4th assignment class 11

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Unit 7: Vectors (Prerequisite)

About this unit.

Vectors will be our friend for understanding motion happening in more than one dimension. Learn what vectors are and how they can be used to model real-world situations. Perform various operations with vectors like adding, subtracting, scaling, conversion between rectangular to polar coordinates, etc.

Vector basics

• Intro to vectors and scalars (Opens a modal)
• Recognizing vectors (Opens a modal)
• Recognizing vectors practice (Opens a modal)
• Equivalent vectors (Opens a modal)
• Finding the components of a vector (Opens a modal)
• Comparing the components of vectors (Opens a modal)
• Vectors intro 4 questions Practice
• Components of vectors from endpoints 4 questions Practice

Magnitude of vectors

• Vector magnitude from graph (Opens a modal)
• Vector magnitude from components (Opens a modal)
• Vector magnitude from initial & terminal points (Opens a modal)
• Magnitude of vectors 4 questions Practice

Scalar multiplication

• Scalar multiplication: component form (Opens a modal)
• Scalar multiplication: magnitude and direction (Opens a modal)
• Graphical scalar multiplication 7 questions Practice
• Analyze scalar multiplication 4 questions Practice

Vector addition and subtraction

• Adding & subtracting vectors (Opens a modal)
• Adding & subtracting vectors end-to-end (Opens a modal)
• Subtracting vectors end-to-end (Opens a modal)
• Adding vectors algebraically & graphically (Opens a modal)
• Graphical vector addition (end-to-end method) 4 questions Practice
• Graphical vector subtraction (end-to-end method) 4 questions Practice
• Add vectors 4 questions Practice
• Subtract vectors 4 questions Practice

Combined vector operations

• Combined vector operations (Opens a modal)
• Vector operations review (Opens a modal)
• Combined vector operations 4 questions Practice

Unit vectors

• Unit vectors intro (Opens a modal)
• Worked example: finding unit vector with given direction (Opens a modal)
• Worked example: Scaling unit vectors (Opens a modal)
• Unit vectors 4 questions Practice

Magnitude and direction form of vectors

• Direction of vectors from components: 1st & 2nd quadrants (Opens a modal)
• Direction of vectors from components: 3rd & 4th quadrants (Opens a modal)
• Vector forms review (Opens a modal)
• Finding direction/angle of vector using unit vector notation 4 questions Practice

Component form of vectors

• Vector components from magnitude & direction (Opens a modal)
• Vector components from magnitude & direction (advanced) (Opens a modal)
• Converting between vector components and magnitude & direction review (Opens a modal)
• Vector components from magnitude & direction 4 questions Practice
• Graphical to unit vector notation 4 questions Practice
• Addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication in unit vector notation 4 questions Practice

Adding vectors in magnitude and direction form

• Adding vectors in magnitude & direction form (1 of 2) (Opens a modal)
• Adding vectors in magnitude & direction form (2 of 2) (Opens a modal)
• Vector addition & magnitude (Opens a modal)
• Addition of vectors by breaking into components (answer in component form) 4 questions Practice
• Addition of vectors by breaking into components (answer in magnitude and direction form) 4 questions Practice

Applications of vectors

• Vector components from magnitude & direction: word problem (Opens a modal)
• Vector word problem: hiking (Opens a modal)
• Vector word problems 4 questions Practice

Assignment for Class 11 Physics

Download free PDF assignment for CBSE NCERT Class 11 Physics with chapter-wise and topic-wise important Numerical Questions and MCQs based on the latest syllabus and textbooks of CBSE NCERT. These assignments are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance.

Assignment for Class 11 free PDF Download

We have proved large number of Assignments for Numerical Questions and MCQs of every chapter for class 11 Physics. By Practicing these assignments will help you in concept clarification and enhance your problem solving skill. These question will help in subjective and well as objective approach of solving questions as latest pattern of CBSE includes Theory based as well as MCQ based questions.

Advantages of CBSE Class 11 Physics Worksheets

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• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
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MCQs and Objective Type Questions as per CBSE Pattern

CHAPTER 1: UNIT AND MEASUREMENTS

• Chapter 1 Unit and Measurement Assignment for class 11 Physics  -Numerical Question
• Chapter 1 Unit and Measurements Assignment for Class 11 Physics -MCQ Set A
• Chapter 1 Unit and Measurements Assignment for Class 11 Physics -MCQ Set B
• Chapter 1 Unit and Measurements Assignment for Class 11 Physics -MCQ Set C
• Chapter 1 Unit and Measurements Assignment for Class 11 Physics -MCQ Set D

CHAPTER 2: MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

• Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line Assignment for class 11 Physics  -MCQ Set A
• Assignment Solutions
• Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line Assignment for class 11 Physics  -MCQ Set B
• Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line Assignment for class 11 Physics  -MCQ Set C
• Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line Assignment for class 11 Physics  -MCQ Set D
• Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line Assignment for class 11 Physics  -MCQ Set E

CHAPTER 3: MOTION IN A PLANE

• Assignment for Physics Class 11 Motion in a Plane MCQ Set A
• Assignment for Physics Class 11 Motion in a Plane MCQ Set B
• Assignment for Physics Class 11 Motion in a Plane MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 5: LAWS OF MOTION

• Assignment for Physics Class 11 Laws of Motion MCQ Set A
• Assignment for Physics Class 11 Laws of Motion MCQ Set B
• Assignment for Physics Class 11 Laws of Motion MCQ Set C

 Short, Long Answer Type Questions and Numerical Questions as per CBSE NCERT Pattern

1.Unit and Measurements

Numerical Questions for Unit and Measurements

2. Motion in One Dimension

Numerical Questions for Motion in One Dimension

3. Motion in a Plane

Numerical Questions for Vector

Numerical Questions for Projectile Motion

4. Laws Of Motion

Numerical Questions for Conservation Of Momentum

Numerical Questions for Friction

Numerical Questions for Laws Of Motion 1

Numerical Questions for Laws Of Motion 2

Numerical Question for Circular Motion

5. Work, Energy and Power

Numerical Question for W ork, Energy and Power

6. Rotational Motion

Numerical Questions for Rotational Motion

CHAPTER 6: WORK, ENERGY AND ENERGY

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Work, Energy and Power MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Work, Energy and Power MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Work, Energy and Power MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 System of Particles and Rotational Motion MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 System of Particles and Rotational Motion MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 System of Particles and Rotational Motion MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 8: GRAVITATION

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Gravitation MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Gravitation MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Gravitation MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 9: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Mechanical Properties of Solids MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Mechanical Properties of Solids MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Mechanical Properties of Solids MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 10: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Mechanical Properties of Fluids MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Mechanical Properties of Fluids MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Mechanical Properties of Fluids MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 11: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Thermal Properties of Matter MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Thermal Properties of Matter MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Thermal Properties of Matter MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 12: THERMODYNAMICS

• Assignment of Class 11 Physics Thermodynamics MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Class 11 Physics Thermodynamics MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Class 11 Physics Thermodynamics MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 13: KINETIC THEORY

• Assignment of Class 11 Physics Kinetic Theory MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Class 11 Physics Kinetic Theory MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Class 11 Physics Kinetic Theory MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 14: OSCILLATIONS

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Oscillations MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Oscillations MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Oscillations MCQ Set C

CHAPTER 15: WAVES

• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Waves MCQ Set A
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Waves MCQ Set B
• Assignment of Physics Class 11 Waves MCQ Set C

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Worksheets of CBSE Class 11 Physics are devised by experts of Prerna Education experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Physics . So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 11 Physics Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 11 Physics Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 11 Physics Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of  Class 11 Physics  revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus. Working on CBSE Class 11 Physics Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 11 Physics Worksheets to secure good score.

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Assignments For Class 11 Mathematics

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Assignments for Class 11 Mathematics as per CBSE and NCERT pattern

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Class 11 Mathematics Assignments

We have provided below free printable Class 11 Mathematics Assignments for Download in PDF. The Assignments have been designed based on the latest NCERT Book for Class 11 Mathematics . These Assignments for Grade 11 Mathematics cover all important topics which can come in your standard 11 tests and examinations. Free printable Assignments for CBSE Class 11 Mathematics , school and class assignments, and practice test papers have been designed by our highly experienced class 11 faculty. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable Assignments for Mathematics Class 11 with solutions and answers. All Assignments and test sheets have been prepared by expert teachers as per the latest Syllabus in Mathematics Class 11. Students can click on the links below and download all Pdf Assignments for Mathematics class 11 for free. All latest Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 11 Mathematics Assignments with Answers and test papers are given below.

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• Business Services Class 11 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 4 (Free PDF Download)

Revision Notes

Revision Notes for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 - Free PDF Download

Revision Notes for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 - Business Services are given in this study in the form of a free-to-download pdf version.

Business Studies is quite a broad topic and the Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 Notes by Vedantu will help you to develop a precise understanding of what the chapter entails. In Chapter 4 Business Studies Notes in PDF format, students will find a comprehensive outline of notes of the chapter with solved exercises in the back to help them with understanding the chapter better. These Business Studies Chapter 4 revision notes and exercises which can be completely downloaded will help students develop a thorough understanding of the subject.

Download CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Revision Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 11 Business Studies revision notes for All chapters:

Access Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 - Business Services Notes in 30 Minutes

Following are the benefits of the revision notes that the students of CBSE Class 11 can gain advantages from:

Students can revise from this revision material in a capsulated manner this will help them to revise the chapter in a short duration. 

Revision from this study material will promote the smart study of the students. 

Revision is a key study for every student, thus our ready-to-revise revision material will help the students to revise without making self-notes.

The revision material is prepared by our expert teachers thus this makes the revision notes reliable for the students of Class 11 to revise. 

Revision before the exam now becomes even more convenient with the help of our revision material. You just have to download the revision pdf and save it for later use. 

Business Services Class 11 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 4 - Topics Covered 

Take note of the following concepts which are covered in this chapter:

Service sector

Nature of sectors

Classification or Types of services

Various categories of business services

Functions of Commercial banks

Types of Insurance

Communication services

Postal services

Telecom services

Transportation

Warehousing services

Business Services Class 11 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 4 - Key Takeaways 

Here in this Chapter 4 Business Studies Notes PDF by Vedantu, students will learn about goods and services, types of services, and the differences between goods and services. The chapter also talks about banks and the different types of banks that are present. Also included is the modern interpretation of the banking system, which is E-Banking and its various advantages over the traditional method.

The Business Studies Chapter 4 Notes also covers the topic of Insurance and the Principles of Insurance along with Insurance and its various types. The Class 11 Chapter 4 Business Studies Notes also elaborate about the various other aspects of a business such as communication, transportation and warehousing. Towards the end of the chapter, the differences between the types of insurance are covered and then there practice questions that students can attempt.

Goods and Services

A good is a product that is tangible and involves the transfer of ownership from one person to another. A service, on the other hand, is essentially an intangible service that can provide the satisfaction of wants and usually takes place after the transaction is over. The nature of services are as follows:

This is experimental in nature and therefore, cannot be touched. The quality of service cannot be predicted before its consumption.

Inconsistency

The difference between a good and service is that a service is catered differently according to the customer's demands and expectations. So each customer experiences a different service every time.

Inseparability

The production and consumption of the service must not be different, but it should happen simultaneously. Services have to be consumed as soon as they are produced.

Unlike goods, services cannot be stored and must be consumed immediately after production.

Involvement

This is one of the best characteristics of services where customers have to be present for most of the production of the service to make sure it meets their standards and they can change it according to their will.

