counter urbanisation case study gcse

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Counter-urbanisation

Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people out of cities, to the surrounding areas. Since 1950 this process has been occurring in HICs (high-income countries). There are four main reasons for counter-urbanisation :

1. The increase in car ownership over the last 40 years means people are more mobile. This has led to an increase in commuting. Also, the growth in information technology (E-mail and video conferencing) means more people can work from home.

2. Urban areas are becoming an increasingly unpleasant place to live. This is the result of pollution, crime and traffic congestion .

3. More people tend to move when they retire.

4. New business parks on the edge of cities (on greenfield sites) mean people no longer have to travel to the city centre. People now prefer to live on the outskirts of the city to be near where they work.

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Counter Urbanisation Case Study

• Created by: ritika
• Created on: 24-07-13 19:59

Migration from urban to rural areas in MEDCs - East Anglia, GB 

since the 1980s there has been movement away from conurbations and larger cities, most of this movement has been to new towns, dormitory/ overspill towns and suburbanised villages

• employment :  industry got relocated to the edge of the  city sites or smaller rural towns. People move for promotion and for better paid jobs 
• housing :  when people become more affluent they move from the inner city to larger, modern houses with garages and gardens
• changing family status :  people move as a result of an increase in family wealth or size
• environmental factors :  moving away from the noise, air and visual pollution created by traffic in large urban areas to quieter, less polluted environments with more open space
• social factors :  people may move out of cities due to vandolism, crime, racial prejudice, or poorer educational families

Thurston (East Anglia):

• 14kms from Bury St. Edmunds, and accessible by train from Bury, 10 minutes by car from Bury
• villagers commute to Bury for work
• population of 3000
• modern new detached housing on housing estates
• traditional services are changing - the old granary has been converted into small businesses
• only one remaining post office
• Population change Migration

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GCSE 9-1 urban trends; counter urbanisation

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

3 March 2020

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GCSE 9-1; Urban trends - sustainable development, economic growth, counter-urbanisation, Leeds case study

This bundle includes resources to teach GCSE urban environments. It includes; sustainable transport, housing availability, counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation, economic growth, housing provision, waste management, transport provision. These lessons involve studying Leeds, Cartmel and Slough.

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Urban case study - London

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Urbanisation

Urbanisation is the rise in the proportion of people living in towns and cities, defined as urban areas. From 2007, the world’s urban population exceeded the world's rural population. Urbanisation happens differently in countries with different incomes:

High income countries (HICs)

• The UK began to urbanise in the late 1800s when lots of people moved from farms in the countryside into cities to work in the cotton and textiles industries.
• In 1950, 79% of the UK population lived in towns or cities. In 2013, 83% of the UK population lived in towns or cities.
• As cities grow, they become more and more crowded, causing some people to move back to rural areas.
• But, improving transport infrastructure allows people to commute into cities to work from further away. Crossrail will allow more people to commute into London from further away and the HS2 high-speed rail project theoretically expands the number of people who can commute into London massively.

Low income countries (LICs)

• Ethiopia, Niger, and Nepal are examples of LICs.
• Ethiopia is in Africa and has a population of 105 million people. In 2019, it was estimated that 20% of Ethiopia's population lived in towns or cities, meaning that most people still lived in rural, countryside areas.
• In the next few decades, people expect these low-income countries to experience rapid urbanisation.

Newly emerging economies (NEEs)

• China, India, Brazil, and Thailand are examples of NEEs.
• These countries are experiencing rapid urbanisation.
• In 1978, 18% of China's population lived in cities. In 2018, 59% of China's population lived in cities.

Factors Causing Urbanisation

The 2 main causes of urbanisation are rural-urban migration and natural increase. High rates of urbanisation are leading to the creation of megacities (cities with more than 10m inhabitants). Tokyo is the world’s most inhabited city with a population of 38 million people.

