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Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting

Published on May 28, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 1, 2022.

Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper , thesis , or dissertation , it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.

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Table of contents

What is turabian style, how do citations work in turabian style, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, turabian formatting guidelines.

Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations —often called “Turabian” for short—in 1937. The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018.

Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago, but rather presents Chicago guidelines in a way that prioritizes student needs.

As such, Turabian differs from Chicago only in minor ways—formatting advice tailored to student papers, greater detail regarding specific citation formats —and the Turabian guidelines are the ones you should follow in your papers.

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Chicago and Turabian style both offer a choice between two citation styles: notes and bibliography, and author-date:

• In notes and bibliography style , citations appear in footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography or annotated bibliography at the end listing all your sources in full. This style is popular in the humanities.
• In author-date style , in-text citations appear in parentheses, with a reference list listing all your sources at the end. This style is mainly used in the sciences.

There are two parts to a notes and bibliography citation: a Chicago footnote in the text, and an entry in your bibliography . You add a citation for all sources, whether they are primary or secondary sources , or tertiary sources .

Footnotes and endnotes

Citations in your text appear in footnotes or endnotes; the first citation of each source provides full information, while subsequent citations of the same source are usually shortened to save space.

A note is signaled by a superscript number appearing at the end of the clause or sentence the citation relates to. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Use one or the other, not a mix of footnotes and endnotes.

Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion.” 1

Bibliography

The bibliography lists full information on all the sources cited in your text. It appears at the end of your text. Bibliography entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names, so names are inverted in the bibliography with a comma separating them (e.g. “Smith, John”).

Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied when an entry for a single source extends onto additional lines. An example of a properly formatted Turabian bibliography is shown below.

In the tabs below, you can explore examples of various common source types cited in Turabian notes and bibliography style. It’s always important to make sure you use credible sources .

Notes and bibliography citation examples

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Author-date style consists of short parenthetical in-text citations that correspond to entries in your reference list .

In-text citations

Author-date in-text citations consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number (or other locator) if relevant. They appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, before any closing punctuation .

Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion” (Swafford 1992, 518).

Reference list

The reference list provides full information on all the sources cited. It is presented in a similar format to the bibliography, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name, to allow for easy cross-referencing with the in-text citations.

Explore the tabs below to see examples of author-date citations for various common source types.

Author-date citation examples

Unlike the Chicago Manual itself, Turabian presents guidelines for formatting an academic paper, thesis, or dissertation. The following general format guidelines should be followed unless your university provides different ones:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
• Double-space the text.
• Use 1 inch margins or larger.
• Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.

The image below shows an example of a page formatted according to Turabian guidelines.

You can also download one of our template documents for Turabian style. Just select the citation style you need to follow; the appropriate formatting is already set up in the document.

Author-date Notes and bibliography

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A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.

THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:

• comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
• authoritative guidance on all matters of style
• updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of  Style , 17th edition
• thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
• extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments

Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.

Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.

Style Guides: Chicago/Turabian Style

• Sighting Citations
• Practice Sighting Citations
• TMC MABC Supplement to Turabian Style
• Formatting Page Numbers in Chicago/Turabian
• Cited References

Chicago/Turabian Style Manuals

Citation Quick Guide for Turabian/Chicago Style, 9th edition

• Notes & Bibliography: Sample Citations
• Edition Number
• Edited Book
• Chapter or Other Part of an Edited Book
• Single volume of multivolume work
• Translated Book
• Thesis or Dissertation
• Journal Article
• Journal Article - 4 or more Authors
• News or Magazine Article
• Website Content
• Lecture, Sermon, Course Notes
• Book Review
• Audio -- Visual Content
• Social Media Content
• Personal Communication

The attached examples illustrate the notes and bibliography style. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened forms that may be used after the first full citation. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , by Kate L. Turabian Revised by: Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. FitzGerald, 9th edition . ISBN: 9780226430577; Library Call Number: 808.066378 T84m, 2018; Web site:  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian

Taken from:  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-quick-guide.html

Last updated August, 2018.

1. Katie Kitamura,  A Separation  (New York: Riverhead Books,   2017), 25.

2. Sharon Sassler and Amanda Jayne Miller,  Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships  (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 114.

SHORTENED NOTES

3. Kitamura,  Separation , 91–92.

4. Sassler and Miller,  Cohabitation Nation , 205.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)

Kitamura, Katie.  A Separation . New York: Riverhead Books, 2017.

Sassler, Sharon, and Amanda Jayne Miller.  Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships . Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.

Taken from https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-quick-guide.html

Last updated August, 2018

• Mary Kinzie,  A Poet's Guide to Poetry , 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 83.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kinzie, Mary.  A Poet's Guide to Poetry , 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Last updated April 2023.

To cite an edited book as a whole, list the editor(s) first.

1. John D’Agata, ed.,  The Making of the American Essay  (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.

SHORTENED NOTE

2. D’Agata,  American Essay,  48.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY

D’Agata, John, ed.  The Making of the American Essay.  Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Mary Rowlandson, “The Narrative of My Captivity,” in  The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.

2. Rowlandson, “Captivity,” 48.

Rowlandson, Mary. “The Narrative of My Captivity.” In  The Making of the American Essay ,  edited by John D’Agata, 19–56. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

When citing a single volume of a multivolume work and it has it's own author, editor or title, include author/editor and titles of both the single volume and the multivolume work as a whole. (17.1.4.1).

1. John Chrysostom, "Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossian, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon", in A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church , ed. Philip Schaff, trans. W. C. Cotton and John Albert Broadhus, vol. 13, (New York: Christian Literature Company, 1889), 203, Logos Bible Software.

Chrysostom, John. “Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon.” In A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church . Edited by Philip Schaff. Translated by W. C. Cotton and John Albert Broadus. Vol. 13. New York: Christian Literature Company, 1889. Logos Bible Software.

1. Jhumpa Lahiri,  In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri,  In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa.  In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite by chapter or section number (abbreviated chap., sec.) or, if these are unnumbered, by the name of the chapter or section.

1. Fyodor Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment , trans. Constance Garnett, ed. William Allan Neilson (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917), 444, https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

2. Eric Schlosser,  Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal   (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 88, ProQuest Ebrary.

3. Jane Austen,  Pride and Prejudice  (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

4. Dostoevsky,  Crime and Punishment , 504–5.

5. Schlosser,  Fast Food Nation , 100.

6. Austen,  Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane.  Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor.  Crime and Punishment . Translated by Constance Garnett, edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1917. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.

Schlosser, Eric.  Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. ProQuest Ebrary.

eAudiobooks require a combination of the rules for Electronic Books (17.1.10) and Sound Recordings (17.10.3.4). They  are cited the same as books with the additional recording and electronic information added:

-- Include "Read by author" or the name of the reader(s): "Read by ..." after the Title. 

-- Include the date recorded, if available, after the name of the Reader: "Recorded month (unabbreviated), day, year."

-- After the date of publication, put "Audio recording,   hrs.,  min.,"

-- Add the DOI, URL or the name of the commercial database at the end of the cite. 

Author.  Title . Read by [put the reader here]. Recorded [put date recorded if available]. Place of  

publication:  Publisher, date. Audio recording, [put hours and minutes, i.e., 13 hr., 6min.], URL.

Last updated October 2022.

1. Guadalupe Navarro-Garcia, “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016), 44, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

2. Navarro-Garcia, “Social Justice Values,” 125–26.

Navarro-Garcia, Guadalupe. “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2016. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Ashley Hope Pérez, “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s  Le neveu de Rameau ,”  Modern Philology  114, no. 4 (May 2017): 874, https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,”  Journal of Human Capital  11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,”  New England Review  38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Pérez, “Material Morality,” 880–81.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.”  Journal of Human Capital  11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.”  New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Pérez, Ashley Hope. “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s  Le neveu de Rameau .”  Modern Philology  114, no. 4 (May 2017): 872–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by  et al.  (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by  et al.

7. Jesse N. Weber et al., “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite,”  American Naturalist  189, no. 1 (January 2017): 45, https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.

8. Weber et al., “Resist Globally,” 48–49.

Weber, Jesse N., Martin Kalbe, Kum Chuan Shim, Noémie I. Erin, Natalie C. Steinel, Lei Ma, and Daniel I. Bolnick. “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite.”  American Naturalist  189, no. 1 (January 2017): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,”  New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

2. Erin Anderssen, “Through the Eyes of Generation Z,”  Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,”  Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Vinson Cunningham, “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English,”  New Yorker , May 15, 2017, 85.

5. Dara Lind, “Moving to Canada, Explained,”  Vox , September 15, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Anderssen, “Generation Z.”

8. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

9. Cunningham, “Black English,” 86.

10. Lind, “Moving to Canada.”

Anderssen, Erin. “Through the Eyes of Generation Z.”  Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.

Cunningham, Vinson. “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English.”  New Yorker , May 15, 2017.

Lind, Dara. “Moving to Canada, Explained.”  Vox , September 15, 2016. http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.”  New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.”  Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

11. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

Web pages and other website content can be cited as shown here. For a source that does not list a date of publication, posting, or revision, include an access date (as in the Columbia example).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “History,” Columbia University, accessed May 15, 2017, http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.

3. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

4. Columbia University, “History.”

Columbia University. “History.” Accessed May 15, 2017. http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Follow these patterns when citing lecture notes, syllabus content or sermons.

1. Jason Beals, "New Testament Survey 1" (lecture notes from B201.2 at The Master's University, Santa Clarita, CA, Fall Semester, 2019).

2. Mike Riccardi, "The Day of Distinction" (sermon presented at Grace Community Church, Sun Valley, CA., October 23, 2022).

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Beals, Jason. "New Testament Survey 1." Lecture notes from B201.2 at The Master's University, Santa Clarita, CA, Fall Semester, 2019.

Riccardi, Mike. "The Day of Distinction."  Sermon presented at Grace Community Church, Sun Valley, CA., October 23, 2022.

1. Fernanda Eberstadt, “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece,” review of  A Separation , by Katie Kitamura,  New York Times , February 15, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.

2. Eberstadt, “Gone Guy.”

Eberstadt, Fernanda. “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece.” Review of  A Separation , by Katie Kitamura.  New York Times , February 15, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross,  Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Beyoncé, “Sorry,” directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles, June 22, 2016, music video, 4:25, https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.

3. Stamper, interview.

4. Beyoncé, “Sorry.”

Beyoncé. “Sorry.” Directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles. June 22, 2016. Music video, 4:25. https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross.  Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed or to include a link. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Sloane Crosley offers the following advice: “How to edit: Attack a sentence. Write in the margins. Toss in some arrows. Cross out words. Rewrite them. Circle the whole mess and STET” (@askanyone, Twitter, May 8, 2017).

NOTES 

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

SHORTENED NOTES 

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal interviews, correspondence, and other types of personal communications—including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media—are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

2. Interview with home health aide, July 31, 2017.

Cite the Bible and other sacred works in footnotes or parenthetical notes (see. 16.4.3). You do not need to include these works in your bibliography.

For citations from the Bible, include the abbreviated name of the book, the chapter number, and the verse number -- never a page number. Depending on the context, you may use either traditional or shorter abbreviations for the names of the books (see 24.6); consult your professor if you are unsure which form is appropriate. Use arabic numerals for chapter and verse numbers (with a colon between them) and for numbered books.

Since books and numbering differ among version of the scriptures, identify the version you are using in your first citation with either the spelled-out name or an accepted abbreviation (see 24.6.4)

1. 2 Kings 11:8 (New Revised Standard Version).

2. 1Cor. 6:1-10 (NAB)

3. I Thess. 4:11, 5:2-5, 5:14.

Taken from Turabian Manual 9th ed. 17.8.2, p. 203-4.

Chicago/Turabian Tip Sheets

• Margins & Page Numbers
• Table of Contents
• Introduction or Conclusion
• Sections & Subheadings
• Bibliography

Turabian page number formatting with Word

Formatting Page Numbers in Turabian

If you have already written the paper, go to Home and from the Paragraph box select the paragraph symbol "¶". This will reveal any Page Breaks you have inserted.

Go through the document and remove all of the Page Breaks.

Preliminary Pages

Go to the Title page, put cursor one line below the end of the text (double click left of the final ¶).

Go to Layout in the toolbar ribbon. Under Page Set up select Breaks then under Section Breaks select Next Page .

Go to the first page needing a page number and put the cursor in the footer (double click). The Header & Footer toolbar will appear.

In the Navigation group of the toolbar, uncheck Link to Previous .

Go to Page number in the Header & Footer group of the toolbar.

Select Bottom of Page -- Plain number 2 .

Select Page number again and then select Format Page number .

Change Number Format to “i, ii, iii,”.

First page of Chapter 1

Put the cursor at the end of the text on the last of the preliminary pages (one line above the first page of the chapter).

Go to the Layout tab in the toolbar.

In the Page Set up group, select Breaks and under Section Breaks select Next Page .

Double click in the footer of the first page of the chapter. Notice “Same as Previous” appears.

Go to the Navigation group and uncheck Link to Previous (“Same as Previous” should disappear).

Go back to Page Number and select Format Page number and change the Number format to “1, 2, 3,” then under Page Numbering change Continue from previous to Start at and insert “1”.

Second Page of Chapter 1:

Put the cursor at the end of the text of the first page of the chapter.

Go to the Layout tab and in the Page Set up group select Breaks then under Section Breaks select Continuous.

Go to the bottom of the second page of the chapter and double click in the footer.

Uncheck Link to Previous (Navigation bar).

Go back to the footer and delete the page number (double click).

Put the cursor in the header of the same page and uncheck Link to Previous .

Go to Page Number , select Top of page then select Plain number 3 (showing page number in top right corner).

Go back to Page Number and select Format Page Numbers then under Page Numbering select Continue from previous section .

Repeat the following steps for the first and second page of each subsequent chapter:

First Page of New Chapter

Put the cursor at the end of the text on the last page of the previous chapter.

Go to Layout and under Page Set up select Breaks and under Section Breaks select Next Page .

Go to Navigation and uncheck Link to Previous (“Same as Previous” should disappear).

Go to Page Number , Bottom of Page : Plain Number 2 .

Put the cursor in the header of the same page and uncheck Link to Previous .

Delete the page number from the header.

Second Page of New Chapter

Go to Layout , Page Set up select Breaks then under Section Breaks select Continuous .

Uncheck Link to Previous .

Delete the page number (double click) from the footer.

Go to Page Number , select Top of page and then select Plain number 3 (showing page number in top right).

Last updated March 2022.

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AC HE Moodle

Study skills.

How to Reference in Turabian

This resource provides information on how to reference, using the formatting of the  Turabian 9th Edition, 2018 (notes-bibliography) . The Turabian style is a companion to the  Chicago style manual , which is currently in its 17th edition.

When you have read through the instructions and examples, you can check out  this Sample Essay using Turabian   from Liberty University.

Referencing Theses/Dissertations

A few of our databases will include results for Masters or PhD theses. These are almost always cutting-edge work, but be aware that they are not peer-reviewed, so you should check whether the author has published their work.

For example, you may come across:

Hovey, Kevin G. "Guiding Light: Contributions of Alan R. Tippett Toward the Development and Dissemination of Twentieth-Century Missiology." PhD diss., Alphacrucis College, Sydney, 2017.

However, Hovey has since published his thesis into a book, and so represents the more current form of his research on the topic:

Hovey, Kevin G.  Guiding Light: Contributions of Alan R. Tippett Toward the Development and Dissemination of Twentieth-Century Missiology . Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2019.

Furthermore, be aware that not all theses are of similarly high quality, so be judicious in how you use them.

i. First citation in the footnotes

Narelle Jane Coetzee, “Wild God in the Wilderness: Why Does Yahweh Choose to Appear in the Wilderness in the Book of Exodus?” (PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2016), 239.

ii. Subsequent citations are shortened

Coetzee, “Wild God in the Wilderness,” 2.

iii. In the bibliography

Coetzee, Narelle Jane. “Wild God in the Wilderness: Why Does Yahweh Choose to Appear in the Wilderness in the Book of Exodus?” PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2016.

