. 226 in Respond BASKET - 2023 ) signed by head of the institution.

Proposals will be evaluated by domain experts (internal and/or external) for its novelty, usefulness to Indian Space Programme and other Scientific/ technical merits. The proposal may call for changes based on review and the PI will have to re-submit the proposal incorporating the recommended changes. Proposers are informed about the outcome of the evaluation of their research proposals.

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Writing a PhD research proposal for admission to Indian Universities

• September 3, 2023 April 4, 2024
• The #HowTo Guide , Research Methodology

Writing a PhD research proposal is your first step while considering your PhD journey. It is true that most of us, at this stage, are not all that lucky to have undertaken a master’s degree in a university that trained in research. Some of us were clueless about how a research proposal was written until the PhD entrance.

Not very long ago, I was there. Many of us are at that stage when we first think of doing a PhD. But it is vital that you believe in yourself first and in the technique second. At the outset, let me say it is not all that difficult to write a good proposal—sure, it may take substantial time.

So, where do you begin? What do you first think of when you want to do a PhD? What are the prerequisites? And how do you get there? All these questions would find parts of their responses throughout this essay.

Significantly, this whole essay relies on personal experiences. However, it seeks to give an insight into Ph.D. proposal writing to benefit those applying to Indian universities. This essay does not even claim to be the best (or the only) source for you to refer to. Treat everything I write here as suggestions with a tinge of personal anecdote.  

Table of Contents

Why do a PhD in India anyway?

There are several reasons why a student in India chooses to do a PhD in social sciences. There may be a monetary incentive in the form of a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) provided by the University Grants Commission (UGC) that pays relatively better than the jobless state of affairs. In addition, a PhD could be an excellent leverage to hold onto—in case things, such as UPSC preparation, don’t reap benefits. In other words, a PhD could be added as an alternative career option.

Apart from that, there are those of us who want to get started with something (Because of pressure from family to do something), and a PhD seems like an option that could be explored. What is wrong with giving it a try, anyway?

And finally, there will be those who really want to do a PhD to push through their life in academia. Some really want to do something in their field of research and want to train people like us later on. All these reasons are equally good enough to do a PhD in India. But first, be clear about what you really want this PhD for.

PhD – a brief introduction

Before really starting out with doing a PhD, it is critical to give an outline of what it is like to do a PhD in India. Well, a PhD is a hard choice. Many of us may really enjoy it all. But some may not really like it all that well.

You must know whether you really can sit through your life reading books, writing summaries, thinking hard (about God knows what), and getting used to supervisors (if you are lucky, you get the best of them; well, if you are smart enough, you may even lobby to get good ones).

Apart from that, your PhD may invariably sustain for the next four (sometimes five; if you are digging hard, maybe even six) years. The first year will be “coursework”—where you are trained to undertake research on your own.

In the second year, you sit and think and rethink and then, maybe, also write and explain all that you write, and then get what you have written approved in a centre-committee meeting.

And post that the life could be—eat, sleep, read, watch movies, read, watch series, meet supervisor, get told by your supervisor to submit chapters, read… This sums up your PhD life. There are several other things to consider in India before doing a PhD. There is a lack of funds for higher education. There is also a lack of a sustained supervisory environment. Apart from that, there is no space for mental health concerns. So, keep yourself sane always.

Now, what is a PhD research proposal?

Whenever you think of making a PhD research proposal, the first question that comes to your mind would be: How do I begin? Well, you may have to start somewhere. If you plan to do a PhD, several things must already be floating in your head. But there may not be coherence to those thoughts. Here, let me try to dispel ways to bring certain coherence to your ideas and thoughts about PhD project.

Anytime you think of a PhD, think of it as a long-term project, working under a specific supervision. Now, a PhD proposal is an outline of the broader project you seek to undertake in the next few years. That is all a proposal is. It is like a mathematical problem. It needs to entail all that you would do to solve it. Rather than really solving the problem, you are outlining how to solve it.

A proposal should tell its readers what questions you are asking, what hypothesis you are validating, what are the ways you are trying to solve this problem, how have others solved this (or similar other) questions, and why they may have all gotten it wrong (if not wholly wrong, what they may have missed), and how you are seeking to change what you already know.

This is all there is to writing a PhD proposal. A proposal need not be the best proposal out there, but it should always be a doable project. It should aim for coherence, and clarity, and invigorate a certain curiosity in its readers. But, achieving all this takes time—it also takes lots of reading, lots of thinking, and lots of writing—and lots of everything that is a luxury.

What is the structure of a PhD proposal?