Rural-urban migration - push factors

• People's homes and jobs destroyed by a natural disaster.
• Automation (things like combine harvesters) cause people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture.
• Land becomes uninhabitable because of processes like desertification.
• Government mandate (Singapore under Lee Kuan-Yew forced people to move from farms into apartments in cities).
• Civil wars, like the Syrian Civil War, can force people to leave a place.

Rural-urban migration - pull factors

• Like in the UK in the Industrial Revolution, there may be more jobs and higher paid jobs in cities.
• Cities usually have more doctors, nurses, teachers, and other wellbeing infrastructure.
• If the trend is that more people are moving to cities, people may just move to live closer to their family and friends.
• Cities usually have more cinemas, shops and fun things to do. Flight Club Darts and Junkyard Mini Golf in the UK open sites in major cities, but not in rural areas.

Natural increase

• Natural increase happens when the number of people dying is smaller than the number of people being born.
• People living in cities usually have a lower average age than people living in rural areas, so birth rates are usually higher in cities.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Hazard Risk

1.1.3 Consequences of Natural Hazards

1.1.4 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 Tectonic Plates

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates & Convection Currents

1.2.3 Plate Margins

1.2.4 Volcanoes

1.2.5 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.6 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.7 Earthquakes

1.2.8 Earthquakes 2

1.2.9 Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.10 Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

1.2.11 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.12 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.13 Living with Tectonic Hazards 1

1.2.14 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.15 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.16 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.17 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Global Atmospheric Circulation

1.3.2 Surface Winds

1.3.3 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.4 Tropical Storms

1.3.5 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.6 Impact of Tropical Storms 1

1.3.7 Impact of Tropical Storms 2

1.3.8 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.10 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.13 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.2 Causes of Climate Change

1.4.3 Effects of Climate Change

1.4.4 Managing Climate Change

1.4.5 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.7 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Ecosystem Cascades & Global Ecosystems

2.1.3 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests - Intro & Interdependence

2.2.2 Adaptations

2.2.3 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.4 Deforestation

2.2.5 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.6 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.7 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.10 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Overview of Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Biodiversity & Adaptation to Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.4 Desertification

2.3.5 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Adaptations in Cold Environments

2.4.3 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.4 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.5 Sustainable Management

2.4.6 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.7 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.8 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering & Mass Movement

3.2.3 Processes of Erosion & Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.4 Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.5 Transportation

3.2.6 Deposition

3.2.7 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.8 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.9 Types of Coastal Management 1

3.2.10 Types of Coastal Management 2

3.2.11 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.12 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.13 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.14 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The River Valley

3.3.2 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.3 Erosion

3.3.4 Transportation & Deposition

3.3.5 Waterfalls, Gorges & Interlocking Spurs

3.3.6 Meanders & Oxbow Lakes

3.3.7 Floodplains & Levees

3.3.8 Estuaries

3.3.9 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.10 River Management

3.3.11 Hard & Soft Flood Defences

3.3.12 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.13 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.14 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.15 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 Erosion

3.4.2 Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.3 Landforms Caused by Transportation & Deposition

3.4.4 Snowdonia

3.4.5 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.6 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.7 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.3 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.4 UK Cities

4.1.5 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.6 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.8 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.11 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.4 Physical & Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.5 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.6 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.7 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.8 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.9 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.10 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.11 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.12 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.13 Economic Development in the UK

5.1.14 Economic Development UK: Industry & Rural

5.1.15 Economic Development UK: Transport & North-South

5.1.16 Economic Development UK: Regional & Global

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Food in the UK

6.1.3 Water in the UK 1

6.1.4 Water in the UK 2

6.1.5 Energy in the UK

6.1.6 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.3 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.4 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.5 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.9 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 The Global Demand for Water

6.3.2 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.3 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.4 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.5 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.6 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.7 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.8 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.9 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.10 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.3 Increasing Energy Supply: Renewables

6.4.4 Increasing Energy Supply: Non-Renewables

6.4.5 Carbon Footprints & Energy Conservation

6.4.6 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.8 Energy - Statistical Skills

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Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos