essay outline on drug courts

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Compulsory Treatment: Drug Courts

Key Components of Drug Courts

One of the ways to achieve good results in the efforts against drug abuse is the use of drug courts. Drug courts are special court programs with the purpose of achieving a reduction in substance abuse and the increase of the likelihood of a successful rehabilitation program through early and intense treatment, community supervisions, mandatory periodic testing, and other rehabilitation services that a judicial officer supervises (Belenko, DeMatteo, & Patapis, 2002). Evaluation and research have shown that where the implementation of the drug courts is consistent with procedures based on objective studies, they offer a significant reduction in substance abuse, especially among high-risk offenders (Holloway, Bennett, & Farrington, 2006). In addition, they would increase the likelihood of a successful rehabilitation program. In doing this, the courts would reduce the cost of addressing these problems relative to the costs of the criminal justice system.

The drug courts have ten key components that enable them to work efficiently and achieve their goal of stopping drug abuse and other related criminal activity (U.S Department of Justice, 2004). The first component is the integration of drug treatment services with the justice system case processing. The treatment process is usually done in three phases to ensure the efficiency of the component – a stabilization phase, an intensive treatment phase, and a transition phase. The second element is the employment of a non-adversarial technique by prosecution and defense for them to uphold the safety of the public as well as shield the due process and rights of the participants. The third component is the identification of eligible participants early for placement in a drug court program. The procedure is to do an eligibility screening based on the established written criterion, advising the eligible participants about the program requirements and screening of the participants by trained professionals for a most suitable treatment program. The other mechanism is the provision of access to a variety of drugs, alcohol, including other rehabilitation services, repeated drug and alcohol testing to scrutinize self-denial, which is a harmonized tactic to oversee drug courts reactions. Additionally, there is the judicial interaction with the drug courts and participants that consists in the monitoring and evaluation of the achievements of the program goals to gauge its effectiveness. Finally, the remaining components are ensuring a continuous interdisciplinary education to promote effective drug court procedures and generating local support by partnering with public agencies and community-based organizations, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the drug court programs (Moscher & Akins, 2014).

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Operation of Drug Courts and Their Effectiveness

On the local level, the operation of drug courts is aimed at diverting offenders with substance abuse problems from incarceration into the treatment programs that have rigorous standards of accountability. Drug courts offer their assistance to the participants, which enables them to recover from addiction and prevents them from engaging in future criminal activities while reducing the costs of processing low-level, non-violent offender cases through national courts, prisons, and jails (Mosher & Akins, 2014). According to Gottfredson, Najaka, and Kearley (2003), drug court participants obtain treatment as well as other services for not less than a period of one year. Court appearances are recurrent with random drug testing with incentives and sanctions to persuade successful compliance and completion of the program. When the participant completes the program, it may result in the dismissal of charges, reduced sentences, or lesser penalties. Reports have shown that drug courts have been effective in reducing drug use and recidivism, maintaining high retention rates in the program and cost-effectiveness (Gottfredson, Najaka, & Kearley, 2003). In addition, some reports term the programs as being able to reunite families, giving birth to drug-free babies, offering greater credibility for the criminal justice process and freeing up criminal justice resources to handle other serious cases (Holloway, Bennett, & Farrington, 2006).

How Various Resources Describe, Portray, and Represent Drug Courts

Various resources cover the topic of drug courts, which allows the readers to see how they describe, portray, and represent the courts. Some of these resources include government resources, political resources, newspaper resources, and opinion-based resources. Knowing the way these resources depict drug courts will assist in understanding their importance and the impacts that they have had on peoples lives. In addition, it will assist in knowing ways on how to improve on the programs that the drug courts offer.

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Government Resources

The government resources that cover the topic of drug courts mainly mention the definition of the drug courts while covering the ten key components of the courts. One such resource comes from the Drug Courts Resources Series from the United States Department of Justice titled Defining Drug Courts: The Key Components. The resource describes the ten key components of drug courts while elaborating the purpose and processes of each component. In addition, it lists various organizations that provide information and guidance about matters pertaining to drug courts. Examples of such organizations include Justice Management Institute, National Association of Drug Court Professionals, and State Justice Institute (U.S Department of Justice, 2004). The document portrays drug courts as an important tool in stopping alcohol and drug abuse as well as other related criminal activity.

