Citing Sources: Citing Orally in Speeches
- Citing Sources Overview
- Citing in the Sciences & Engineering
- APA Citation Examples
- Chicago Citation Examples
- Biologists: Council of Science Editors (CSE) Examples
- MLA Citation Examples
- Bluebook - Legal Citation
Citing Orally in Speeches
- Citation Managers
- Oral Source Citations - James Madison University Communication Center
- Using Citations and Avoiding Plagiarism in Oral Presentations - Hamilton College, Dept. of Rhetoric and Communication
- Referencing: Citing in Orals - James Cook University
General Tips:
Tell the audience your source before you use the information (the opposite of in-text citations).
Do not say, “quote, unquote” when you offer a direct quotation. Use brief pauses instead.
Provide enough information about each source so that your audience could, with a little effort, find them. This should include the author(s) name, a brief explanation of their credentials, the title of the work, and publication date.
“In the 1979 edition of The Elements of Style, renowned grammarians and composition stylists Strunk and White encourage writers to ‘make every word tell.’”
If your source is unknown to your audience, provide enough information about your source for the audience to perceive them as credible. Typically we provide this credentialing of the source by stating the source’s qualifications to discuss the topic.
“Dr. Derek Bok, the President Emeritus of Harvard University and the author of The Politics of Happiness argues that the American government should design policies to enhance the happiness of its citizens.”
Provide a caption citation for all direct quotations and /or relevant images on your PowerPoint slides.
Direct Quotations:
These should be acknowledged in your speech or presentation either as “And I quote…” or “As [the source] put it…”
Include title and author: “According to April Jones, author of Readings on Gender…”
Periodical/Magazine:
Include title and date: “Time, March 28, 2005, explains…” or “The New York Times, June 5, 2006, explained it this way…”
Include journal title, date, and author: “Morgan Smith writes in the Fall 2005 issue of Science…”
For organizational or long-standing website, include title: “The center for Disease Control web site includes information…” For news or magazine websites, include title and date: “CNN.com, on March 28, 2005, states…” (Note: CNN is an exception to the “don’t use the address” rule because the site is known by that name.)
Interviews, lecture notes, or personal communication:
Include name and credentials of source: “Alice Smith, professor of Economics at USM, had this to say about the growth plan…” or “According to junior Speech Communication major, Susan Wallace…”
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Citing a Speech
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Presidents’ Day is celebrated on the third Monday of February each year in the United States—and it offers the perfect opportunity to honor the life and achievements of past American presidents, especially historical standouts like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.
The holiday was initially held on February 22nd to honor the life and achievements of George Washington (it coincided with his birthday). So, what better way to commemorate the holiday than by learning to cite one of Washington’s most famous presidential speeches: his farewell address.
Below, we’ve laid out instructions on how to cite any presidential speech in three citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago. For each style, we’ve cited Washington’s farewell address as an example.
In order to properly cite a presidential speech, you need to know the following pieces of information:
- Speaker’s first and last name
- Speech’s title
- Date the speech was delivered
- Editor’s name (if applicable)
If you found the speech in a book, you should also take note of the following:
- Book’s title
- First and last name of the book’s author
- Book’s publisher
- Book’s year of publication
- City and state the publisher is located in
- Page number(s) of the speech
If you found the speech on the internet, instead pay attention to:
- Title of the article
- Title of the webpage (if it differs from the article name)
- Where the speech was given
- Publisher of the website
- Date the article was posted
- URL of the website where the speech resides
Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in MLA Style
How it would look if found in a book :
Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date Speech Delivered. Title of Book, edited or translated by First Name Last Name (if applicable) , Publisher, Year of Publication.
MLA citation example (We used the book shown here ) :
Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 17 Sept. 1796. George Washington’s Farewell Address: Little Books of Wisdom , edited by John Brooks, Applewood Books, 1999.
Online Transcript
How it would look if found in an online transcript :
Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date Speech Was Delivered. Title of Website, Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication, URL (no http:// or https://). Transcript (include if video/audio formats also available).
MLA example :
Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 17 Sept. 1796. The Avalon Project , Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.
Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in APA Style
Title of speech. (Publication Year of Book). In Editor’s Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Book title . City, State: Publisher.