Chicago/Turabian/SBL Style Guide (Notes-Bibliography)

• Format for Paper
• Citation Placement
• Reference (encyclopedias, dictionaries, or lexicons)
• Books / eBooks
• Citing a Thesis or Dissertation
• Format for A Thesis or Dissertation

Margins, Fonts, and Indents - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements

Spacing - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements

Title Page Format - Turabian 9, A.2.1.2

Abstract - Turabian 9, A.2.1.4 Abstract

Block Quotations - Turabian 9, 25.2.2 Block Quotations

Page Number Placement - Turabian 9, A.1.4.2 Placement

Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections

• Government Documents
• Other Resources
• Format of the Reference Page
• Grad Ministry
• Contact the Library

1" margins on all sides.

Exceptions (in instructions by professor)

• 1.5" left margin and .5" right margin - used for binding a document.
• 2" margin on one side - for instructor comments on a rough draft
• An easily readable typeface (Times New Romans or Arial)
• At least ten-point Arial or twelve-point Times New Roman
• Same font and size throughout paper, unless specified by instructor

1/2" indentation used at beginning of paragraph, use <Tab>

Double space. No extra line between paragraphs.

Exceptions are: block quotations, table titles and figure captions, and lists in appendixes

Single space, with one blank line between entries

Single space quotation

Follow any model provided by your department.

In general any title page should include the following. Place the title a third of the way down, centered. If the paper has a main title and subtitle, place main title on one line, followed by a colon, and put the subtitle on a new line. Several lines below the title place your name, along with any information requested by the instructor (often course title, department name and number, and the date).

• Abstracts that summarize the content of the thesis or disseration are often required
• First page of the Abstract should be page iii (i is Title page, II is the Copyright page)
• Leave two blank lines between title and first line of text
• Double-space the abstract
• Five or more lines create a block quotation
• Single-space a block quotation
• leave a blank line before and after quotation
• No quotation marks at either end of the block quotations, but keep any original quotation marks
• indent the entire block the same 1/2 inch as the first line of a paragraph
• If you cite the source in a footnote, place the note as a superscript at the end of the block quotation, after the punctuation

Page numbers are placed in one of four places. The important thing is to be consistent and follow your instructions.

• Centered in the footer
• Flush right in the footer
• Centered in the header
• Flush right in the header

In all cases, at least 1/2 inch from the edge of the page.

Levels of Headings - Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections

First Level: C entered, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)

Second Level: Centered, Regular Type, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)

Third Level: Flush Left, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)

Fourth Level: Flush left, regular type, sentence-style capitalization

Fifth Level: run in at the beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italics, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period [think of this as an intro sentence to the paragraph that just happens to be in boldface or italics].

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Turabian Style Quick-Guide

Examples are from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (6th ed.)

Turabian Style suggests that writers in the humanities use footnote references to cite sources. A professor may also require a bibliography page. You should indicate sources for quotations (exact words) and paraphrases (ideas stated in your words) in your writing. A superscript numeral in the text indicates the use of an outside source; the corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page provides the source’s complete publication information.

Turabian Bibliography Page

Below are a list of some of the most commonly used citation categories and examples of what information should be included in that citation, as well as how the information should be arranged. When you need to cite a source, follow these steps:

Decide to which category your source belongs. Is it a book? Anthology? Online source? Journal article? Etc.?

Collect the necessary information from your source. Sometimes this takes a bit of digging, especially with the online sources.

Arrange the vital information exactly as it appears in the examples, including all styles and punctuation.

Once you have all of your citations written, arrange them in alphabetical order depending on the first word in the

citation on a “Bibliography” page at very end of your paper.

BASIC FORMAT FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY (BOOK):

Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

A WORK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS:

Quirk, Randolf, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language . London, England: Longman Group Limited, 1985.

AN ARTICLE IN A PRINT JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY VOLUME):

Watson, George J. “Cultural Imperialism: An Irish View.” The Yale Review 75, no. 4 (Summer 1986): 503-16.

AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE:

Savalis, Telly. “Crime Story.” Variety , 24 September 1986, 74.

BOOK REVIEW IN A PRINT JOURNAL:

Rockland, James K. Review of The American Dream , by Jonathan Davies. History Journal 12, no. 1 (22 April 2000): 32-33.

Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights . December 1847. Internet on-line. Available from <http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/768>. [8 April 2020].

ONLINE DATABASE:

Rosenthal, Phil. “Last Spin for Michael J. Fox.” Chicago Sun-Time s, Late Sports Final Edition, 23 May 1999, Section 2 (Features), 31. Database on-line. Available from NewsBank/Infoweb <http://infoweb.newsbank.com>. [23 April 2000].

ERIC DOCUMENT:

Robson, Barbara. The Cubans: Their History and Culture . Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, Refugee Service Center, 1996. ERIC, ED 398322.

Turabian Footnotes

Entries on footnotes differ from the bibliography page in the following ways:

Subsequent lines are not indented.

Entries are numbered.

Entries do not appear alphabetically, but they appear in the order they are referenced in the paper.

Entries begin with first name and then last name.

Publication city and publisher are in parentheses.

Entries indicate specific pages cited.

BASIC FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE, OR SUMMARY: Text: Jevons tried to develop a program of scientific economics from Bentham’s doctrine, creating out of the combination a “calculus of pleasure and pain.”1

Footnote: 1. William Stanley Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy , 2d ed. rev. (London: Macmillan, 1879), 21.

SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE TO A SOURCE ALREADY CITED:

2. Jevons, Political Economy , 27.

A WORK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS: Two or three authors: 3. Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture . (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929), 67.

Four or more authors:

4. Martin Greenberger and others, eds., Networks for Research and Education: Sharing of Computer and Information Resources Nationwide (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), 50.

AN ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY VOLUME):

5. Lawrence P. Smith, “Sailing Close to the Wind,” Politics in Action 10, no. 4 (1993): 82, 99-100.

6. Bruce Weber, “The Myth Maker: The Creative Mind of E. L. Doctorow,” New York Times Magazine , 20 October 1985, 42.

BOOK REVIEW IN A JOURNAL:

7. Dwight Frankfather, review of Disabled State , by Deborah A. Stone, Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 524.

PUBLISHED INTERVIEW:

8. John Fowles, “A Conversation with John Fowles,” interview by Robert Foulke (Lyme Regis, 3 April 1984), Salmagundi , nos. 68-69 (fall 1985-winter 1986): 370.

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MERRIMACK COLLEGE MCQUADE LIBRARY

How to cite sources.

• CMS (Chicago)

Turabian Formatting and Citing

• CSE (formally CBE)
• Academic Integrity
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Quotes, Summaries, & Paraphrases
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Online Resources

• Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Disserations The official website with examples from the 7th edition.

Based on Kate L. Turabian’s  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , Turabian citation style presents two basic documentation systems,  notes-bibliography style  (or simply bibliography style) and  author-date style  (previously called parenthetical citations–reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in  The Chicago Manual of Style  with slight modifications for the needs of student writers. It is always a good idea to double-check the style guide or official online resources; do not rely on these examples for formatting such as indents.

Notes/Bibliography style  is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.

Author-date style  has long been used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by author’s last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Sources:  Turabian Guide website ;   A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations , 9th ed.

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Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

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Turabian Format Quick Guide

Additional Navigation

Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly’s Place in the Writing Process (pdf)

Have a formatting question?

Online students.

See a list of all services available to  online students at  www.liberty.edu/onlinewritingcenter

Residential Students

See a list of all services available to  residential  students at  www.liberty.edu/writing

Sample Paper in notes-bibliography for all students (pdf)

Turabian Template (dotm)  for assignments with NO headings ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)

Turabian Template (dotm) for assignments WITH headings  ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)

Dissertation-style title page with basic Dissertation Template (dotm)

Visit the  Chicago Manual of Style database in Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library by logging in and choosing that database (search for database by name, then “C,” and “Chicago Manual of Style”).

Discussion Board Posts

A discussion board is designed to mimic a real-time discussion between you and your classmates (and sometimes professors), so it should be fairly formal (i.e., proper citations and academic tone), but most can be slightly informal in the sense that if you wanted to refer to something a classmate said, you’d just write something like “As Christy wrote in her initial thread, xyz” or “I appreciate how Mike clarified xyz in his response to Marsha.” 