Newspaper Resources

Another type of resource in consideration is newspaper resources. The topic of drug courts receives a wide coverage in various newspapers. An example of such resource is an article covered by the Daily Herald newspaper about a heroin addict who received a new life as the result of a drug court appearance. Among the people the article titled Drug Courts Give Heroin Addicts a Whole New Life talks about is a 19-year-old former heroin addict said that appearance at the drug court program gave her a whole new life (Cilella, 2015). According to the article, drug courts make the offenders get their life back together by giving them the necessary tools (Cilella, 2015). The drug court the article focuses on is the Kane County drug court. The sentence of the court lasts a minimum of 30 months and has three phases (Cilella, 2015). The first phase concentrates on allowing the participants to focus on their recovery. The second phase allows them to work on rebuilding their lives that they had lost because of their addiction. The third and final phase makes it possible for the participants to plan for their lives after they have finished their drug court programs. The article goes further to mention that drug courts result in reduced prison costs, reduced arrests, and the need for social services (Cilella, 2015).

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Another newspaper article that covers the topic of drug courts is the article on the stories of drug court graduates by the C & G Newspapers. The article titled Drug Court Graduates Share Stories of Struggle, Hopetalks about the struggles the participants faced before finishing the programs and having their normal lives back (Louwers, 2015). Some of the people who attended the program have been able to improve their lives by getting good jobs, attending support meetings, and managing to stay clean after the program. The articles mainly talk about the 37th District Court program. Among those who completed the program is Carl Brune, 27. The charges against him were possession of heroin and analogs (Louwers, 2015). After spending 18 months in the 37th District Courts program and later 13 months in a recovery house, he was able to get a good job and found the motivation to attend support meetings a few times a week (Louwers, 2015). Another participant, Georgette Aegerter, 28, was able to regain guardianship of her daughter after completing the program (Louwers, 2015). The article positively portrays drug courts as avenues that enable people who previously abused drugs to regain back their lives and have a healthy and productive lifestyle.

Opinion-Based Resources

The opinion-based resources also cover the topic of drug courts. An example of this type of resource an article by Michael Honda and Martin Sheen (2011) titled Why We Need more Drug Courts. In the article, the authors claim that drug courts should be at the center of the criminal justice reform process (Honda & Sheen, 2011). They give four reasons to support their opinion. First, that drug courts are extremely effective in reducing recidivism. Secondly, those drug courts serve a growing number of military veterans who have charges stemming from substance abuse. Third, drug courts courageously combat drug abuse across various states. Finally, the last reason is that drug courts have been able to offer a reduction in crime by up to 50% (Honda & Sheen, 2011). The authors conclude by saying that if the United States is serious about on lowering criminal justice costs, it should hold the line on drug court funding because the program can return up to $27 for an investment of $1 (Honda & Sheen, 2011). Further, the courts can continue treating addicted offenders and meet the growing needs of the people in the criminal justice system (Honda & Sheen, 2011).

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Based on the study of various resources, it is evident that drug courts have been able to provide essential services to non-violent offenders with alcohol and drug use problems. Eligible persons may go to the drug courts instead of justice system case processing. The courts keep individuals in treatment for not less than one year, thus enabling the programs to work. During the period, the participants remain under strict supervision. They participants receive intensive treatment and other services they require; they are accountable for meeting their obligations to the society, courts and family, undergo random and regular drug tests and receive rewards for doing well and sanctions if they do not meet their obligations. The drug courts serve a fraction of the people who have drug addiction problems. Breaking the cycle of drug abuse and its relation to criminal activities needs the establishment of a drug court within the reach of every person.

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Adult Treatment Court Resources

These resources serve as the foundation for adult drug courts and all team members should be well-versed in their content. Examples include: best practice standards, 10 key components, etc.

• Adult Treatment Court Best Practice Standards
• Adult Treatment Court Best Practice Standards – Español
• Defining Drug Courts: The Key Components
• Key Components to Best Practice Standards Crosswalk
• Translating Drug Court Research into Practice
• A Practitioner’s Guide to Constitutional and Legal Issues in Adult Drug Courts

These sample documents are used by similar treatment court program types across the US and can be adapted for use within your program. Examples include: policy and procedure manuals, sanctions/incentives grids, participant handbooks, exit surveys, phase checklists, medication contracts, etc. 

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Drug Courts

A Smart Approach to Criminal Justice

Drug courts, which combine treatment with incentives and sanctions, mandatory and random drug testing, and aftercare, are a proven tool for improving public health and public safety. They provide an innovative mechanism for promoting collaboration among the judiciary, prosecutors, community corrections agencies, drug treatment providers, and other community support groups. These special courts have been operating in the United States for more than 20 years, and their effectiveness is well documented. In times of serious budget cuts, the drug court model offers State and local governments a cost‐effective way to increase the percentage of addicted offenders who achieve sustained recovery, thereby improving public safety and reducing costs associated with re‐arrest and additional incarceration. Every $1 spent on drug courts yields more than $2 in savings in the criminal justice system alone.

President Obama’s FY 2012 Budget request includes approximately $101 million for drug, mental health, and other problem‐solving courts, including Veterans Treatment, Tribal Healing to Wellness, and Family Dependency Treatment Courts. This demonstrates the Administration’s support for increasing and enhancing access to substance use disorder treatment. With more than 2,500 drug courts in operation today, approximately 120,000 Americans annually receive the help they need to break the cycle of addiction and recidivism.

• Drug courts operate on the local level to divert non‐violent offenders with substance use problems from incarceration into supervised programs with treatment and rigorous standards of accountability.
• The courts connect the judicial, law enforcement, and treatment communities with other systems and provider organizations through comprehensive case management to address participants’ other needs, such as education, housing, job training, and mental health referrals.
• Drug courts help participants recover from addiction and prevent future criminal activity while also reducing the burden and costs of repeatedly processing low‐level, non‐violent offenders through the Nation’s courts, jails, and prisons.

Drug court programs have a tangible effect on criminal recidivism. A study funded by the Department of Justice examined re‐arrest rates for drug court graduates and found that nationally, 84 percent of drug court graduates have not been re‐arrested and charged with a serious crime in the first year after graduation, and 72.5 percent have no arrests at the two‐year mark.

Additionally, an analysis of drug court cost‐effectiveness conducted by The Urban Institute found that drug courts provided $2.21 in benefits to the criminal justice system for every $1 invested.2 When expanding the program to all at‐risk arrestees, the average return on investment increased even more, resulting in a benefit of $3.36 for every $1 spent.

By the Numbers

• The drug court movement continues to grow. Since 1989, drug courts have been established or are being planned in all 50 States, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Guam, and in nearly 90 Tribal locations (see map.)
• There are more than 2,500 drug court programs throughout the United States.
• Approximately 47 percent of counties in the United States are served by drug courts (see map).
• A review of five independent meta‐analyses concluded that drug courts significantly reduce crime by an average of 8 to 26 percentage points; well‐administered drug courts were found to reduce crime rates by as much as 35 percent, compared to traditional case dispositions.
• The success of drug courts has led to development of Tribal Wellness, Veterans Treatment, Mentally Ill Offender, Community, and Family Treatment courts.

The Drug Court Model: Best Practices

Drug court participants are provided intensive treatment and other services for a minimum of one year. There are frequent court appearances and random drug testing, with sanctions and incentives to encourage compliance and completion. Successful completion of the treatment program results in dismissal of the charges, reduced or set‐aside sentences, lesser penalties, or a combination of these. Most important, graduating participants gain the necessary tools to rebuild their lives.

Because the problem of drugs and crime is much too broad for any single agency to tackle alone, drug courts rely upon the daily communication and cooperation of judges, court personnel, probation, treatment providers, and providers of other social services.

Drug courts vary somewhat in terms of their structure, scope, and target populations, but they all share three primary goals:

• Reduced Recidivism Rates
• Reduced Substance Use Among Participants
• Rehabilitation of Participants

Achieving these goals requires adherence to the core organizational structure and attributes of the drug court model. This model, which has successfully been replicated in thousands of courtrooms nationwide, includes the following key components:

• Integration of alcohol and other drug treatment services within justice system case processing;
• A non‐adversarial approach, through which prosecution and defense counsel promote public safety while protecting participants’ due process rights;
• Early identification of eligible participants and prompt placement in the drug court;
• Access to a continuum of alcohol, drug and other treatment, and rehabilitation services;
• Frequent alcohol and other drug testing to monitor abstinence;
• A coordinated strategy governing drug court responses to participants’ compliance or noncompliance;
• Ongoing judicial interaction with each participant;
• Monitoring and evaluation to measure achievement of program goals and gauge effectiveness;
• Continuing interdisciplinary education to promote effective drug court planning, implementation and operations; and
• Forging of partnerships among drug courts, public agencies, and community‐based organizations to generate local support and enhance drug court program effectiveness.