APA citation example :
George Washington’s farewell address. (1999). In J. Brooks (Ed.), George Washington’s farewell addres s: Little books of wisdom . Bedford, MA: Applewood Books.
Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication for Webpage). Title of the article or individual page [Format]. Retrieved from URL (no http:// or https://).
APA example :
Washington, G. (2008). Washington’s farewell address 1796 [Transcript]. Retrieved from avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.
Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in Chicago Style
Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Year Speech Was Delivered. In Book Title, edited by Editor’s First Name Last Name. City, State: Publisher, Year Published.
Chicago citation example :
Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 1796. In George Washington’s Farewell Address: Little Books of Wisdom , edited by John Brooks. Bedford, Massachusetts: Applewood Books, 1999.
Speaker’s Last Name, Speaker’s First Name. “Title of Speech.” Speech, Location Delivered, Date Delivered. “Title of Webpage,” Title of Site . Date Accessed. URL.
Chicago example :
Washington, George. “Washington’s Farewell Address.” Speech, Washington, D.C., 1796. “The Avalon Project: Documents in Law ,History and Diplomacy,” Avalon Project. Accessed November 6, 2018. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.
Need to cite more than what’s outlined above? Cite This For Me has several citing resources including a Harvard referencing generator , a guide on how to do an in-text citation , an annotated bibliography example you can learn from, and other bibliographic tools.
To cite a speech from a printed book in the MLA style, use the following format.
Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Date Speech Delivered (if available). Title of Book , edited or translated by First and Last Name (if applicable), Publisher, Year.
Prakash, Navya. “An Appeal Against Logic.” The Tyranny of Reason , Thoughtful Books, 2021.
To cite a speech from an online transcript in the MLA style, use the following format.
Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Date Speech Delivered (if available). Title of Website , Publisher Name, Date, URL (without the http(s)://). Transcript. (Include if speech is also in video or audio format)
Prakash, Navya. “An Appeal Against Logic.” The Tyranny of Reason Project , The Laws of Reason Library, 2021, www.thereasonlibrary.edu/tyrannyofreason/an-appeal-against-logic_htm. Transcript.
APA 7th Referencing
- Style summary
- Easy Referencing tool This link opens in a new window
- In-text citations
- Reference lists
- Secondary sources (as cited in)
- Streaming videos
- Film/Movie, TV, radio and podcasts
- Print books
- Book chapters
- Edited books
- Conference papers and webinars
- Dictionaries and encyclopedias
- First Nations resources and knowledges
- Images, artworks, and screenshots
- Journal articles
- Newspapers and magazines
- Lecture/Class materials, MOOCs/learning modules and personal communications
- Legal cases
- Legislation, bills and regulations
- Conventions and treaties
- Taxation rulings
- Medical databases
- Plant labels and profiles
Speeches format
- Standards, building codes and patents
- Graphs (figures)
- Theses and dissertations
- Translated and foreign works
- Websites and webpages
- Online documents (e.g. white paper, brochure, fact sheet, ppt slides etc.)
- Social media, apps, games and AI
- APA 7th quiz
- From an edited book
- From a web source
- From YouTube
Speech from an edited book
Reference the source in which you found the speech.
Reference elements
In-text citation
- Citations need to include both the original author of the speech and the secondary source in which the speech was found (e.g. an edited anthology of speeches).
- In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source (i.e. the edited book) in which you found the citation.
Speech from a web source
- If you want to acknowledge the speech's title, make sure to do so in italics .
Speech from YouTube
- Citations need to include both the original author of the speech and the secondary source in which the speech was found (e.g. an edited anthology of speeches).
- Because the British Broadcasting Corporation is known in its abbreviated form, the 2nd citation onwards should be shortened to BBC (2020) or (BBC, 2020). See: in-text citation formats for more information.
- When quoting directly from a YouTube video, provide a time stamp.
- In the reference list, you will need to cite only the secondary source (i.e. the YouTube video ) in which you found the citation.
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Module 2: Ethical Speech
Citing sources in a speech, learning objectives.
Explain how to cite sources in written and oral speech materials.
Tips on citing sources when speaking publicly by Sarah Stone Watt, Pepperdine University
Even if you have handed your professor a written outline of your speech with source citations, you must also offer oral attribution for ideas that are not your own (see Table below for examples of ways to cite sources while you are speaking). Omitting the oral attribution from the speech leads the audience, who is not holding a written version, to believe that the words are your own. Be sure to offer citations and oral attributions for all material that you have taken from someone else, including paraphrases or summaries of their ideas. When in doubt, remember to “always provide oral citations for direct quotations, paraphrased material, or especially striking language, letting listeners know who said the words, where, and when.” [1] Whether plagiarism is intentional or not, it is unethical, and someone committing plagiarism will often be sanctioned based on their institution’s code of conduct.
In your speech, make reference to the quality and credibility of your sources. Identifying the qualifications for a source, or explaining that their ideas have been used by many other credible sources, will enhance the strength of your speech. For example, if you are giving a speech about the benefits of sleep, citing a renowned sleep expert will strengthen your argument. If you can then explain that this person’s work has been repeatedly tested and affirmed by later studies, your argument will appear even stronger. On the other hand, if you simply offer the name of your source without any explanation of who that person is or why they ought to be believed, your argument is suspect. To offer this kind of information without disrupting the flow of your speech, you might say something like:
Mary Carskadon, director of the Chronobiology/Sleep Research Laboratory at Bradley Hospital in Rhode Island and professor at the Brown University School of Medicine, explains that there are several advantages to increased amounts of sleep. Her work is supported by other researchers, like Dr. Kyla Wahlstrom at the University of Minnesota, whose study demonstrated that delaying school start times increased student sleep and their performance (National Sleep Foundation, 2011).
This sample citation bolsters credibility by offering qualifications and identifying multiple experts who agree on this issue.
- Turner, Kathleen J., et al. Public Speaking . Pearson, 2017. ↵
- Jobs, S. (2005, June 14). "You've got to find what you love," Jobs says. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html ↵
- Tips on citing sources. Authored by : Sarah Stone Watt. Located at : http://publicspeakingproject.org/supporting.html . License : CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives . License Terms : Used with Permission
- EXPLORE Random Article
How to Cite a Speech
Last Updated: July 6, 2023 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Danielle Blinka, MA, MPA . Danielle Blinka is a Writer, Editor, Podcaster, Improv Performer, and Artist currently living in Houston, TX. She also has experience teaching English and writing to others. Danielle holds a Bachelor of Arts in English, Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Master of Arts in English with a concentration in writing, and Master of Public Administration from Lamar University. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 32,736 times.
Speeches can provide a lot of great information, but citing them can seem hard. Luckily, there are ways for you to cite that information. If you find the speech in a book, then you can cite the book as an edited book, using the correct writing style. Otherwise, you can follow the speech citation guidelines for the style guide you're using. Also, you can cite a speech in-text in the same way you would any other source.
Using MLA Format
- If the speech had two authors, you'd alphabetize it using the first author's last name. Then, write "and" and the second author's name. For example: Lopez, Ana and Sam Robinson.
- If you found the speech in a book, then you can format your citation for a book, using the book’s information.
- You’d start your citation like this: Weber, Alex.
- For example, you might find Alex Weber’s speech titled as “Building a Robot.”
- In cases where there is no speech name given, you can note this by giving it an appropriate title. For example, “Keynote Speech at National Robotics Conference.” In this case, you’re telling the audience that the information is from an unnamed speech you heard the author give at the National Robotics Conference.
- Your citation would like like this so far: Weber, Alex. "Building a Robot."
- For example, Alex Weber may have been presenting at the National Robotics Conference, which is the name you’d use.
- If you’re citing a class lecture, you can list the course name and course number for this entry. [4] X Research source
- At this point, your citation should look like this: Weber, Alex. "Building a Robot." National Robotics Conference,
- For a class lecture, you’d use your university. [6] X Research source
- Your citation should now look like this: Weber, Alex. “Building a Robot.” National Robotics Conference, Center for Robotics,
- Here's an example of the citation up to this point: Weber, Alex. “Building a Robot.” National Robotics Conference, Center for Robotics, 8 January 2018,
- You do not need to include the city if it’s specified in the name of the venue. [8] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source As an example, you would not need to specify Houston, TX, if the venue name was Houston Civic Center.
- This citation would like like this so far: Weber, Alex. “Building a Robot.” National Robotics Conference, Center for Robotics, 8 January 2018, George R. Brown Center, Houston, TX.