Banking Company and its Types

A banking company in India means it uses its company to transact money and help with the withdrawal and lending of money to people and also allows them to deposit money for investment or for its safekeeping.

The types of banks are:

Commercial Banks: These banks are governed by the Indian Regulation Act of 1949, and according to it, banking is the accepting of money from the public for lending and investment.

Cooperative Banks: These are the banks that are governed by the provisions of the State Cooperative Societies Act. In this banking system, cheap credit is provided to the members and therefore serves better for its members in the long run.

Specialised Banks: These banks are Foreign Exchange Banks that help cater to the various needs of Industrial Banks, Developmental Banks and Export-Import Banks. These banks provide financial aid to these industries, massive projects and foreign trade.

Central Bank: This bank supervises all the commercial banks in the country.

Business Services Class 11 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 4 - Extra Questions to Practice (Solved)

1. Name three types of insurance.

Ans.  

Three types of insurance are:

Life Insurance

Fire Insurance

Marine Insurance

2. How would you define service and goods?

Ans. Services are referred to as any intangible activity that involves interaction between the service provider and consumer. Purchasing the service does not result in ownership of any physical item.

Goods refer to objects that are tangible and have a physical appearance. The ownership of a good is transferred as soon as it is purchased.

3. What are the advantages of E-Banking?

It ensures the round-the-clock availability of most banking services which helps make life comfortable for the customers.

Banking transactions can be conducted anytime either through mobile or computer/laptop.

It reduces the load on banks by facilitating transactions online.

Tips to Study Business Studies Better

Following are the tips which will help the students to study business studies in a better way:

Students are required to understand the chapters intently. 

Solve the HOTS and other exercise questions. 

Check out the questions asked in the previous year's CBSE Class 11 Business Studies.

Reliable study with the best guide and resource material like CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Revision Notes and NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies - Free PDF Download . 

Students can revise from the revision material of  Business Services Class 11 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 4, this will help the students to properly understand and revise the chapter. 

Take note of the tips and topics discussed in this article and download the free-to-download pdf of the revision study and save it for later revision. 

FAQs on Business Services Class 11 Notes CBSE Business Studies Chapter 4 (Free PDF Download)

1. What are the functions of commercial banks?

The various functions of the Commercial Banks are as follows:

Acceptance of Deposits - These are the basis on which banks function and also cause banks to be both borrowers and lenders of money.

Cheque Facility - This one of the more developed credit facilities, that has been in practice for a couple of years.

Lending of Funds - To provide loans through advances from the deposits received 

Remittance of Funds - It is the facility of transfer of money from one place to another.

Allied Services - Include bill payments, locker facilities and underwriting facilities.

2. What are the types of insurance?

The types of Insurance are:

Life Insurance - In this, the insurer in consideration of the contract agrees to pay either in a lump sum or periodical payments, an amount of money to the assurer wherein any contingency to the insurer, they will receive that amount in either full or to cover certain costs.

Fire Insurance - In this insurance, the insurer is guaranteed payment for the goods that are under the fire insurance contract.

Marine Insurance - Against any marine losses the insurer will get the money that is put up in the contract.

3. What do you mean by Business Services in Class 11?

A service is an intangible service that can satisfy wants, and usually occurs after a transaction has been completed. Business services are one of the types of services that include banking, insurance, transportation, warehousing, communication, and other services that are used by businesses to run their operations more efficiently. Today, the majority of businesses rely on such specialised business services. When it comes to providing services to the developed economies of the world, India has been gaining a significant advantage over other countries.

4. What is a Bank in Class 11?

An institution licensed to accept deposits and make loans is known as a bank. Money management, currency exchanges are a few of the financial services that banks may offer. The banking services come under the category of business services. The banking industry has a wide range of interests, needs, and methods. As a result, we need different types of banks to deal with them. Banks can be categorised into the below categories:

Commercial banks

Cooperative banks

Specialised banks

Central bank

5. What are the types of banks?

When it comes to monetary requirements, a country needs to have various kinds of banking sectors so as to cater all the monetary needs. Keeping this in mind, banks are categorised into several types which are as follows:

Commercial Banks - It deals with money.

Cooperative Banks - These banks supply low-cost loans for their customers.

Specialised Banks - These banks lend money to industries, large industrial projects, and foreign trade.

Central Bank - The central bank monitors, controls and regulates its activities in general.

6. Which is the best book for Business Studies in Class 11 Chapter 4?

While preparing any subject, the most important thing to keep in mind is what source of learning you are referring to for your learning purpose. And if you are a Class 11 student, the best material is the NCERT book. NCERT books contain all the basic concepts an 11th grader needs to ace their exam. It explains all the topics in easy and simple language and also provides a set of questions to enhance the concepts even more. You can download the NCERT Solutions or study material for free and study offline as well from Vedantu’s official website or you can download their app.

7. Why should I prefer revision notes Chapter 4 Business Studies Class 11?

If you want to seek help in making effective and reliable notes for your exams, then the revision notes provided on Vedantu is the best option for you. These notes are prepared by the professional team of tutors who explain the concepts in easy to understand language. You can refer to the revision notes of Chapter 4 Business Studies Class 11 in downloadable PDF format.

CBSE Study Materials

Due: Sat May 25 11:59 pm Late submissions accepted until Sun May 26 11:59 pm

Assignment by Michael Chang & Julie Zelenski idea originated by Randal Bryant & David O'Hallaron (CMU). Modifications by Nick Troccoli, Brynne Hurst, Kathleen Creel and Jonathan Kula.

Learning Goals

This assignment focuses on understanding assembly code representations of programs. You will be building your skills with:

• reading and tracing assembly code
• understanding how data access, control structures, and function calls translate between C and assembly
• reverse-engineering
• understanding the challenges of writing secure and robust systems
• understanding privacy, trust, and the role of the ethical penetration tester
• mastering the gdb debugger!

You have been hired as a security expert for Stanford Bank (a fictional on-campus bank). They need you to investigate reports of infiltration and security issues and replicate the issues so that they can fix them.

There are three parts to this assignment, each of which can be completed independently:

• an ATM withdrawal program containing some vulnerabilities - you'll need to use your C and assembly skills to find and demonstrate how to exploit these vulnerabilities.
• A dataset that you will use to deanonymize bank users.
• The SecureVault program, a new product designed by the bank to provide increased security to the master vault. You'll be given an executable of the SecureVault program (no C code provided!) to show that it is possible to reverse engineer this program and break into the master vault without being told the passwords.

These problems are like C/assembly "puzzles" to solve, and we hope you enjoy solving them and exploring this material as much as we enjoyed creating them!

Note: check out our assignment overview video on Canvas ; it goes over the different parts of the assignment, what to expect, and tips and tricks! Note the overview video is from this quarter last year, but the assignment is the same (save for the fact that questions 2 and 3 are exchanged).

Spring 2024: Lecture 22 (Mon 5/20) is necessary to work on questions 3 and 4 in part 2 of this assignment.

A few reminders:

• The working on assignments page contains info about the assignment process.
• The collaboration policy page outlines permitted assignment collaboration, emphasizing that you are to do your own independent thinking, design, writing, and debugging. Even without any code being submitted, you should not be doing any joint debugging/development, sharing or copying written answers, sharing specific details about SecureVault behavior, etc. If you are having trouble completing the assignment on your own, please reach out to the course staff; we are here to help!

To get started on this assignment, clone the starter project using the command

View Full Starter File List

• vault : Your SecureVault executable program, custom-generated for each student.
• custom_tests : The file where you will add custom tests to reproduce vulnerabilities in the provided ATM withdrawal program.
• input.txt : A blank text file where you should add the passwords for each SecureVault level, one per line. See the section on SecureVault for more information.
• readme.txt : A file where you should add answers to short written questions for all three parts of the assignment.
• .gdbinit : A gdb configuration file you can optionally use to run certain gdb commands each time gdb launches. See the section on using GDB in SecureVault for more information.
• samples : A symbolic link to the shared directory for this assignment. It contains:
• atm : The executable ATM program, which you will explore for vulnerabilities.
• atm.c : The C source code for the ATM program, which you will explore for vulnerabilities. Note that you're not able to edit or recompile this code/executable.
• checkins.csv : A file containing public social media location check-in data for various locations on Stanford campus over the past three months.
• search_checkins : An executable program to search the check-in data.
• bank : a folder containing the following:
• customers.db : A file with the list of all users and balances for the ATM program.
• transactions.csv : A file with ATM transaction information from the past three months at the Stanford campus ATM.
• SANITY.INI and sanity.py : Files to configure and run sanity check. You can ignore these files.
• wordlist : A list of dictionary words used for SecureVault.
• tools : Contains symbolic links to the sanitycheck and submit programs for testing and submitting your work. ( codecheck is not needed on this assignment)

You will be using gdb frequently on this assignment. Here are essential resources as you work - note that you should make sure you have downloaded the CS107 GDB configuration file mentioned in the Getting Started Guide if you didn't previously do so.

Open Getting Started Guide Open GDB Guide Open Lab5 GDB Tips Open Lab6 GDB Tips

1. ATM Security

Stanford Bank recently updated the ATM software to a version with some additional features. The IT team reviewed the new code and thought it all looked good, but having now installed it in production, they are observing some suspicious activity. The bank has called you because your superior C and assembly skills are just what's needed to investigate and resolve these problems!

In the samples folder, they have provided you the code ( atm.c ) and compiled executable ( atm ), which you can examine/run but cannot recompile or edit (since they want to ensure you work with the same executable installed on the ATMs themselves). The ATM program is invoked with an amount and the credentials for a particular account. If the credential is authorized and the account has sufficient funds, the amount is withdrawn and dispersed in cash. Accounts must maintain a minimum balance of $50, and the ATM is supposed to maintain bank security by rejecting unauthorized access. Every time you run the program, it will print out information to the terminal about the transaction that took place, or the error that occurred, if any. For example, if you ask to withdraw $100 from your account balance of $107, it should be denied with an error message because that would bring your current $107 balance below the required minimum of $50. If you try to sneak cash from another account or use a fake name, your credential should get rejected as unauthorized.

Here are a few examples - try it out yourself! Note that $USER automatically acts as your SUNET ID, and every account balance is set to be $107. Also, each time you run the program anew, all balances return to their original starting levels. No money actually changes hands in this ATM, which is a blessing given its security flaws.

Expand ATM Sample Runs

The bank has identified three anomalies in the ATM program behavior that they need your help investigating. For each of the anomalies (a), (b), and (c) below, you will need to do the following:

• include a test case in your custom_tests file to showcase how to reproduce the vulnerability. Note that there may be more than one way to trigger a vulnerability.
• A concise description of the underlying defect in the code.
• An explanation of exactly how you constructed your test case to exploit it.
• Your recommendation for fixing it. The bank is not looking for a major rewrite/redesign, so in your proposed changes you should directly address the vulnerability with minimal other disruption. Note that there may be more than one possible remedy for fixing each issue. Also make sure you do not remove intended functionality of the bank program, and account for any potential additional security issues introduced by your proposed fix .

NOTE: when running your own custom tests, make sure to inspect the output to ensure your tests are causing the behavior you expect! The sanitycheck tool itself does not verify that the tests cause the specified exploits.

As you work through your investigation, you will need to review the source code for the atm program. The program is roughly 175 lines of C code of similar complexity to what you have been writing this quarter, and is decomposed and fairly readable, though sorely lacking in comments. You should find that the program's approach seems reasonable and the code is sincere in its attempt to operate correctly. As you're reading, take a minute to reflect on how far your awesome C skills have come to let you read through this provided program!

NOTE: when running the ATM program under GDB, make sure you are in the samples folder first before running gdb atm .

a) Negative Balances

A prior version of the ATM program restricted a withdrawal to be at most the full account balance, allowing the customer to drain their account to $0, but no further. The current version has changed the withdraw function to require a non-zero minimum balance. The expected behavior should be that all account balances stay above this minimum. However, the bank saw an (otherwise ordinary) withdrawal transaction that not only caused an account to go below the minimum, but also overdrew so far as to end up with a negative balance. Oops, that's definitely not supposed to happen! Review the C code for the withdraw function, specifically the changes from the old version. It seems to work in many cases, but apparently not all. Read carefully through this function to try and discover the flaw - your understanding of signed and unsigned integers will be useful here! Once you have found the vulnerability, determine a command to make a withdrawal as yourself that withdraws more money than is present in your account . Put this command in custom_tests , and answer the specified readme questions.

b) Unauthorized Account Access

The bank has also received a customer complaint about an unauthorized withdrawal from their account. It seems that another user with different credentials was able to successfully withdraw money from the aggrieved customer's account. Moreover, the credential used appears to be entirely fake - no such user exists in the database! A user should not be able to access a different customer's account and especially not by supplying a bogus credential! Review the C code for the find_account function that is responsible for matching the provided username to their account number. It seems to work properly when the username matches an existing account, but not when the username doesn't match an existing account. Trace through line by line how the function executes when called with an invalid username that is not in the database. What lines are executed? Once you do this, you'll find that the function appears to behave unpredictably. Your next task is to examine the generated assembly to determine precisely how the function will behave - your understanding of the %rax / %eax register will be useful here! Once you have found the vulnerability, determine a command with a designed bogus name credential to withdraw $40 from one of the CS107 staff member's accounts. Put this command in custom_tests , and answer the specified readme questions. (The samples/bank/customers.db file contains information about all valid users and their balances, and the first 15 users in the database are staff accounts.)

c) Accessing The Master Vault

The most worrisome issue is repeated illicit withdrawals from the master vault account, account number 0. The name on the master account is not an actual user, so this account cannot be accessed using the simple username-based credential. Instead, the user must specify two account arguments, the account's number and its secret passcode, as a form of heightened security, like this:

At first the bank thought the vault passcode had been leaked, but changing the passcode did nothing to thwart the attack. In a fit of desperation, the bank removed the vault passcode file altogether, figuring this would disable all access to the vault, yet the rogue user continues to make withdrawals from it! It seems that the high-security passcode authentication may have its own security flaw! The code that handles this authentication is in the lookup_by_number and read_secret_passcode functions. These functions work correctly in many situations, but fail in certain edge cases. Remember that it seems that in certain cases supplied credentials are accepted despite the lack of a saved passcode file . The vulnerability is subtle in the C code, so you should also use GDB to examine the code at the assembly level and diagram out the memory on the stack for these functions . This problem is similar to the stack diagramming/exploit problem from lab6 - revisit that problem if you need a refresher! Your exploit should not involve reading from any file. Once you have found the vulnerability, determine a command to withdraw $300 from the bank vault despite its disabled passcode . Put this command in custom_tests , and answer the specified readme questions.

2. Dataset Aggregation

Separate from the faulty ATM software, Stanford Bank believes that someone was able to gain access to their account logs and get a list of ATM transaction information for their Stanford campus ATM. The company believes that this poses little threat because the transaction logs have limited recorded data. However, you are concerned that this data can be combined with other available data in dangerous ways, such as to learn private information. For instance, knowing someone's history of large (or small) transactions might tell you about their financial situation; knowing memberships in clubs or organizations might tell you about social relationships and webs of networks. Your task is to combine this data with another dataset you have found of public location check-ins to show the harms of a potential data breach. To aid in investigating your concerns, the bank has made the ATM transaction data available to you in the samples/bank/transactions.csv file. This file has one account transaction per line, and each transaction occurred at the Stanford campus ATM. Each line has the following format:

For example, here is one line from the file that represents a withdrawal of $15 on 2/15/21 at 4:54PM:

Transactions with the same account identifier are guaranteed to be for the same bank account, but the identifier doesn't give any information about whose account it is (intentionally done by the bank to obfuscate the data).

You have already downloaded a publicly-available location checkins dataset from an online social network, in the file samples/checkins.csv . It is too large to read through manually, so you also already created a program search_checkins that displays that checkin data and lets you search through it more easily. Run the program ( samples/search_checkins ) for instructions on how to use it.

Show the risks of dataset aggregation and express your concerns to the bank managers by answering the following questions in your readme.txt . Note that you are not expected to create any additional programs to parse or otherwise process these datasets with code - the intent is for you to skim the transactions.csv file by hand and use it along with the search_checkins program to answer the following questions.

• a) The likely user who made multiple large transactions?
• b) Two (there may be more, but you must identify only two) likely members of the Stanford SecurityStars Club, which has a club meeting on the 15th of each month where people must bring $15 to pay their membership dues? (Assume they are procrastinators in withdrawing the money)
• How were you able to de-anonymize the transactions data?
• Beyond encrypting the data, what recommendations would you give to Stanford Bank to further anonymize or obfuscate the account data in the case of accidental data breaches?
• Use one or more of the four models of privacy discussed in lecture to explain why disclosure of the information that can be aggregated here is (or is not) a violation of privacy.

3. SecureVault

Stanford Bank is rolling out a new tool, SecureVault, to provide increased security at the master vault at each of their branches. Employees must enter four secret passwords into this program to gain access to the master vault. For extra security, the bank creates a different SecureVault program for each branch with different expected passwords; the bank headquarters does not give the source code to any of the branches; and the program triggers an alarm that notifies the central system each time an incorrect password is entered. They are confident that this means only someone who is told the password can get access, and any potential intruders will be detected by the alarm system. They have hired you to test this. Your task is to show that you can reverse engineer the program to gain access to the bank vault without being told the password, and without alerting central security.

Do not start by running SecureVault and entering passwords to "see what will happen" . You will quickly learn that what happens is the alarm goes off and it deducts points :-) When started, SecureVault waits for input and when you enter the wrong password, it will raise the alarm and notify the central system, deducting points. Thoroughly read the SecureVault information below before attempting to enter any passwords! There is a lot of information below, but it is included to help provide useful tips for you to work through this part of the assignment.

Without the original source code, all you know is that SecureVault has four "levels" of security, each with a different password. If the user enters the correct password, it deactivates the level and the program proceeds on. But given the wrong input, SecureVault raises an alarm by printing a message, alerting central security and terminating. To reach the master vault, one needs to successfully disarm each of its levels.

This is where the bank needs your help. Each of you is assigned a different generated SecureVault executable unique to you, generated just as they would be for each bank branch. Your mission is to apply your best assembly detective skills to reverse engineer the SecureVault executable to work out the input required to pass each level and reach the master vault, thus proving the insecurity of the bank's approach.

Specifically, you must fill in your input.txt file with the passwords to defuse each level in order, 1 per line, for each level you have solved. You must also answer the following questions in your readme.txt file. Make sure to verify your input.txt file (with appropriate protections!) to ensure proper formatting and that all lines are entered correctly before submitting! We will test by running ./vault input.txt on your submission, using the original SecureVault program generated for you. Here are the readme questions to work through as you go:

• What tactics did you use to suppress/avoid/disable alarms?
• level_1 contains an instruction near the start of the form mov $<multi-digit-hex-value>,%edi . Explain how this instruction fits into the operation of level_1 . What is this hex value and for what purpose is it being moved? Why can this instruction reference %edi instead of the full %rdi register?
• level_2 contains a jg that is not immediately preceded by a cmp or test instruction. Explain how a branch instruction operates when not immediately preceded by a cmp or test . Under what conditions is this particular jg branch taken?
• Explain how the loop in the winky function of level_3 is exited.
• Explain how the mycmp function is used in level_4 . What type of data is being compared and what ordering does it apply?
• How would you describe Stanford Bank’s trust model? (In other words: who among the bank headquarters, the bank branches, and you was trusted?) Justify your answer.

SecureVault Information

From the SecureVault assembly, you will work backwards to construct a picture of the original C source in a process known as reverse-engineering . Note that you don't necessarily need to recreate the entire C source; your goal is to work out a correct input to pass the level. This requires a fairly complete exploration of the code path you follow to deactivate the level, but any code outside that path can be investigated on a need-to-know basis. Once you understand what makes your SecureVault program "tick", you can supply each level with the password it requires to disarm it. The levels get progressively more complex, but the expertise you gain as you move up from each level increases as well. One confounding factor is that SecureVault raises an alarm whenever it is given invalid input. Each time the alarm goes off (except for a free pass the first time), it notifies central security (the CS107 staff) and points are deducted from your score. Thus, there are consequences to setting off the alarm -- you must be careful!

The bank has confirmed to you a few things about how the SecureVault programs operate:

• If you start SecureVault with no command-line argument, it reads input typed at the console.

If you give an argument to SecureVault, such as input.txt :

SecureVault will read all lines from that file and then switch over to reading from the console. This feature allows you to store inputs for solved levels in input.txt and avoid retyping them each time.

Alarms can be triggered when executing at the shell or within gdb. However, gdb offers you tools you can use to intercept the alarms, so your safest choice is to work under gdb and employ preventive measures.

• It is not possible to know for sure whether the central system (course staff) is notified about an alarm. You must use your investigative skills and best defensive measures!
• The central system will give you a free pass (no point deduction) the first time they are notified about an alarm.
• The SecureVault program in your repository was lovingly created just for you and is unique to your id. It is said that it can detect if an impostor attempts to run it and won't play along.
• The SecureVault program is designed for the myth computers (running on the console or logged in remotely). There is a rumor that it will refuse to run anywhere else.
• It seems as though the function names were left visible in the object code, with no effort to disguise them. Thus, a function name of initialize_vault or read_five_numbers can be a clue. Similarly, it seems to use the standard C library functions, so if you encounter a call to qsort or sscanf , it is the real deal.
• There is one important restriction: Do not use brute force!   You could write a program to try every possible input to find a solution. But this is trouble because a) you lose points on each incorrect guess which raises an alarm, b) trying all possible inputs will take an eternity and risk saturating the network, and c) part of your submission requires answering questions that show you understanding of the assembly code, which guessing will not provide :)

Using tools such as gdb , objdump and new tools nm and strings is critical to effectively investigating and disarming each level. Once you are familiar with the tools at your disposal, first work to reliably prevent alarms from triggering , then proceed with disarming each of the levels .

Step 1: Familiarity with Tools

Here are some helpful tools to gather general information:

• nm : use the nm utility ( nm vault ) to print what's called the "symbol table" of the executable, which contains the names of functions and global variables and their addresses. The names may give you a sense of the structure of the SecureVault program.
• strings : use the strings utility ( strings vault ) to print all the printable strings contained in the executable, including string constants. See if any of these strings seem relevant in determining the passwords.
• gdb lets you single-step by assembly instruction, examine (and change!) memory and registers, view the runtime stack, disassemble the object code, set breakpoints, and more. Live experimentation on the executing SecureVault program is the most direct way to become familiar in what's happening at the assembly level.
• Compiler Explorer : pull up tools like the Compiler Explorer interactive website from lab, or gcc on myth , to compile and explore the assembly translation of any code you'd like. For example, if you're unsure how to a particular C construct translates to assembly, how to access a certain kind of data, how break works in assembly, or how a function pointer is invoked by qsort , write a C program with the code in question and trace through its disassembly. Since you yourself wrote the test program, you also don't have to fear it setting off any alarms :-) You can compile directly on myth using a copy of a Makefile from any CS107 assignment/lab as a starting point, and then use gdb or objdump to poke around.