Be sure to check with your professor for his or her expectations if you are required to cite your classmates’ content. 

Below is a basic template.  Remember to include footnote citations to credit your scholarly sources, along with a corresponding bibliography list .  Prepare your thread in MS Word and save that file, then use Control-A to select all content, Control-C to copy all content, and Control-V in Canvas to paste your content.)

Discussion Board basic template (dotm)

Helpful Resources

• Turabian Chart of Citations (pdf)
• Turabian Annotated Bibliography Sample (pdf)
• Sacred Book Reference List (pdf)
• Capitalization Glossary (pdf)
• Choosing Appropriate Resources for Academic Papers (pdf)
• Citing Artificial Intelligence (AI) when permitted to use (pdf)

Video Tutorials

• Insert heading levels into template and populate Contents page video
• Remove Contents page from template if not necessary for your assignment video
• Using MS Word in insert footnote numbering/placement video ( shows some outdated formatting element; just focus on steps to take in MS Word )
• Plagiarism series – Video #1 of 4: Introduction: How often can students quote other sources?
• Plagiarism series – Video #2 of 4: How and when to cite your sources
• Plagiarism series – Video #3 of 4: The three kinds of plagiarism
• Plagiarism series – Video #4 of 4: Proactive and foolproof steps to avoid plagiarism

Page Formatting

• Use one-inch margins on all sides.
• The preferred font/size is Times New Roman, 12 pt.
• Indent all paragraphs in the body of the paper ½”.
• Double-space the entire paper, except block quotes, footnotes, bibliography entries, reference lists, table titles, and figure captions.  Those elements should be single-spaced, with one extra blank line before/after to separate them from other elements.
• The paper should be written in the 3rd person (he, she, it) with an active voice, rather than  passive voice (pdf) .
• Unless a professor specifically asks for a paper in 1st person (I, me, we, us, our) or 2nd person (you, your) language, avoid these in a paper.
• Be specific and concise.
• In historical writing, use simple past tense verbs.  When referring to an author’s written work, use the present tense.
•  Note that Turabian requires additional spacing before each heading level, which is already programmed into the templates.
• Headline case = all significant words, usually those with 4+ letters, must be capitalized. Use headline case for titles of works; names of journals; and first-, second-, and third-level headings.
• Sentence case = only the first letter of the first word, proper nouns, and the word following a colon, if any, should begin with capital letters. Use sentence case for fourth- and fifth-level headings.
• Add quotation marks around the titles of shorter works (i.e., articles or poems); use italics for the names of larger works (i.e., books or plays).
• Liberty University now uses Turabian’s “student” title page format for all programs and levels of study except dissertations and theses, which follow Turabian’s “dissertation” title page format.
• See the links to all templates and sample papers above.
• The title page is technically page one, but it never has a page number
• Pagination for the fore matter, if any (including the table of contents), uses lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii), in the center bottom of the page. Begin with ii, to account for the title page position.
• The body of the paper for all Liberty University classes uses Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3) in the top-right corner. It begins with page 1.  All templates provided by Liberty University are already programmed with proper pagination.
• See the pagination video tutorial .
• The word  Introduction  is no longer included in student papers unless the instructions specifically require such.
• The first paragraph in the body of academic papers should include an introductory paragraph (with no label, title, or heading above it).
•  Incorporating research that is credible and relevant helps to support and validate a paper’s argument.  The page dedicated to incorporating research and avoiding plagiarism includes information on how to integrate summaries and paraphrases, quotations, and block quotes.
• With plagiarism, it’s better to be safe than sorry: if it’s not yours,  cite it !

Subheadings

• Turabian uses up to five heading and subheading levels. Though Turabian provides significant flexibility in formatting, all departments across Liberty University have universally adopted the following formats (see heading levels and table of contents video tutorial ):
• First level : centered, boldface, in headline case
• Second level : centered, not bolded, in headline case
• Third level : left-justified, boldface, in headline case
• Fourth level : left-justified, not bolded, in sentence case
• Fifth level : indented ½”, not bolded, italicized, in sentence case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line

Footnotes versus Parenthetical Citations

• Include a citation whenever another author’s work is directly quoted or paraphrased.
• There are two formats in Turabian: author-date and notes-bibliography.  Liberty University allows only notes-bibliography format, except for book reviews (which use author-date format).
• In notes-bibliography, include relevant publishing details along with the author’s name and year of publication as footnotes.
• All programs of study at Liberty University still require the use of  ibid . for consecutive footnotes of the same resource on the same page in notes-bibliography format , and shortened notes for non-consecutive subsequent citations, even though the Turabian 9th edition manual recommends not using ibid .
• See the Turabian Chart of Citations (pdf) for visuals of the citations and reference entries in notes-bibliography format.  The section of this Quick Guide on author-date format (permitted at Liberty University only for book reviews) includes a link to a chart of citations in that format.

Notes-Bibliography Citation Style

• Used in all programs of study using Turabian format (except book reviews, which use Author-Date format).  
• Footnotes are the preferred method to indicate in-text citations throughout this format. Liberty University does not permit endnotes.
• A bibliography is used to compile sources in one list at the end of the paper.

Author-Date citation style

• Only permitted for book review assignments  at Liberty University.  
• Sample paper in Author-Date format (pdf)  for book review assignments only.
• Template for paper in Author-Date format (pdf)
• Chart of Citations in Author-Date format (pdf)  for book reviews only.
• Note that the list of compiled resources cited in author-date format is titled References (rather than Bibliography).
• The Bible is only cited parenthetically at Liberty University, effective Summer of 2022. The phrase “unless otherwise noted” (used in years past) is no longer used at Liberty University.
• It is not necessary to write out full quotes of verses from the Bible since your readers can find the references that you cite. When an author needs to make a specific observation, however, he or she will include a direct quote.
• When your paper cites from only one translation, you only name the version with the first citation in your paper.  If you use multiple translations or versions of the Bible, then you would have to spell out the version used the first time you use each, and then use a series of abbreviations for subsequent citations in parentheses (NASB, ESV, KJV) sufficient for your reader to discern which version you are citing from in subsequent citations.
• The abbreviations for the books of the Bible can be used only in parentheses within the text or in footnotes. For example, you may make a reference to Romans 1:16, but if you state that Christians should not be ashamed of the gospel ( Rom. 1:16), then you should use the abbreviation within parentheses.
• Turabian includes a comprehensive list of abbreviations for the books of the Bible in sections 24.6.1-24.6.4 (sections 10.44 , 10.45 , 10.47 , and 10.48 in the Chicago Manual of Style database on Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library ). See the Sacred Book Reference List (pdf) and Capitalization Glossary (pdf) .

Bibliography

• Use the word Bibliography for notes-bibliography format.
• Center and bold the word “Bibliography” (without quotation marks) on the top line of a new page following your conclusion.
• Single-space entries, with one blank line separating each.
• Use hanging indents (left-justify the first line of each entry and indent lines two+ of each entry ½” from the left margin).
• Alphabetize all entries by the first word in each (usually the first author’s last name for each).
• Invert the first author’s name (last name, first, middle), but not the remaining authors’ names in each entry.
• Cite classical works (including the Bible) and personal communications in the body of the paper, but do not include them in the reference or bibliography list.
• Include periods after both URLs and DOIs.
• Check Google Scholar or  crossref.org  for DOIs of all articles published since 2007, if one is not readily denoted on the article itself.
• Only include the access date for online content that is likely to change (such as wikis).

Material on this page adapted from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed.

Turabian 9th edition Style Guide

• Formatting Your Paper
• Notes-Bibliography style citations
• Author-Date citations

Turabian 9th edition

Disclaimer :  this guide is designed to provide a brief overview of turabian 9th edition and does not replace the style handbook.  please refer to the style handbook for more details on citing sources.   you can also contact savannah patterson ([email protected]) or make a research coach appointment.  .

The Turabian citation style is a shortened form of Chicago citation style.  Developed by the secretary of the graduate school's dissertation department at the University of Chicago, Kate Turabian, this citation style is used in social sciences, humanities, natural and physical sciences and depending on the class/professor.  

There are two different styles of Turabian that students can follow given their professors' requests (1) notes- bibliography (or notes style) and (2) author-date style. Both styles require in-text citations and formal references in a bibliography or reference, but each style differs regarding the in-text citation.  The notes style require footnotes (indicated by a superscript number after a reference) that are at the bottom of the page or at the end of the text.  The author-date citation style uses parenthetical citations to cite the references in the text.  Make sure to consult your professor if you are not sure which style to use.  

This guide provides brief examples and descriptions of how to cite works in a paper for footnotes, author-date citations, and the bibliography.  Additional information regarding inclusive language is included in the 9th edition handbook which can be found in the library.  

Click the tabs to see examples and descriptions of citations for various types of resources. 

Information on this guide was found from a combination of sources: 

Purdue Online Writing Lab. "General Format."                                                                                         https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html   Accessed   12/6/2021. 

Turabian, Kate.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations; Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Edited by   Wayne C. Booth, 

    Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 

Turabian: A Manual for Writers: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. "Turabian Citation Quick Page." Accessed December 6,             

     2021.  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/citation-guide.html    

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• Last Updated: Mar 20, 2024 10:25 AM
• URL: https://guides.uu.edu/turabian

Citation Guide: Turabian

• Turabian Style
• Journal Article
• Bible This link opens in a new window
• Social Media
• Online Video & Podcast
• Images, Artwork, & Graphics
• Multiple Authors
• Corporate/Organization as Author
• Editor or Translator
• Paper Formatting This link opens in a new window

Editor or Translator in Place of an Author

Notes (footnotes or endnotes).

1. Seamus Heaney, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), 55.

2. Maria dei Mar Logrono Narbona, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds., Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015), 140-141.

SHORTENED NOTES (Subsequent entries)

3. Heaney, Beowulf , 55

4. Logrono Narbona, Pinto, and Tofik Karam, Crescent over Another Horizon , 141.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (in Alphabetical Order)

Heaney, Seamus, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation . New York: W.W. Norton, 2000

Logrono Narbona, Maria dei Mar, Paulo G. Pinto, and John Tofik Karam, eds. Crescent over Another Horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015.

From A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 9 th ed.

Editor or Translator in Addition to an Author

1. Elizabeth I, Collected Works , ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 102-104.

2. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Science of Logic , ed. and trans, George di Giovanni (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 642-643.

3. The Noe Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature , ed. Daniel Balderston, trans, Susan E. Benner (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 189.

4. Elizabeth I, Collected Works , 105.

5. Hegel, Science of Logic , 645-647.

6. Jitrik, Noe Jitrik Reader , 187.

Elizabeth I. Collected Works . Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Science of Logic , , Edited and trans by George di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Jitrik, Noe. The Noe Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature . Edited by Daniel Balderston. Translated by Susan E. Benner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.

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• Last Updated: Jun 10, 2024 4:40 PM
• URL: https://libguides.cedarville.edu/turabian

Turabian Citation Style Guide 9th Edition: E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine

• General Guidelines
• A. One Author
• B. Two or Three Authors
• C. More than Three Authors
• D. Chapter in an Edited Book with Multiple Authors
• E. Volume with a Specific Title in a Multi-Volume Work
• F. Organization Author
• G. No Author
• I. Reference Book
• J. Edition other than the First
• A. Basic Journal Article
• B. Journal Article from Online Periodical
• C. Journal Article from Article Database
• D. Magazine Article
• E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine
• F. Newspaper Article
• G. Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• A. Basic Web Page
• B. Web Page No Author
• C. Blog Entries and Comments
• A. Motion Picture
• B. Television and Radio Programs
• A. Image from Electronic Source
• B. Published Photograph
• A. Interviews & Personal Communications
• B. Lectures
• C. Pamphlets, Brochures, & Reports
• D. Scriptural References
• E. Secondary Sources
• F. Government Publications

About Citing Articles

For each type of source in this guide, the general form and specific examples will be provided for both the Notes-Bibliography and the Author-Date style options of Turabian.

This information and several of the examples were drawn from A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and dissertations (9th edition). Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the manual.

For further information, please ask your instructor or refer to the Turabian manual.

Magazine Article from an Online Magazine

      Bibliographic Entry:

       (Black 2011)

• Turabian Quick Guide Examples for the publisher's website.
• Purdue Owl Chicago Style Information and examples from Purdues Online Writing Lab.
• University of Wisconsin's Writing Center Chicago/Turabian information and examples.
• Turabian Style Guidelines Summary of guidelines provided by the MSUB Academic Support Center.
• Sample Paper Sample of a Turabian-style paper provided by the Academic Support Center at MSUB.
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• Last Updated: Apr 2, 2024 11:08 AM
• URL: https://libguides.msubillings.edu/turabian

How to Cite Sources in Turabian 9th ed. and Format Papers: Formats for Presentations or Websites

• Citing the Bible
• Commentaries
• Theses, Dissertations, and Projects
• Reference Works (Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Lexicons, etc.)
• Journal Article
• Motion Pictures/Videos
• Lecture or Live Performance
• Formats for Paper
• Formats for Presentations or Websites

Online / Website

For accessibility for all readers, avoid fonts with serifs (the decoration added to letters to make them pretty). One of the most universal fonts, without serifs/sans-serif, is Arial.

For presentations on a computer (kiosk mode) any color combination with enough contrast is acceptable. Visually though, keep the background colors muted and the font contrast high.

Background images, as pictures, are often distracting rather than helpful. If you wish to use a background image, increase its transparency (make it more see through). Do not use text in the background. For accessibility purposes that text cannot be read by a screen reader.

Citations in a Presentation

Under images or after quotations, include an in-text citation with just enough information to point the reader to the correct entry in the Works page.

All citations should point to entries in a Works page at the very end of the presentation.

PowerPoint, Slides, Sway, or Similar Presentation

Most presentation software will have a theme. Pick a theme in which the fonts are legible from a distance. For accessibility purposes avoid fonts with serifs (the decoration added to letters to make them pretty) or that look like handwriting. Pick a font without serifs; Arial is one of the most common.

For a typical classroom, 16 point is the smallest size you would want to project. Anything smaller and it is too small to read from a distance.

For presentations in a room try to make the background match the color of the room behind the screen. The font color should stand out / be in high contrast with that color.

Background images, as pictures, are often distracting rather than helpful. If you wish to use a background image, increase its transparency (make it more see through).

Presentation software is meant to be visually stimulating. An effective presentation will often have less than 100 words. Four pictures that make statements and move the speaker to address the image has more power than 20 slides of text.

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• Last Updated: Jun 3, 2024 2:21 PM
• URL: https://apu.libguides.com/Turabian

Memorial University Libraries

Turabian citation style.

• Websites and social media
• Other types of sources

Course materials

Dictionary or encyclopedia entries, government documents, personal communication and unpublished interviews, theses and dissertations.

• In-text citations

Class lecture, speech, or academic talk

Put the lecture title, if known, in quotation marks after the speaker's name. If the lecture is untitled, place the course name in square brackets.

Sample note:

29. John Bodner, [Folklore and Popular Culture] (Lecture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008).

Sample bibliography entry:

Bodner, John. [Folklore and Popular Culture]. Lecture, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, February 15, 2008.

Class notes or files on a course website (e.g., Brightspace)

Turabian doesn’t provide specific advice. Memorial University Libraries advises: Put the file’s title in quotation marks after the Instructor's name. Add a description in square brackets, e.g. Lecture Notes, PowerPoint, Video, etc. If there is no date available, include the date you accessed it.

Turabian doesn’t provide specific advice for citing course notes in a bibliography. Memorial University Libraries advises only including in notes.

30. John Bodner, "Folksong" [Lecture Notes for FOLK 1000], Brightspace, Memorial University of Newfoundland, February 15, 2008, http://online.mun.ca/folk1000%20jbodner/Feb%2015%202008.pdf.

31. Edwin Bezzina, “The Salem Witch Trials” [Video for HIST 2330], Brightspace, Memorial University of Newfoundland, accessed October 31, 2020, https://online.mun.ca/d2l/le/content/195539/viewContent/2865592/View.

Dictionary or encyclopedia entry (print)

For commonly used or well-known reference books, do not give full publication information; only provide edition, if other than first. Cite the title of the entry proceeded by s.v., meaning sub verbo, or "under the word" (plural s.vv.).

In Turabian Style, well-known dictionaries and encyclopedias do not need to be included in bibliographies.

32. Encyclopedia Britannica , 15th ed., s.v. "Salvation."

Dictionary or encyclopedia entry (online)

If accessed through the library, give the DOI or “Digital Object Identifier” (preferred) or the name of the database (e.g. Oxford Reference, Credo Reference etc.). If accessed on the internet, include the URL. If there is no date provided, include a date of access.

33. Encyclopedia Britannica Online , s.v. "Sibelius, Jean," accessed June 1, 2005, http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608.

Canadian government document (print)

For more examples or more specific information about how to cite Canadian Government Documents, please see Section 17.11.9 of the Turabian Guide .

Note format:

34. Government (e.g. country, province, city), Government Body, Title , Individual Authors if any, Identifying Number or (City of Publication: Publisher, date of publication), page numbers or other locators if necessary. Unless its obvious, include (Canada) at the end of the citation.

35. Newfoundland and Labrador, Human Rights Commission, Human Rights Act Fact Sheet (St. John's, NL: Human Rights Commission, 2010).

Newfoundland and Labrador. Human Rights Commission. Human Rights Act Fact Sheet. St. John's, NL: Human Rights Commission, 2010.

Canadian government document (online)

If no date of publication or revision is given, include the date you accessed it.

36. Canada, Environment Canada, Canada's Emission Trends , Cat. No. En84-83/2011E (July, 2011), p. 19, http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/E197D5E7-1AE3-4A06-B4FC-CB74EAAAA60F/CanadasEmissionsTrends.pdf.

Canada. Environment Canada. Canada's Emission Trends . Cat. No. En84-83/2011E. July, 2011. http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/E197D5E7-1AE3-4A06-B4FC-CB74EAAAA60F/CanadasEmissionsTrends.pdf.

For more examples or more specific information about how to cite Interviews and Personal Communications, please see Section 17.6 of the Turabian Guide .

Unpublished interview

If you cannot reveal the identity of the person interviewed, provide a generic description of their identity (e.g., "undergraduate student").

37. David Peddle, interview by author, Corner Brook, NL, March 22, 2011.

38. Interview with an undergraduate student, St. John’s, NL, April 1, 2019.

Interviews are not included in the bibliography unless they are available for others to access (for example, in a library or archive, or posted online).

Personal communication (e.g., conversation, email, text, DM)

Personal communications can be cited in the text only, or in a note.

Personal communications should only be cited in the text or in notes, but not in the bibliography.

Sample in-text citations:

In a conversation with me on June 17, 2018, Jay Rosedale confirmed that…

(Elizabeth Hofstadt to author, Facebook direct message, November 12, 2020)

41. Megan Calvet, email message to the author, May 18, 2019.

Include the director’s name/s. Only include writers, actors, producers, etc. if relevant to your research. Include the company that produced or distributed the movie and the year it was released. If you are citing a specific clip, you can include the timings in the note.

You can start your citation with either the title of the film or the name of the director.

For more examples or more specific information about how to cite multimedia in the visual and performing arts, please see Section 17.10 of the Turabian Guide .

Films accessed via streaming platforms

If accessed through the library, include the database name (e.g. Audio-Cine Films, Digital Theatre+, etc.). If accessed through the internet include a URL.

39. The Artist was a Woman , directed by Suzanne Bauman (Filmmakers Library, 1988), 10:20 to 10:54, Alexander Street.

Sample bibliography entries:

Bauman, Suzanne, director. The Artist was a Woman . Filmmakers Library, 1988. 59 min. Alexander Street.

The Artist was a Woman . Directed by Suzanne Bauman. Filmmakers Library, 1988. Alexander Street.

Films on DVD

40. The Viking , directed by George Melford and Varick Frissell, featuring Bob Bartlett (Paramount Pictures, 1931; Morningstar Entertainment, 2008), DVD.

The Viking . Directed by George Melford and Varick Frissell. Featuring Bob Bartlett. Paramount Pictures, 1931; Morningstar Entertainment, 2008. 1 hr., 10 min. DVD.

For more examples or more specific information about how to cite Theses and Dissertations, please see Section 17.7.1 of the Turabian Guide .

Thesis or dissertation (print)

42. Nicole Childs, "The Impact of Hurricane Floyd on the Children of Eastern North Carolina" (master's thesis, Eastern Carolina University, 2002), 24.

Childs, Nicole. "The Impact of Hurricane Floyd on the Children of Eastern North Carolina." Master's thesis, Eastern Carolina University, 2002.

Thesis or dissertation (online)

If accessed through the library, give the name of the database (e.g. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.). If accessed on the internet, include the URL.

43. Afrah Daaimah Richmond, "Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism and the Long Struggle for Reform at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1945-1990" (PhD diss., New York University, 2011), 101-2, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Richmond, Afrah Daaimah. "Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism and the Long Struggle for Reform at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1945-1990." PhD diss., New York University, 2011. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

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• Last Updated: Jun 17, 2024 11:35 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.mun.ca/turabian-citation

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition

Chicago style for students and researchers.

Ninth Edition

Kate L. Turabian

• Bestselling, trusted, and time-tested advice for writing research papers
• The best interpretation of Chicago style for higher education students and researchers
• Definitive, clear, and easy to read, with plenty of examples
• Shows how to compose a strong research question, construct an evidence-based argument, cite sources, and structure work in a logical way
• Essential for anyone interested in learning about research
• Everything any student or teacher needs to know concerning paper writing

A website for the book, including our Quick Citation Guide.

464 pages | 11 halftones, 22 line drawings, 12 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2018

Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing

Language and Linguistics: Language--Reference

Library Science and Publishing: Publishing

Reference and Bibliography

Rhetoric and Communication

• Table of contents
• Author Events

Related Titles

“Without doubt, for anyone interested in learning about research—what it is, where one goes to pursue it, how to do it, what it entails and means, why it is important (now more so than ever before)— A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers is the place to begin. It will likely show people new to the field a way forward and offer experienced researchers the means to test established modes of operation. This book will not fail you, today or tomorrow, at home or in the library. Look for it at a bookstore near you or online.”

Thomas R. Claire | Publishing Research Quarterly

“Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations continues a tradition of providing one of the best interpretations of The Chicago Manual of Style for higher education students and researchers in this ninth edition. The writing style is clear and easy to read, with examples illustrating proper formatting of items.”

Cynthia Goode | American Reference Books Annual

"A mainstay in high-school and college libraries."

Praise for a previous edition | Booklist

“This definitive handbook supplies information on about everything any student or teacher may desire to know concerning paper writing.”

Praise for a previous edition | Quill and Scroll

“Kate L. Turabian was our trusted guide and mentor, the absolute authority, the one who knew all there was to know about the strange world of proper term papers. . . . To write a term paper without a well-worn copy of Turabian handy was unthinkable. Our writing on term papers might be weak, our research haphazard, our insights sophomoric, but, thanks to Kate L. Turabian, our footnotes could always be absolutely flawless.”

Praise for a previous edition | Seattle Post-Intelligencer

"Indispensable. . . . Turabian is everything a student researcher might need save a grammar guide and training in specific research methods. . . . When you consider the sheer wealth of material contained or cited in Turabian, its US $18.00 paperback and eBook list price is an absolute steal."

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• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
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What are Turabian citations?

Turabian citation is a system used by academics to show where another author’s finding or theory has contributed to their work. It is a simplified version of the Chicago referencing style and is named after Kate Turabian from the University of Chicago who wrote the style manual. Turabian style 8th edition is the latest available version and was originally intended for in-class assignments rather than for publications.

The system works by showing the reader where the author has used a finding, or theory from another source and author. This adds credibility to the paper and gives deserved credit to the original author.

How to create Turabian citations

When citing sources in Turabian style, you can use one of two different formats. The first is the Notes-Bibliography style, where a note is shown at the bottom of the page where the source has contributed and a full reference is given at the end of the paper.

The second is the Author-Date style, where a citation is shown within the sentence where the source is referenced and a full reference is listed at the end of the paper. Whichever style you choose; make sure you are consistent throughout your paper.

The format of a both types of Turabian references should change depending on the source type. For example, a book should be referenced differently to a website or journal article.

A lot to think about? You can generate your Turabian citations and references using Cite This For Me’s Turabian reference generator. Simply search for the book, journal or website you want to reference, set it to the correct style and have all of your Turabian references generated automatically for you.

Popular Turabian 8th edition (full note) style Citation Examples

How to cite a book in turabian 8th edition (full note) style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Website in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a website using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

Additional Turabian 8th edition (full note) style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in turabian 8th edition (full note) style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Court case in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Dictionary entry in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Email in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an email using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite an Interview in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a Song in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a song using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite The Bible in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in Turabian 8th edition (full note) style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the Turabian 8th edition (full note) citation style.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA Website Citation

How to Cite a Website in MLA

If you are a student faced with creating an MLA website citation for the first time, you may be confused about where to begin. This guide is here to answer all of your questions and take the guesswork out of creating an MLA citation for websites.

All academic fields require students and researchers to document their sources. Those studying the humanities, including fields in language literature, will typically follow MLA format when structuring their papers as well as when documenting sources.

Citing your sources is a necessary part of any research paper or project. This element serves both to give credit to the researchers and authors whose work informed yours, as well as to preserve academic integrity. Any source that provided you with ideas or information that you have included in your work and which are not considered common knowledge must be included, including websites.

The Modern Language Association is not associated with this guide. All of the information, however, is based on the MLA Handbook, Ninth Edition as well as the MLA website, and is presented as guidance for students writing in this style.

If you are looking for help with APA format , our reference library can provide you with guidance for this and more styles .

What You Need

To cite a website, you should have the following information:

• Title of source.
• Title of the container ,
• Other contributors (names and roles),
• Publication date,
• Location of the source (such as DOI, URL, or page range).

The Modern Language Association refers to these guidelines as “core elements” on page 105 of the Handbook. If your teacher has asked you to cite your sources in this format, these elements will form the foundation for each MLA website citation included in your MLA Works Cited list, as well as the entries for sources in any other format.

If one of the elements does not apply, students may omit it. Supplemental items may also be included when necessary. In addition to the supplemental details discussed below, a list of additional supplemental components can be found on the MLA website.

If it’s an APA citation website page or an APA reference page you need help with, we have many other resources available for you!

Table of Contents

This guide includes the following sections:

• MLA9 Changes
• Citing websites with an author
• Citing websites with no author
• Citing websites with no formal title
• Citing social media websites
• In-text citations

Changes to MLA Citation for Websites in Ninth Edition

In previous editions, students and researchers creating an MLA website citation were not required to include the URL. However, beginning with MLA 8, it is recommended that you include the URL when creating a citation for a website unless your teacher instructs you otherwise. Even though web pages and URLs can be taken down or changed, it is still possible to learn about the source from the information seen in the URL.

When including URLs in a citation, http:// and https:// should be omitted from the website’s address ( Handbook 195). Additionally, If you are creating a citation that will be read on a digital device, it is helpful to make the URL clickable so that readers can directly access the source themselves.

If the website’s publisher includes a permalink or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), these are preferable as they are not changeable in the same manner as URLs. Whether you include a URL, permalink, or DOI, this information should be included in the location portion of your citation.

Another change that occurred with the eighth edition that impacts how to cite a website in MLA is the removal of the date the website was accessed. While you may still find it useful to include this information or your teacher may request it, it is no longer a mandatory piece of your citation. Should you choose to add this optional information, you may list it after the URL in the following manner:

• Accessed Day Month Year.
• Accessed 2 May 1998.
• Accessed 31 Apr. 2001.
• Accessed 17 Sept. 2010.

For an overview of additional formatting changes in the ninth edition, including resources to help with writing an annotated bibliography , check out the rest of EasyBib.com’s writing and citation guides, and try out our plagiarism checker for help with grammar and to avoid unintentional plagiarism.

MLA 9: Citing Websites With an Author

To make an MLA 9 citation for a website, you will need the following pieces of information:

• author’s name
• title of the article or page
• title of the website
• name of the publisher (Note: Only include the name of the publisher when it differs from the name of the website.)
• date the page or site was published (if available)

Citing a Website in MLA

Place the author’s name in reverse order, the last name first, followed by a comma, and then the first name followed by a period. The title of the web page or article is placed in quotation marks, with a period before the end quotation. The title of the website is written in italics followed by a comma. If the name of the publisher differs from the name of the website, include it after the title. Immediately following the publisher is the date that the page or article was published or posted. Finally, end with the URL, permalink, or DOI, followed by a period.

View Screenshot | Cite your source

In-text website citation with one author

The in-text citation for a website with an author is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. Unless the website includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you should not include any additional information. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

Cite your source

An APA parenthetical citation is similar, except it also includes the year the source was published.

To learn more about formatting MLA in-text & parenthetical citations , be sure to check out the rest of EasyBib.com’s resources and citation guides.

How to cite a website with two authors in MLA 9

According to Section 5.7 of the Handbook , for a website with two authors, place the authors’ names in the same order as the source (similar to an APA citation ). The first name should be formatted in reverse order as was done for a single author. The second name, however, is written as First Name Last Name and is followed by a period, as demonstrated in the template that follows:

In-text website citation with two authors

The in-text citation for a website with two authors should include both authors’ last names, in the order in which they are listed in the source and your works cited:

How to cite a website with three or more authors in MLA 9

For a source with three or more authors, you should place the authors’ names in the same order as the source. The first name is listed in reverse order and is followed by a comma and et al. Et al is the abbreviation for et alia, a gender-neutral Latin phrase meaning “and others.”

In-text website citation with 3+ authors

The in-text citation for a website with three or more authors should contain only the first author’s last name, followed by et al. ( Handbook 232):

Click on this page if you’re looking for information on how to create an APA in-text citation .

MLA 9 Citation for Websites with No Author

Sometimes, websites do not state who wrote the information on the page. When no author is listed, you may omit the author information from the MLA citation for the website and begin, instead, with the title ( Handbook 108).

Note about web pages by organizations/corporations:  Often, web pages are published by organizations or corporations with no author indicated. In these cases, you can assume that the publisher also authored the web page (like the example above). Since the author and publisher are the same in these cases, you can skip showing an author and just indicate the organization /corporation as the publisher ( Handbook 119 ).

In-text website citation with no author

The in-text citation for a website without an author is noted with the first noun phrase or words in the title in quotations and parenthesis, followed by a period. Unless the website includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you should not include any additional information. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

MLA 9 Citation for Websites Without a Formal Title

When citing a web page that does not include a formal title, it is acceptable to include a description of the page. Do not place the description in italics or quotation marks. Follow the description with the name of the website.

In-text website citation without a title

The in-text citation for a website without a formal title uses a shortened version of the webpage description for the in-text citation. Use the first noun phrase of the description from your Works Cited citation in parenthesis, followed by a period. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

MLA 9 Citation for Social Media Websites

In an increasingly digital world, social media platforms have become one of the most popular sources students turn to when writing a research paper. From Black history facts , to quotes from notable people, such as Martin Luther King and Winston Churchill , social media has become a mega influence in our world.

When citing social media in your work,  follow the same format as an MLA citation for a website. Here are some examples of ways you can cite various social media platforms in your work:

How to cite Twitter in MLA 9

Many notable individuals use Twitter as a platform to share intriguing ideas. It’s a shame Twitter was unavailable to long-gone scientists, authors, and presidents such as Albert Einstein , Mark Twain , and Abraham Lincoln . Luckily, we have the Twitter profiles of today’s great minds at our fingertips!

To cite a tweet, you will begin with the account holder’s name and their Twitter handle in square brackets, followed by a period ( Handbook 118). After this, in quotations, you should enter the full text of the tweet, including any hashtags. The publisher, Twitter, is then listed in italics, followed by the date the tweet was posted in day, month, year format. Finally, include a URL to the tweet followed by a period.