- Your final citation will look like this: Weber, Alex. “Building a Robot.” National Robotics Conference, Center for Robotics, 8 January 2018, George R. Brown Center, Houston, TX. Keynote Address.
Following APA Format
- If you can't find a transcript, you can look for a video of the speech. As another alternative, you can look for a book that uses excerpts of the speech or look for the sources the speaker used to support the material in the speech, which you can use instead of the speech itself.
- If you find your transcript, you can cite the speech appropriately using the format of an edited book, article, or website.
- For example: Lamar, Amy. Influential speeches on robotics . Atlanta, GA: B&B Publishers.
- This works for both a recording of the speech or a transcript.
- If you found the speech on YouTube, you should start your citation entry with the name of the posting account.
- Your citation should look like this so far: Jackson, Malik.
- For instance, the Center for Robotics may have uploaded Malik Jackson’s speech on June 3, 2018, right after its delivery.
- Here's an example: Jackson, Malik. (2018, June).
- If you watched a video of the speech, label it as a video file after the title, like this: [Video file]. In this case, you should put your period after [Video file].
- For example, your citation might look like this so far: Jackson, Malik. (2018, June). Repairing Surgical Machines [Video File].
- Your final entry might look like this: Jackson, Malik. (2018, June). Repairing Surgical Machines [Video File]. Retrieved from www.centerforrobotics.com/speeches/repairing_surgical_machines.
Citing in Chicago Style
- You can use the name of the speaker first, no matter what your source type is. However, the rest of your citation can vary, depending on the source where you found the speech. If you found the transcript in a book, the rest of the citation should be formatted like an edited book. [16] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
- Your citation should look like this so far: Ray, Jane.
- Here's an example: Ray, Jane. "Choosing Robot Components.”
- If the speech was a class lecture, you should label it “Classroom discussion” instead of “Speech.” You should also include the name of your course. [18] X Research source
- For instance: Ray, Jane. "Choosing Robot Components.” Speech,
- Write it like this: Houston, TX,
- Your citation would look like this so far: Ray, Jane. "Choosing Robot Components.” Speech, Houston, TX,
- The entry will look like this: Ray, Jane. "Choosing Robot Components.” Speech, Houston, TX, January 8, 2018.
- For instance, format it like this: Ray, Jane. "Choosing Robot Components.” Speech, Houston, TX, January 8, 2018. EBSCO Database.
- For example, you could write your citation like this: Ray, Jane. "Choosing Robot Components.” Speech, Houston, TX, January 8, 2018. Robot Science. http://www.centerforrobotics.com/speeches/building_a_robot.
Creating In-Text Citations
- For example, you could write it like this: “According to Weber’s research, metal components can create more durable robots than plastic components.”
- For APA, you should also include the year in parentheses after the name. You would write, "According to Ray (2018), metal components are a better option than plastic components."
- For Chicago Style, you can use endnotes to provide the rest of the source information.
- Your passage might look like this: “Studies show that metal components last 4 times as long as plastic components (Weber).”
- For APA, you should also include the year after the last name, separating them with a comma. It will look like this: (Weber, 2018).
- For example, let’s say Amy Lamar compiled several speeches about robotics into a book, including Alex Weber’s speech. You’d include a parenthetical citation at the end of the information you took from Weber’s speech, and it would look like this: (Lamar).
- For APA formatting, you should also include the year of the publication after the author’s last name, separated by a comma. For example, (Lamar, 2018). If you’re providing a direct quote, include the page number, as well. Separate each item with a comma. For example, (Lamar, 2018, p. 45). [26] X Research source
- As above, Chicago Style will use normal endnotes.