Each university department has its own requirement for a PhD proposal. Some want you to write just one page, while others want you to write a synopsis, like a 12–14-page proposal. You need to be mindful of what their requirement is and abide by it. For that, you need to visit the respective department websites (if they have one) and inquire about the requirements. Now, despite these technicalities, there is a certain coherence to all proposals. They are simplistic: you ask a question and tell the committee how you seek to solve that problem.

Each PhD proposal should have one “research background” (or introduction), then there is a “literature review”, then you either have to state your “questions” and “hypothesis explicitly”, then rationale and scope, then you need to lay out your “methods and approaches” and finally a section on “bibliography or references”. All these components make up for a good proposal. But, depending on the word limit, you may need to tweak your proposal. If they have asked for a two-page proposal, you may need to write your literature review crisply, spend little time on your background, and spend more space on methods.

What are the kinds of questions to ask before you sit to write?

Now, the tricky part. Once you have decided on where to do your PhD, you also need to know on what topic to do your PhD. Pick up something you like—after all, no one wants to stare at their laptop screens for six-odd years without really enjoying what they are doing. If you are not sure what questions to ask, READ. Read essays, books, and journal articles. These good essays will contain an important question and would have tried to answer a specific one.

Now, think about it. Does it make sense? Do you think something is amiss in that process, approach, and answer? For instance, when, for instance, you study why people fight each other, you ask, are all people fighting all the time? Are there societies that don’t fight? If there are, why don’t they fight? Have they been studied? If they have been studied, what are they not explaining? Thinking about a question for your PhD is more about reading—reading well enough to think for yourself. Once, let’s say you found a question. You need to read more now. You need to ask, are there others who are asking similar questions? If so, how are they trying to answer this question? How else can they be answered?

Asking questions is a technique .

This brainstorming exercise should also lead you to think hard about things. As a PhD student, for most parts, you are only thinking (well, sleeping too!). Once you get your hands on a question and read around it, you will get a sense of how you can think of a project similar to this more extensive one. You will get ideas about how you can think of different ideas but use similar approaches to solving those puzzles. You will also be able to develop thinking coherently. This is necessary. After getting a sense of what is out there and what is not there yet, you need to think of writing your proposal.

1. start with a brief background.

When you think of writing your PhD research proposal, you will have a sense of the questions (if you are trained enough and thought hard, puzzles even) you have in mind. Now, in your background, you are supposed to write a good enough outline of what you are doing through this PhD research proposal. In one page, you need to outlay some critical aspects of why this is relevant, why this is important, who is doing this research, and how you want to do it differently from them.

It should let your readers know exactly what you are trying to do without them having to read the whole PhD research proposal to make sense of what you are doing. At times, we get lost in the process that we know what we want to say but don’t know how to say it. That is okay. Writing takes time. And you will get there if you try hard enough.

2. write a comprehensive literature review.

Indian universities are obsessed with questions of “research gap”—as if they are trying to fix them, trying to fill it. And for that reason, your literature review is significant. A literature review not only gives your reader meat of the problem but also tells them how you may be trying to expand on the existing knowledge. For that, you would have read enough and read well. You need to clearly understand the kinds of questions that are asked in other writings and how they are trying to solve those questions. \

Writing a literature review is a critical component of any research output. In recent years I have learned some skills of writing a literature review. Much of the learning comes from Marc Trachenberg’s The Craft of International History, which provides some of the best advice for someone working on international history. Elsewhere, I have already covered, quite distinctly, how one could read for a literature review , and how one could write literature review .

2.1. how do I write my literature review?

Here is a gist: In any research project I undertake, I divide the literature into two parts: all the books/articles that define the lay of the land of that topic; and then I look at the recent works on the topic I am researching. I also refer to Annual Reviews to understand the trajectory the arguments have shaped over the years in the field and posit what kinds of aspects have puzzled scholars. Once I read the recent works (and refer to their bibliography to get hold of other exciting papers/books), I list the kinds of arguments the authors are making and ask, are they convincing enough? If so, how can I substantiate them further, and if not, what is missing from them?

After going through multiple articles, I sit down to write my assessment in the literature review. I use the funnel method, which means I begin with substantive themes and then move to particular themes that narrow my focus. To do so, I first look at various themes and subthemes the authors seek to cover and at how they converge and diverge from each other. I also see if they are conversing with one another while making their cases.

After that, I synthesise all that is being argued and then write paragraphs compiling what they are saying, what they are not saying, and why they should have said what they are not saying. I then look at the gaps within the larger arguments presented by these scholarly writings. And then propose how I seek to contribute to the larger debates and address the gaps that exist in the research. I also use ZOTERO for referencing, which I have found immensely useful—and I suggest everyone use it.