GDB Suggestions

GDB is absolutely invaluable on this assignment. Here are some suggestions on how to maximize your use of gdb in addition to the tips in lab5 and lab6 :

• Expand your gdb repertoire. The labs have introduced you to handy commands such as break , x , print , info , disassemble , display , watch , and stepi/nexti . Here are some additional commands that you might find similarly useful: jump , kill , and return . Within gdb, you can use help name-of-command to get more details about any gdb command. See the quick gdb reference card for a summary of many other neat gdb features.

Get fancy with your breakpoints. You can breakpoints by function name, source line, or address of a specific instruction. Use commands to specify a list of commands to be automatically executed whenever a given breakpoint is hit. These commands might print a variable, dump the stack, jump to a different instruction, change values in memory, return early from a function, and so on. Breakpoint commands are particularly useful for installing actions you intend to be automatically and infallibly completed when arriving at a certain place in the code. (hint!)

gdb kill workaround : gdb 9.2 (current version on myth as of 04/2021) has a bug when attempting to use kill in the commands sequence for a breakpoint that creates a cascade of problems --can cause gdb itself to crash or hang. The gdb command signal SIGKILL can be used as an alternate means to kill a program from a commands sequence that doesn't trip this bug.

Use a .gdbinit file . The provided file named .gdbinit in the assignment folder can be used to set a startup sequence for gdb. In this text file, you enter a sequence of commands exactly as you would type them to the gdb command prompt. Upon starting, gdb will automatically execute the commands from it. This will be a convenient place to put gdb commands to execute every time you start the debugger. Hint: wouldn't this be useful for creating breakpoints with commands that you want to be sure are always in place when running the SecureVault program? The .gdbinit file we give you in the starter repo has only one command to echo Successfully executing commands from .gdbinit in current directory . If you see this message when you start gdb, it confirms the .gdbinit file has been loaded. If you see an error message about auto-loading .gdbinit being declined when starting gdb, this means you haven't installed the CS107 GDB configuration file - see the top of this page for instructions.

• Custom gdb commands . Use define to add your own gdb "macros" for often-repeated command sequences. You can add defines to your .gdbinit file so you have access to them in subsequent gdb sessions as well.
• Fire up tui mode (maybe...). The command layout asm followed by layout reg will give you a split window showing disassembly and register values. This layout will display current values for all registers in the upper pane, the sequence of assembly instructions in the middle pane, and your gdb command line at the bottom. As you single-step with si , the register values will update automatically (those values that changed are highlighted) and the middle pane will follow instruction control flow. This is a super-convenient view of what is happening at the machine level, but sadly, you have to endure a number of quirks and bugs to use it. The tui mode can occasionally crash gdb itself, killing off gdb and possibly the SecureVault program while it's at it. Even when tui is seemingly working, the display has a habit of turning wonky, often fixable by the refresh command (use this early and often!) but not always. A garbled display could cause you to misunderstand the program state, misidentify where your SecureVault is currently executing, or accidentally execute a gdb command you didn't intend. Any alarm suppression mechanism that requires you, the fallible human, to take the right action at a critical time could easily be waylaid by interference, so don't attempt tui before you have invincible automatic protection against alarms. Selective use of auto-display expressions (introduced in lab6) is a great alternative with less disruption. You can exit tui using ctrl-x a and re-enter it again (this doesn't require leaving gdb and losing all your state).

Step 2: General Investigation and Preventing Alarms

Once you are familiar with the tools at your disposal, your next step is to gather general information about how the SecureVault program works to figure out how to reliably prevent alarms from triggering . There are simple manual blocks that give some measure of protection, but it is best to go further to develop an invincible guard. Feel free to use any technique at your disposal, such as leveraging gdb features, tweaking the global program state, modifying your setup, tricking the SecureVault program into running in a safe manner, etc. Avoiding the alarm entirely is one straightforward approach to ensure that we won't hear about it, but there are ways to selectively disable just the transmission portion to the central system (course staff) . Once you figure how to set up appropriate protection against alarms, you will then be free to experiment with the levels without worry. Note that the program can only trigger an alarm when it is "live", i.e., executing in shell or running with gdb .

Step 3: Disarming Levels

Your next task is to approach each level individually to figure out a password that disarms it. There may be more than one password for each level; your task is to enter your 4 passwords, one per line, starting with level 1, into your input.txt file. Here are key tips for how to approach your reverse engineering exploration:

• Run the program live in GDB (with appropriate alarm protections!) and step through to better understand its behavior. Reading and diagramming the assembly by hand is useful to an extent, but quickly becomes infeasible with larger programs.
• Break the assembly into chunks. For instance, if it calls any functions, that's a good stopping point to orient yourself and understand the assembly just up to that point.
• Use gdb to verify your hypotheses. Verify key assumptions you make about the vault behavior to ensure you're on the right track. One helpful trick is you can change register contents while running gdb. E.g. if you think "I believe if %rdi stored this, it would do that", then try it! You can do p $rdi = val to change register contents mid-program. Or if you think something is a char * , cast and print it out, e.g. p (char *)$rdi .
• Document your knowns and unknowns. If you run into a situation where you are stuck due to seemingly-conflicting assumptions, document them and re-verify them. If you have multiple conflicting assumptions, at least one must not be the case.
• Use compiler explorer to see what code looks like in assembly. If you think you happened upon e.g. a loop, if statement, etc. try using compiler explorer to type in some code quickly and see what that code looks like in assembly. If it resembles the assembly you're seeing, perhaps that can help you better understand its structure.
• Use library functions to your advantage. If you spot a call to what looks like a library function, it's the real deal. Use the man page for that function to learn about what parameters it takes in, what it does, and what it returns. This can give you key information about the types of data in different registers - e.g. if you see a call to strlen , then the value put into %rdi must be of type char * , and what's stored in %rax afterwards must be a size_t string length.
• When tracing an unknown function, before dissecting its behavior first learn about the input/output of the function and what role it plays. Does it return anything? What parameters does it take in? If it has a return value, is it checked to be something in particular? Going into a function with an idea of what must be returned for you to continue with the vault can help you focus on understanding how to achieve that.

Sanity Check

The default sanitycheck test cases are ATM inputs and one test case that reports the line count of your input.txt file. This sanitycheck is configured to only allow test cases for ATM in your custom_tests file. The SecureVault executable is not run by sanitycheck.

Once you are finished working and have saved all your changes, check out the guide to working on assignments for how to submit your work. We recommend you do a trial submit in advance of the deadline to allow time to work through any snags. You may submit as many times as you would like; we will grade the latest submission. Submitting a stable but unpolished/unfinished version is like an insurance policy. If the unexpected happens and you miss the deadline to submit your final version, this previous submit will earn points. Without a submission, we cannot grade your work.

We would also appreciate if you filled out this homework survey to tell us what you think once you submit. We appreciate your feedback!

For this assignment, here is a tentative point breakdown (out of 119):

• custom_tests (24 points) Each successful attack test case earns 8 points. We will test by running tools/sanitycheck custom_tests on your submission. Your custom_tests should contain 3 test cases, one for each ATM attack.
• readme.txt (55 points) The written questions will be graded on the understanding of the issues demonstrated by your answers and the thoroughness and correctness of your conclusions.
• Input.txt (40 points) Each SecureVault level you have solved earns 10 points. We will test by running ./vault input.txt on your submission. The input.txt file in your submission should contain one line for each level you have solved, starting from level 1. Malformed entries in your input.txt or wrong line-endings will cause grading failures. To avoid surprises, be sure that you have verified your input.txt in the same way we will in grading (i.e., ./vault input.txt ).
• SecureVault alarms triggered (up to 6 points deducted) Each alarm notification (beyond the first one) that reaches the staff results in a 1 point deduction, capped at 6 points total.

Post-Assignment Check-in

How did the assignment go for you? We encourage you to take a moment to reflect on how far you've come and what new knowledge and skills you have to take forward. Once you finish this assignment, your assembly skills will be unstoppable, and you will have a better understanding of trust, privacy and security! You successfully found vulnerabilities in a program using its source and assembly, and reverse engineered a complex program without having access to its source at all. Rock on!

To help you gauge your progress, for each assignment/lab, we identify some of its takeaways and offer a few thought questions you can use as a self-check on your post-task understanding. If you find the responses don't come easily, it may be a sign a little extra review is warranted. These questions are not to be handed in or graded. You're encouraged to freely discuss these with your peers and course staff to solidify any gaps in you understanding before moving on from a task.

• What are some of the gdb commands that allow re-routing control in an executing program?
• What is the main indication that an assembly passage contains a loop?
• What makes someone a trustworthy fiduciary or guardian of personal data? How and why should an institution like a bank protect the privacy of its customers?
• Explain the difference between a function's return value and its return address.
• Consider the mechanics of function pointer work at the assembly level. How is a call through a function pointer the same/different when compared to an ordinary function call?
• For performance reasons, the compiler prefers storing local variables in registers whenever possible. What are some reasons that force the compiler to store a local variable on the stack instead?
• For the instruction sequence below, what must be true about values of op1 and op2 for the branch to be taken? What changes if ja is substituted for jg ? cmp op1,op2 jg target

• Commerce Important Questions
• Class 11 Business Studies
• Chapter 4 Business Services

Important Questions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 Business Services

Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 Business Services which is outlined by expert Business Studies teachers from the latest version of CBSE (NCERT) books.

CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter -4 Important Questions

Mention the 5 I’s of services?

Answer : Inconsistency, Inventory, Intangibility, Involvement and Inseparability

What is Insurance?

Answer : Insurance is a contract, embodied by policy, in which an individual or entity receives financial security or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company. The company pools clients’ risks to make payments more affordable for the insured.

Also Check: Important Question for Emerging Modes of Business

Mention the name of two companies that offer DTH services in India.

Answer : Tata Sky and Airtel are the two companies that offer DTH services in India.

What is Banking?

Answer : A bank is a financial institution authorised to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also give financial services, such as currency exchange, wealth management, and safe deposit boxes. There are two types of banks. Namely, commercial/retail banks and investment banks.

What are the types of insurance policies?

Answer : There are 5 types of insurance policies. Namely,

• Whole life policy
• Joint life policy
• Annuity policy
• Endowment life assurance policy
• Children’s endowment policy

Mention 6 functions of warehousing.

Answer : Functions of warehousing:

• Consolidation
• Stockpiling
• Value-added services
• Price stabilisation
• Break the bulk

What are the 3 significant types of insurance that are involved in Marine insurance?

• Ship or hull insurance
• Freight insurance
• Cargo insurance

Expand RTGS and NEFT.

RTGS – Real Time Gross Settlement

NEFT – National Electronic Funds Transfer

What are the principles of insurance?

7 principles of insurance are,

• Utmost good faith
• Insurable interest
• Proximate cause
• Subrogation
• Contribution

Question 10

What are the types of warehouses?

• Private warehouse
• Public warehouse
• Bonded warehouse
• Government warehouse
• Cooperative warehouse

Stay tuned to BYJU’S for more CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions, question papers, sample papers, syllabus, and Commerce notifications.

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