Community Q&A
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- ↑ https://style.mla.org/citing-a-copy-of-a-speech/
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_other_common_sources.html
- ↑ https://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/cite-write/citation-style-guides/mla/lectures-speech-reading-address
- ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/transcript-audiovisual-work-references
- ↑ https://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/195652
- ↑ https://library.menloschool.org/chicago/speech
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/miscellaneous.html
- ↑ https://penandthepad.com/cite-speech-using-mla-format-4450320.html
- ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/cite-speech-mla/
- ↑ https://penandthepad.com/cite-speech-apa-1310.html
About this article
To cite a speech in MLA format, start by writing the speaker’s last name, followed by the first name and a period. Then, write the name of the speech title with quotation marks around it. Put a period after the speech title, making sure that the period goes inside the quotation mark. After that, list the name of the event where the speech occurred, the name of the host organization, and the date of the event, all separated by commas. Following the date, you’ll need to list the venue and the city and state where it’s located, with a period after the state. Finish by writing the type of speech you’re citing, such as “Keynote Address” or “Lecture.” To learn more, like how to cite a speech in APA or Chicago Style, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Research Guide: Citations
- APA Verbal/Speech Citations Example
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- MLA Citation Style Overview
- In-Text Citations - MLA
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- ONLINE SOURCES - MLA Works Cited
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- MLA Formatted Paper Example
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Verbal Citations in Speeches and Presentations
What should you include in a verbal citation, when you give a speech....
(click on image to enlarge)
Why cite sources verbally?
- to c onvince your audience that you are a credible speaker. Building on the work of others lends authority to your presentation
- to prove that your information comes from solid, reliable sources that your audience can trust.
- to give credit to others for their ideas, data, images (even on PowerPoint slides), and words to avoid plagiarism.
- to leave a path for your audience so they can locate your sources.
What are tips for effective verbal citations?
When citing books:
- Ineffective : “ Margaret Brownwell writes in her book Dieting Sensibly that fad diets telling you ‘eat all you want’ are dangerous and misguided.” (Although the speaker cites and author and book title, who is Margaret Brownwell? No information is presented to establish her authority on the topic.)
- Better : “Margaret Brownwell, professor of nutrition at the Univeristy of New Mexico , writes in her book, Dieting Sensibly, that …” (The author’s credentials are clearly described.)
When citing Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper articles
- Ineffective : “An article titled ‘Biofuels Boom’ from the ProQuest database notes that midwestern energy companies are building new factories to convert corn to ethanol.” (Although ProQuest is the database tool used to retrieve the information, the name of the newspaper or journal and publication date should be cited as the source.)
- Better : “An article titled ‘Biofuels Boom’ in a September 2010 issue of Journal of Environment and Development” notes that midwestern energy companies…” (Name and date of the source provides credibility and currency of the information as well as giving the audience better information to track down the source.)
When citing websites
- Ineffective : “According to generationrescue.org, possible recovery from autism includes dietary interventions.” (No indication of the credibility or sponsoring organization or author of the website is given)
- Better : “According to pediatrician Jerry Kartzinel, consultant for generationrescue.org, an organization that provides information about autism treatment options, possibly recovery from autism includes dietary interventions.” (author and purpose of the website is clearly stated.)
Note: some of the above examples are quoted from: Metcalfe, Sheldon. Building a Speech. 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. Google Books. Web. 17 Mar. 2012.
Video: Oral Citations
Source: "Oral Citations" by COMMpadres Media , is licensed under a Standard YouTube License.
Example of a Verbal Citation
Example of a verbal citation from a CMST 238 class at Green River College, Auburn, WA, February 2019
What to Include in a Verbal Citation
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Speech - Argument/Persuasive Speech
- 5. Cite Your Sources
5. Cite Your Sources in MLA Format
Here are a few examples to help you cite your sources in MLA format:
How to Cite Part of a Book or Ebook (Print or Electronic)
Format: Author(s). "Title of Part." Title of Book , edited by Editor, edition, vol. #, Publisher, Year, page number(s). Database Name (if electronic) , URL.
Example: Parsloe, Sarah M. "How Fishy is it? Risk Communication and Perceptions of Genetically Engineered Salmon." Food Safety: a Reference Handbook , by Nina E. Redman and Michele Morrone, 3rd ed., ABC-CLIO, 2017, pp. 121-126. EBSCOhost , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=nlebk&AN=1457340&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
How to Cite a Journal Article from a Database
Format: Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal , vol. #, no. #, Date of Publication, page number(s). Database Name (if electronic).
Example: Melugin, Jessica."Net Neutrality is Bad for Consumers." Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection , 2018. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.gale.com/apps/doc/IQBUHE201042021/OVIC?u=spartechcl&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=ba4e19e4 .
How to Cite an Article from Issues & Controversies
Format: "Title of Article." Database Name , Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.