3. research questions and hypothesis

Once you have written your literature review and once you have identified what has not been done, you may now need to ask questions. My suggestion: ask one broad question and ask multiple related questions. This is useful. You may ask, how do electoral politics influence voter behaviour? Then, to supplement that, you need to ask multiple related questions. You may need to ask: What are the different kinds of electoral policies exist in India? In what ways do they influence voting patterns? Does caste, class, and gender cleavages play a part in voter behaviour? What are the narratives that float around voter behaviour? And are they right? Each of these sub-questions is so broad that they could as well be asked as the main question, but the trick is to ask smartly. Act as if you know.

Once you have asked several questions, you may also write a hypothesis. Some call it an informed guess; others call it a “falsifiable proposition”. There are multiple ways of defining a hypothesis. And for interpretative research, there is a certain redundancy of hypothesis. That aside, your hypothesis needs to be validated. You are not proving your hypothesis. If you are proving it, then it is not good research. You are always validating your research hypothesis. Remember that. This is the most crucial part of your research project. Most of the faculties would not have had the time to read through every single PhD proposal, so they would sift through pages to reach research questions and hypotheses. You need to be clear about what you are asking and how you are seeking to solve this.

4. rationale and scope

Not every research project explicitly asks you to mention this. And if they have not asked for the mention of scope and rationale, it is instructive that you write it yourself. You need to know what is the scope of your research. It simply means what boundaries you draw beyond which you do not seek to venture into. Let’s say you want to study India’s foreign policy during the Nehruvian era. If so, your scope may be limited to the period between 1950-1964.

Just because you are studying India’s foreign policy, you don’t go on studying everything under the sun. You may also want to study a specific aspect of this Nehruvian foreign policy—maybe his vision about the world, his desire to sustain good Sino-Indian relations, or maybe something else. That is your research scope. Your scope tells the reader what you are doing and, importantly, what you are not doing. Now, rationale is put justification for all that you are doing, and why you want to do what you claim to do. And how that will help benefit the knowledge that exists out there already. You need to clearly state why you are undertaking this research, using this method and period, etc. All that is your rationale.

5. what are the approaches and research methods?

Frankly speaking, this is the most critical part, but also the most neglected part of your PhD research proposal. Part of the reason why it is the most neglected is due to the lack of methodological training among Indian academics per se. There is also a tacit understanding among the committee members that you would be trained for one year in methods after being admitted into the course. Therefore, they do not quite bother about methods. But you still need to do your background research. You need to know how you are trying to solve this question.

For that, you need to ask: Is my research empirical? Is it qualitative or quantitative? Does it require that I read books and interpret them? Or does it require me to do fieldwork? Do I have to sift through large chunks of data? Or do I have to sit in a library and read through dusty archival materials? Answering these questions will give you a sense of what your approach/method is likely to be for this project. It will provide you with a coherent understanding of how you will build your case using what methods and techniques. Elsewhere, I have devoted some space for discussing research methods in international relations (likely to be similar to most of the social sciences). You may get a better sense of how you may build your case.

6. how do you create a bibliography or a reference list?

The final stage of a PhD research proposal is creating a meticulous reference list. There are several citation styles: MLA, APA, Harvard Styling, CMS, etc. You don’t need to go in-depth about all these at this stage. For now, you need to list out all the journal articles, books, and news sources you read and have cited. To list all the sources, you may use citation generator tools online if you are not all that comfortable with Zotero and Mendeley.

This does not require any thinking but mostly doing. It also requires acknowledging others who have helped you make this case. This is the final part of the PhD research proposal. Once you have completed your referencing, you need to go back and format it properly. No one wants to read a clumsy essay. Everything one writes must be in good shape before others pick it up with interest. If it is clumsy, even you wouldn’t want to look at it, let alone show it to others. Therefore, make sure to clean your draft once you have written it.

7. some final tips for writing a good PhD research proposal

Anything we write the first time is not always our best writing. We require time to write good stuff. We also want to make sure that there is a certain coherence in all that we write. So, how do you go ahead with it? The best advice is to share your proposal with friends and family. Ask them to read it—and share their comments. Ask them to ask you questions. You may also quickly check with them what they understood from what you wrote.

This tells a lot about how we write. If a layperson cannot understand what we have written, you must ask yourself: Are there ways to write it any better? Can you write another less complex draft? Repeat the whole process all over again until you really can make it. Apart from that, approach others—peers and senior students who may help you gain coherence in your writing. Ask them for tips. It always helps to seek advice from others.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Research Proposal for PhD sample

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