Drug courts following these tenets reduce recidivism and promote other positive outcomes. The magnitude of a court's impact may depend upon how well the practitioners address and balance these core components and adapt to the needs of their clients and court staff.

Connecting Drug Courts to Law Enforcement

A strong partnership with local law enforcement is a critical component of a successful drug court. Street‐level enforcement officers provide a unique perspective and benefit to drug court teams. Law enforcement can improve referrals to the court and extend the connection of the drug court team into the community for further information gathering and monitoring of participants. Law enforcement personnel play important roles not only in the day‐to‐day operations of the drug court, but also in showing other government and community leaders the public safety efficacy of these courts.

A comprehensive study of the key attributes of successful drug courts reinforces the importance of this relationship. In the 18 adult drug courts studied, researchers found that:

• Having a member from law enforcement on the team was associated with higher graduation rates, compared to teams without a law enforcement member (57 percent versus 46 percent).
• Drug court teams that included law enforcement personnel reduced costs an additional 36 percent over the reductions achieved by traditional drug courts.

In recognition of the importance of law enforcement participation in the drug court process, the National Association of Drug Court Professionals’ (NADCP) National Drug Court Institute (NDCI) has created a National Law Enforcement Task Force. This Task Force is designed to increase the involvement of law enforcement personnel in the drug court process and gather critical input from key law enforcement leaders across the country. The Task Force has representatives from a number of law enforcement organizations, including: 

• International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
• National Sheriffs Association (NSA)
• National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE)
• Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association (HAPCOA)
• National Native American Law Enforcement Association (NNALEA)
• National Organization of Women Law Enforcement Executives (NAWLEE)
• American Probation and Parole Association (APPA)

To further educate and expand law enforcement involvement in drug courts, NDCI is developing a curriculum for law enforcement personnel. This curriculum will include information on the medical aspects of addiction, treatment, and recovery, and how to engage substance abuse service providers. ONDCP is providing the funding for this training course, which will qualify for Police Officer Standards and Training (POST) for the enrolled law enforcement officers.

Training & Technical Assistance Resources

With the expansion of drug courts throughout the country, it is critical to ensure standards for drug court implementation and operations are effectively disseminated to the field. It is also critical for the more than 2,500 courts currently in operation, along with those in the planning and implementation phases, to be fully trained and operating in accordance with the long‐standing, strict standards designed for drug courts to achieve optimal outcomes.

In an effort to maintain efficacy and improve the operations of drug courts, NDCI provides critical education, training, and technical assistance to longstanding as well as newly formed drug courts. NDCI is supported by several Federal agencies, including:

• U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention, and the National Institute of Justice)
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment)

A full list of trainings and technical assistance provided by NDCI and funded through these partners is available on the NDCI Web site, at www.ndci.org .

Drug Court Funding Opportunities

NDCI maintains an updated list of Federal funding opportunities available for drug courts. The list is available on the NDCI Web site, at www.ndci.org .

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Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Guide for Drug Courts and Other Criminal Justice Programs

Intended for researchers, State agencies, policymakers, program managers, and other criminal justice stakeholders, this guide explains the features and objectives of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA), the contexts in which it is appropriate, the kind of information that should be collected to facilitate a CBA, and the meaning of CBA results.

This report is divided into three sections. The first section, "The Basics of Cost-Benefit Analysis," describes that foundations of CBA, the motivation for performing a CBA, what the CBA can and cannot provide, and the general principles for conducting a CBA regarding its conceptual basis and applied framework. In the guide's second section, "Cost-Benefit Analysis in Action: NIJ's MADCE," the CBA framework is applied using the National Institute of Justice's (NIJ's) Multi-site Adult Drug Court Evaluation (MADCE). This NIJ-sponsored evaluation focused on 23 adult drug courts in 8 States. The comparison group was drawn from six comparison groups where drug court access was limited. A total of 1,787 individuals participated in the evaluation, with approximately two-thirds being in the treatment group. The third section of the guide, "NIJ's MADCE results," the findings are presented from the MADCE, with a discussion of how the results provide new and useful information about how the drug courts are being implemented and the impact they have had on the behaviors and attitudes of the offenders managed by the drug court. The information provided by MADCE would not have been available to guide the development of the drug courts without a CBA. 2 tables and 10 notes

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108 Drug Abuse Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best drug abuse topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on drug abuse, 💡 most interesting drug abuse topics to write about, ❓ drug abuse research questions.