Note:  When the account name and username are similar, the username can be excluded from the citation. For example, if the account’s username was @FirstNameLastName or @OrganizationName.

In-text website citation of a Twitter post

The in-text citation for a Twitter post is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. For the tweet used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

How to cite Instagram in MLA 9

To cite an Instagram post, begin with the account holder’s name and their username in square brackets. In quotations, list the title of the photo, if it is given. If there is no title, write a brief description of the picture but do not place it in italics or quotation marks. The publisher, Instagram, is then listed in italics. Any other contributors (such as the photographer, if it is not the same as the account holder) are then listed, after which you will add the date the photo was published and the URL.

In-text website citation of an Instagram post

The in-text citation for an Instagram post is reflected as the author’s last name or the name of the account in parentheses, followed by a period. For the Instagram post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

How to cite Facebook in MLA 9

To cite a Facebook post, begin with the account holder’s name or username. In quotations, list the title or caption of the post, if it is given. If there is no title or caption, write a brief description of the post, but do not place it in italics or quotation marks. Examples: Image of Malcolm X, or, Muhammed Ali headshot.

The publisher, Facebook, is then listed in italics, after which you will add the date posted and URL.

In-text website citation of a Facebook post

The in-text citation for a Facebook post is reflected as the author’s last name or the name of the account in parentheses, followed by a period. For the Facebook post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

Social media and website comments

Citing the comments left on social media or a website begins with the commenter’s name or username. To indicate that you are citing a comment, follow the name with a period and then the words Comment on , followed by the title of the source (for example, the name of the article) in quotation marks. This is then followed by the title of the website in italics, and the publisher, if applicable. The date is then listed, followed by the URL, permalink, or DOI.

In-text citation of a social media comment

The in-text citation for a social media comment is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. For the post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

In-text Citations for Websites

In-text citations generally consist of parentheses and the last names of the authors or the first few words of the web page title.

Since there are no page numbers, unless the web page includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you don’t need to include any additional information.

When you have multiple authors, place them in the same order they are listed in the source.

If what you really need is an APA book citation or a reference for an APA journal , there are more guides on EasyBib.com for you to explore.

Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: when and how to reference entire websites versus specific pages in mla.

Reference an entire website when your information comes from multiple pages or if you are describing the entirety of the website. If your information is only from one page, only cite the singular page.

Whole website, author known

• Write the author’s name in last name, first name format with a period following.
• Next, write the name of the website in italics.
• Write the contributing organization’s name with a comma following.
• List the date in day, month, year format with a comma following.
• Lastly, write the URL with a period following.

Works cited example:

Night, Samuel. Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021,                 www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

In-text example:

Whole website, author unknown

• If there is no specific author, begin the citation by writing the website name in italics.

Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

( Food Creations )

Webpage, author known

If information is from only a few pages or the pages cover multiple topics, reference each page

• If an author is named, write the author’s name in last name, first name format.
• If a title is not provided, create your own description of the page.
• List the title of the website in italics with a comma following.
• Write the date that the page was created followed by a comma.
• Lastly, list the URL followed by a period.

Blake, Evan. “Best Southern Macaroni Recipe.” Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

Webpage, author unknown

If an author is not named, write the name of the page in quotation marks with a period following.

“Best Southern Macaroni Recipe.” Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

(“Best Southern Macaroni Recipe”)

Solution #2: Referencing a conversation on social media in MLA

The in-text citation should identify the author and talk about the format (e.g., video, post, image, etc.) in prose.

Lilly West’s photo of traditional Japanese sweets shows an example of nature influencing Japanese design.

The basic structure of a works-cited reference for social media stays the same no matter the format or the social media service (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). Here are works- cited-list entry guidelines:

• The name is listed in last name, first name format with a period following. If an organization, just write the organization’s name as it’s usually presented.
• If the username is very different from the author’s real name, include it in brackets after the user’s real name but before the period.
• Write the title, post text, or description of the post in quotation marks. End it with a period.
• Write the website name in italics with a comma afterward.
• List the day, month, and year that the post was created followed by a comma.
• List the URL followed by a period. Leave out “https://” and “http://”.

Facebook example:

West, Lily. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Facebook , 30 May 2021, www.facebook.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.

Twitter reference example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Twitter, 30 May 2021, www.twitter.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.

Instagram reference example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Instagram , 30 May 2021,            www.instagram.com/hypotheticalexample/thisphotoisnotreal.

Solution #3: How to cite a social media post without a title or text

If there is no text or title where the title element usually goes, instead describe the post without quotation marks. Example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. Photo of traditional Japanese sweets on a green plate. Instagram , photographed by Bethany Lynn, 30 May 2021,   www.instagram.com/hypotheticalexample/thisphotoisnotreal.

Solution #4: How to cite a social media post with a long title or text

If the text is very long, you can shorten it by adding ellipsis at the end of the text. Example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Nothing is better in life than feeling like all of the effort you’ve invested has finally. . . .” Twitter, 17 Feb. 2021, www.twitter.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.

• Works Cited

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

Published October 31, 2011. Updated June 5, 2021.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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No matter what citation style you’re using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.), the EasyBib Citation Generator can help you create the right bibliography quickly.

Yes, there’s an option to download source citations as a Word Doc or a Google Doc. You may also copy citations from the EasyBib Citation Generator and paste them into your paper.

Creating an account is not a requirement for generating MLA citations. However, registering for an EasyBib account is free, and an account is how you can save all the citations you create. This can help make it easier to manage your citations and bibliographies.

Yes! Whether you’d like to learn how to construct citations on your own, our Autocite tool isn’t able to gather the metadata you need, or anything in between, manual citations are always an option. Click here for directions on using creating manual citations.

If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.

It supports MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and over 7,000 total citation styles.

If there is no author, the title becomes the website page’s identifier.

In-text example (no author): ( Honey Bee Medley )

Works cited example (no author): Honey Bee Medley . Hivemind Press, 2018, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees.

If there is no publication date, include an accessed date instead.

Works cited example (no author, no date): Honey Bee Medley . Hivemind Press, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees. Accessed 17 Nov. 2020.

If there is no title, briefly describe the source.

Works cited example (no author, no date, no title): Collage of honey bees. Hivemind Press, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees. Accessed 17 Nov. 2020.

To cite a website that has no page number in MLA, it is important that you know the name of the author, title of the webpage, website, and URL. The templates for an in-text citation and works-cited-list entry of a website that has no page number, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

You can use a time stamp if you are referring to an audio or video. Otherwise, use only the author’s surname.

(Author Surname)

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

Author or Organization Name. “Title of the Webpage.” Website Name . Publication Date, URL.

Dutta, Smita S. “What is Extra Sensory Perception?” Medindia . 16 Nov. 2019, www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/extra-sensory-perception.htm#3 .

Abbreviate the month in the date field.

MLA Citation Examples

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Reference Examples

More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .

Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10

Related handouts

• Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
• Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)

Textual Works

Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.

• Journal Article References
• Magazine Article References
• Newspaper Article References
• Blog Post and Blog Comment References
• UpToDate Article References
• Book/Ebook References
• Diagnostic Manual References
• Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
• Classroom Course Pack Material References
• Religious Work References
• Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
• Dictionary Entry References
• Wikipedia Entry References
• Report by a Government Agency References
• Report with Individual Authors References
• Brochure References
• Ethics Code References
• Fact Sheet References
• ISO Standard References
• Press Release References
• White Paper References
• Conference Presentation References
• Conference Proceeding References
• Published Dissertation or Thesis References
• Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
• ERIC Database References
• Preprint Article References

Data and Assessments

Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.

• Data Set References
• Toolbox References

Audiovisual Media

Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.

• Artwork References
• Clip Art or Stock Image References
• Film and Television References
• Musical Score References
• Online Course or MOOC References
• Podcast References
• PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
• Radio Broadcast References
• TED Talk References
• Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
• YouTube Video References

Online Media

Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.

• Facebook References
• Instagram References
• LinkedIn References
• Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
• TikTok References
• X References
• Webpage on a Website References
• Clinical Practice References
• Open Educational Resource References
• Whole Website References