Example: "Childhood Obesity." Issues & Controversies , Infobase, 6 Mar. 2023, icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY1MDU=.
How to Cite a Graph from Statista
Format: Creator(s). "Title of Graph." Title of Source in Italics, Publisher, Date. Database Name, URL.
Example: "Estimated Volume of Food Waste Generated in the United States from 2016 to 2019 (in Millions Tons)." 2019 Wasted Food Report , Environmental Protection Agency, Apr. 2023. Statista , https://www.statista.com/statistics/1386235/amount-of-food-waste-generated-in-the-united-states/.
How to Cite a Website
Format: Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Website in Italics , Website Publisher (if different than title), Date of publication, URL.
*Note: Exclude publisher if title of website and publisher are the same. *Note: If website does not have a date, add an access date at the end after the URL: Accessed 7 May 2016. *Note: Do not include the http:// or https:// in the URL.
Example: Fowler, Betheny, and Robert Cox. "School Meals Will be Free at Multiple Spartanburg Co. Districts." 7 News WSPA.COM , Nexstar Media Group, 27 July 2023, www.wspa.com/news/school/students-in-spartanburg-school-district-1-to-receive-free-meals/.
Additional MLA Examples
Citing Images in a Presentation
MLA gives two different ways to cite an images in a presentation or paper depending on how you are using the image in your presentation. The difference depends on whether the image is just for illustration or decoration (a stand along image), or if you're going to refer to this image in your presentation (the image itself is part of the content of your presentation.
Option 1: Image is for Illustration or Decoration (not going to talk directly about the image during your presentation).
In this case, list the entire citation information in the caption of the image. Do not list it on your Works Cited page at the end.
Option 2: Image is Part of the Presentation (going to talk about the image specifically during your presentation)
In this case, you'll still include a caption for the image, but the caption will only include an in-text citation, and the entire citation information will go on the Works Cited page like you with a regular source.
See the two different ways you could use the image below in a presentation, and how the citing would differ.
Option 1: If the image below is on a slide about massage therapists, but you don't directly talk about the image, then you'd include the full citation information in the caption for the image. See below.
Fig. 1: Cuttingham, Alyssa. Massage Chair. Massage & Bodywork , vol. 28, no. 3, Dec. 2016, p. 14. Vocational and Career Collection .
Option 2: If you're displaying this image of the massage chair in order to talk about the correct positioning and demonstrate how someone should sit in the chair, meaning that you'll talk about this image and what it shows, then you would include the citation information in your Works Cited, and the caption would just include an in-text citation.
Fig. 1: Correct Positioning in a Massage Chair (Cuttingham 14).
Works Cited
Cuttingham, Alyssa. Massage Chair. Massage & Bodywork , vol. 28, no. 3, Dec. 2016, p. 14. Vocational and Career Collection .
In-Text Citations
This in-text citation information will get you started, but see our full In-text Citation Guide for more information and additional examples .
- Basic Format
No Page Numbers
- 3 or More Authors
Basic Format: 1 Author and Page Numbers
Place the author’s last name and page number in parenthesis. If the in-text citation is at the end of a sentence, place the period outside the parenthesis.
Example 1: (Hennessy 81).
Example 2: (Hennessy 81-82).
If a source has no page numbers, omit the page number. Keep in mind, most electronic sources do not include pages.
Example 1: ("Everyday Victims")
Example 2: (Jones)
If the source has no author, your in-text citation will use the title of the source that starts your works cited entry. The title may appear in the sentence itself or, abbreviated, before the page number in parenthesis.
Example 1: (“Noon” 508).
Example 2 : ( Faulkner’s Novels 25).
Example 3 : (“Climate Model Simulations").
If the entry on the Works Cited page begins with the names of two authors, include both last names in the in-text citation, connected by and.
Example: (Dorris and Erdrich 23).
If the source has three or more authors, include the first author’s last name followed by et al.
Example: (Burdick et al. 42).
MLA Works Cited Guide
Shortened MLA Practice Template
MLA Formatting Rules
In-text Citations
Sample Paper in MLA Format
MLA Practice Template (long version)
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FAQ: How do I cite a speech?
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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2023 Views: 87789
How you cite a speech will depend upon what citation style you are using. Check with your professor if you an unsure as to what style you should use.