Drug abuse essays are an excellent way to learn about the issue and its influence on various groups and populations while demonstrating your understanding.

Various substances, including alcohol, narcotics, and other mind-altering products, are a popular method for recreation in some communities.

However, they are prone to result in addiction, psychological as well as mental, and lead the person to pursue another dose before anything else.

In doing so, he or she can eventually ruin his or her life, which is why most drugs are currently banned around the world. This article will offer you some tips that will help you write an excellent essay and receive the top grade.

Youth is a major demographic that is affected by addiction issues due to drug consumption. Young people are impressionable and prone to search for new sensations. Drugs can offer a sense of novelty and provide an experience they have not had before, leading to considerable appeal.

Considering that young people are generally not wealthy and have to focus on work to succeed in life, essays on drug among youth can use a variety of excellent topics. You can offer your ideas on the reason for the phenomenon’s existence and ways in which it can be prevented.

However, remember that the purpose of the programs should be to help the people who are at risk.

There are many other drug abuse essay topics that you can explore, with poverty being a prominent example. Despite their conditions, many people turn to substance abuse to try and escape the unpleasant aspects of their life.

These population segments are more likely to suffer after acquiring a drug habit than young people because they generally receive less attention.

Furthermore, poor neighborhoods with relatively low amounts of surveillance by law enforcement are likely to house drug dealers who prey on vulnerable people.

You can discuss this topic or discuss a variety of other ones, as the relationship between poverty and poor outcomes has been researched deeply.

Here are some additional tips for your essay:

• Try to use examples to illustrate your points about various aspects of the issue. Drug addiction essay quotations from people who are affected by the condition or have overcome it can offer valuable insights. They also legitimize your findings by providing parallels with the real world.
• Alcohol essays are an excellent choice, as the substance is legal and available to everyone without much difficulty. Nevertheless, its effects can be devastating, especially if a person’s consumption is chronic.
• Try to write a drug abuse essay outline before starting work, as it will help you to organize the essay. Select some prominent ideas that you want to discuss and organize them in a manner that represents a logical progression. You do not have to discard all of the other concepts, as you can make them sub-headings under your main titles.
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• Sports as a Solution to Youth Substance Abuse: Dr. Collingwood’s View His comments made me realize that it would be unwise by the end of the day for any parent to leave their children under the mercy of the media where they learned that doing drugs […]
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• Prevention Research: The Fight Against Drug Abuse It is agreeable that US’s ‘War on Drugs’ has been an effective substance abuse prevention plan despite the hiccups that the program faces and its inability to attain some of its designated mandates within the […]
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• Reasons Behind Youth’s Engagement to Drug Abuse in the 21st Century Although youths in the 21st century engage in drug abuse due to several factors, it suffices to declare factors such as the rising unemployment status, peer pressure, and their hiked tendency to copy their parents’ […]
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Drug Courts: The Good, the Bad, and the Misunderstood

• First Online: 05 December 2021

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• Douglas B. Marlowe 2  

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Drug courts provide judicially supervised substance use treatment and other indicated services in lieu of criminal prosecution or incarceration. The Good News: Drug courts significantly reduce criminal recidivism and illicit substance use, improve the psychosocial functioning of persons involved in the justice system, and produce positive cost benefits for taxpayers. Evidence has identified the optimal target population for drug courts and a range of best practices associated with better outcomes. The Bad News: Some drug courts violate core tenets of the model by targeting the wrong participants, barring use of medication-assisted treatment, paying insufficient attention to racial and ethnic disparities, and overusing jail sanctions. Misunderstood Lessons: Current policy proposals for justice reform ignore the lessons of 30 years of research on drug courts and are unlikely to achieve their intended aims of enhancing public health and safety.

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Marlowe, D.B. (2022). Drug Courts: The Good, the Bad, and the Misunderstood. In: Jeglic, E., Calkins, C. (eds) Handbook of Issues in Criminal Justice Reform in the United States. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77565-0_32

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