The APA Style page " Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References This link opens in a new window " states that "You don’t reference the speech itself!" Instead, you find the speech in a source such as a book, film, or website and cite that.
For example, if you are using Ronald Reagan's "Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate," you would find a source that contains the speech and then cite the source according to the proper style (website, book, etc.).
In-Text Citation
(Regan, 1987).
Reference Page
Reagan, R. (1987). Tear Down This Wall: Remarks at Brandenburg Gate [Speech transcript]. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library, https://www.reaganfoundation.org/media/128814/brandenburg.pdf This link opens in a new window .
See page 335 of the MLA Handbook for more examples.
(Atwood "Silencing the Scream").
Works Cited Page
Atwood, Margaret. "Silencing the Scream." Boundaries of the Imagination Forum. MLA Annual Convention, 29 Dec. 1993, Royal York Hotel, Toronto.
Note : If you are quoting a speech published in a book or journal you will cite that source.
Chicago Style
The Chicago Manual of Style is currently in its 17th edition.
NOTE: For lectures, papers presented at meetings, and speeches that are published in other sources, the Chicago Manual of Style indicates that the material should be cited in the medium it was published. For example, if the lecture was published in a book, cite it as a chapter in a book. For live lectures, paper presentations, and speeches, see the formats below.
Lectures at Meetings
For notes and bibliography style (see section 14.217: Lectures, papers presented at meetings , of the Chicago Manual of Style).
The sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which a speech was given or a paper presented follow the title. This information, like that following a thesis title, is put in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.
For example (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):
2. Stacy D’Erasmo, “The Craft and Career of Writing” (lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000).
Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.
The Author-Date section of the Chicago Style does not include an example for Lectures. In this case, see Section 15.3 of the Manual. It says in part that “Most of the examples in chapter 14 are readily adapted to the author-date style—in almost all cases by a different ordering or arrangement of elements.” For the in-text (parenthetical) citation, you would use this basic format: (Author Last Name, Year). See Section 14.226 of the manual for whether a bibliography entry is needed (it will depend upon how you accessed the lecture).
Audio Recordings of Speeches
For notes and bibliography style (see section 14.264 Recorded readings, lectures, audiobooks, and the like , of the Chicago Manual of Style).
Audio recordings are treated much like musical recordings.
For example:
3. Calvin Coolidge, “Equal Rights” (speech), ca. 1920, in “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920,” Library of Congress, copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.
4. Eleanor Roosevelt, “Is America Facing World Leadership?,” convocation speech, Ball State Teacher’s College, May 6, 1959, Muncie, IN, radio broadcast, reel-to-reel tape, MPEG copy, 1:12:49, http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ElRoos/id/1.
For author-date style (see section 15.57 Citing recordings and multimedia in author-date format , of the Chicago Manual of Style) the manual states that Audiovisual recordings and other multimedia can be cited in author-date format by adapting the recommendations and examples outlined and exemplified in 14.261–68 .
(Coolidge [1920?])
References page (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):
Coolidge, Calvin. [1920?]. “Equal Rights” (speech). In “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920.” Library of Congress. Copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.
More information:
- Citing Sources Guide (Shapiro Library)
This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite speeches.
McAdoo, Timothy. (2009). How to cite a speech in APA style . Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-a-speech-in-apa-style.html
The Modern Language Association of America. (2016). MLA Handbook . New York: Modern Language Association of America.
University of Chicago. (2017). 14.226 Lectures, papers presented at meetings, and the lik e. Retrieved from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed17/part3/ch14/psec217.html
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Provide a caption citation for all direct quotations and /or relevant images on your PowerPoint slides. Direct Quotations: These should be acknowledged in your speech or presentation either as "And I quote…" or "As [the source] put it…". Book: Include title and author: "According to April Jones, author of Readings on Gender…".
To cite a paper presentation from an academic conference, use the following format. List the date as the range of dates across which the conference took place. APA format. Author name, Initials. ( Year, Month Day - Day ). Paper title [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, City, State, Country. URL.
How to Incorrectly and Correctly Cite Common Sources: Direct Quotations: These should be acknowledged in your speech or presentation ei-ther as "And I quote..." or "As [source] recommends...". Book: include title and author Incorrect: "According to Burke, the principle of persuasion...". Correct: "According to Kenneth Burke ...
Author-date speech citation examples. Video on a website. Audio recording on a website. Transcript on a website. Transcript in a book. Lecture you attended. Chicago author-date format. Speaker last name, First name. Year. " Video Title .". Lecture Series, University Name, filmed Month Day, Year.
In order to properly cite a presidential speech, you need to know the following pieces of information: Speaker's first and last name. Speech's title. Date the speech was delivered. Editor's name (if applicable) If you found the speech in a book, you should also take note of the following: Book's title. First and last name of the book ...
Citing a website in MLA Style. An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author's name, the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL. The in-text citation usually just lists the author's name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to ...
To cite an online lecture or speech, follow the MLA format template. List the name of the presenter, followed by the title of the lecture. Then list the name of the website as the title of the container, the date on which the lecture was posted, and the URL: Allende, Isabel. "Tales of Passion.".
In an oral citation of a website, you do not need to give the URL. Caution: If a website quotes a book, ... incorporate oral source citations into each of your speech rehearsals. Citations become part of the overall timing of the speech, so use a watch or timer when practicing. Tip. Do not say "quote, unquote" when you cite a direct quotation ...
To cite a speech republished in a digital book, follow the MLA format template. List the name of the speaker and the title of the speech. Then list the title of the book and—if given—its editor, followed by the publication details for the book. If the work exists in print as well, list the format in the "Version" slot so that your ...
In the past, "literacy was a frill, a luxury, for the great majority of people" (Early, 1979, as cited in Wolcott, 2014, p. 66). Early (1979, as cited in Wolcott, 2014) declared, "technology has made literacy essential--for everyone" (p. 67). Citations need to include both the original author of the speech and the secondary source in which ...
Identifying the qualifications for a source, or explaining that their ideas have been used by many other credible sources, will enhance the strength of your speech. For example, if you are giving a speech about the benefits of sleep, citing a renowned sleep expert will strengthen your argument. If you can then explain that this person's work ...
How to Cite a Speech in APA Style. by Timothy McAdoo. "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.". Martin Luther King, Jr. made this famous declaration on August 28, 1963, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
3. Use the book author's last name, if you found the speech in a book. You'll still cite the book in the same way, but you'll use the name of the editor who compiled the speeches into a book. [25] For example, let's say Amy Lamar compiled several speeches about robotics into a book, including Alex Weber's speech.
Examples: When citing books: Ineffective: " Margaret Brownwell writes in her book Dieting Sensibly that fad diets telling you 'eat all you want' are dangerous and misguided." (Although the speaker cites and author and book title, who is Margaret Brownwell? No information is presented to establish her authority on the topic.) Better ...
Examples. See the two different ways you could use the image below in a presentation, and how the citing would differ. Option 1: If the image below is on a slide about massage therapists, but you don't directly talk about the image, then you'd include the full citation information in the caption for the image. See below. Fig. 1: Cuttingham, Alyssa.
Revised on January 17, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ...
Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author's ...
APA Style. The APA Style page " Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References " states that "You don't reference the speech itself!" Instead, you find the speech in a source such as a book, film, or website and cite that. For example, if you are using Ronald Reagan's "Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate," you would find a source that contains the ...
Determine the type of work to cite (e.g., article, image, sound recording) and cite appropriately. End the entry with the name of the digital format (e.g., PDF, JPEG file, Microsoft Word file, MP3). If the work does not follow traditional parameters for citation, give the author's name, the name of the work, the date of creation, and the ...
Each work cited must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix). Both paraphrasesand quotationsrequire citations. The following are guidelines to follow when writing in-text citations: Ensure that the spelling of author names and the publication ...
Mission. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives.
In an MLA Works Cited entry for an in-person lecture, list the title in quotation marks, with headline capitalization, and include the word "Lecture" (or a more specific descriptive term) at the end of the entry. The MLA in-text citation just lists the speaker's last name. MLA format. Speaker last name, First name.
Pro-Palestine protesters have disrupted a talk by an American tech billionaire at Cambridge student union. Peter Thiel, the Republican Party donor and founder of Palantir, which has defence ...
Speech / Lecture. Cite a lecture or other public speech. Use another form to cite. conference sessions and presentations. . Source type. Required. Speech. Title.