what is a composite essay

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CompositesLab

• Lightweight
• Design Flexibility
• Composites VS. Steel
• Composites VS. Aluminum
• Composites VS. Wood
• Composites VS. Granite
• Architecture
• Infrastructure
• Pipe and Tank
• Sports and Recreation
• Transportation

What Are Composites?

• History of Composites
• Industry Overview
• Open Molding
• Closed Molding
• Cast Polymer Molding
• Reinforcements
• Additives & Fillers
• Surface Finishes

A composite is a material made from two or more different materials that, when combined, are stronger than those individual materials by themselves.

Simply put, composites are a combination of components. In our industry, composites are materials made by combining two or more natural or artificial elements (with different physical or chemical properties) that are stronger as a team than as individual players. The component materials don’t completely blend or lose their individual identities; they combine and contribute their most useful traits to improve the outcome or final product. Composites are typically designed with a particular use in mind, such as added strength, efficiency or durability.

What are composites made of?

Composites, also known as Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites, are made from a polymer matrix that is reinforced with an engineered, man-made or natural fiber (like glass, carbon or aramid) or other reinforcing material. The matrix protects the fibers from environmental and external damage and transfers the load between the fibers. The fibers, in turn, provide strength and stiffness to reinforce the matrix—and help it resist cracks and fractures.

Provides strength and stiffness (glass, carbon, aramid, basalt, natural fibers)

Protects and transfers load between fibers (polyester, epoxy, vinyl ester, others)

Fiber Composite Matrix

Creates a material with attributes superior to either component alone

In many of our industry’s products, polyester resin is the matrix and glass fiber is the reinforcement. But many combinations of resins and reinforcements are used in composites—and each material contributes to the unique properties of the finished product: Fiber, powerful but brittle, provides strength and stiffness, while more flexible resin provides shape and protects the fiber. FRP composites may also contain fillers, additives, core materials or surface finishes designed to improve the manufacturing process, appearance and performance of the final product.

Natural and synthetic composites

Composites can be natural or synthetic. Wood, a natural composite, is a combination of cellulose or wood fibers and a substance called lignin. The fibers give wood its strength; lignin is the matrix or natural glue that binds and stabilizes them. Other composites are synthetic (man-made).

Plywood is a man-made composite that combines natural and synthetic materials. Thin layers of wood veneer are bonded together with adhesive to form flat sheets of laminated wood that are stronger than natural wood.

Are plastics composites?

Not all plastics are composites. In fact, most plastics—the ones used in toys, water bottles and other familiar items—are not composites. They’re pure plastics. But many types of plastic can be reinforced to make them stronger. This combination of plastic and reinforcement can produce some of the strongest, most versatile materials (for their weight) ever developed by technology.

Polymer resins (such as polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy or phenolic) are sometimes referred to as plastic.

By any other name…

Many terms are used to define FRP composites. Modifiers have been used to identify a specific fiber such as Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), and Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (AFRP). Another familiar term used is Fiber Reinforced Plastics. In addition, other acronyms have been developed over the years and their use depended on geographical location or market use. For example, Fiber Reinforced Composites (FRC), Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP), and Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) can be found in many references. Each of the aforementioned terms means the same thing: FRP composites.

BACK TO Composites 101

Continue to history of composites.

Understand My Scores

Reading, writing, and math tests.

ACCUPLACER Reading, Writing, Quantitative Reasoning and Statistics, and Advanced Algebra and Functions tests each have a score range of 200–300. To help you understand what your score means, you can review the Skills Insight™ statement for each test. The Skills Insight statements break down the scores into five score bands:

For each score band, each test's Skills Insight statement describes what a student scoring within that band is likely to know and be able to do.

It's a good idea to review the Skills Insight statements with your advisor to make sure you understand what you need to know and demonstrate to achieve a desired score. For example, if your goal is to score in the 263–275 score band on the Writing test, read the statement for that score band so you know how to prepare for the test.

WritePlacer and ESL Tests

WritePlacer ® essays have a score range of 1–8. Your essay score is based on several aspects of writing  and how clearly and effectively you express your position. WritePlacer ESL scores range from 1–6. A description of how we score ESL essays can be found in the WritePlacer ESL guide.

The four ACCUPLACER ESL tests (Language Use, Listening, Reading, and Sentence Skills) each have a score range from 20–120. ESL tests measure English language learners' command of the English language.

Skills Insight™ Statements

Learn how to interpret scores on the five ACCUPLACER tests: Reading; Writing; Arithmetic; Quantitative Reasoning, Algebra, and Statistics; and Advanced Algebra and Functions.

WritePlacer ESL Guide with Sample Essays

A guide to the WritePlacer® ESL placement exam. Includes scored sample essays.

College Composition

The College Composition exam covers material usually taught in a one-semester college course in composition and features essays graded by the College Board.

Register for $93.00

The College Composition exam uses multiple-choice questions and essays to assess writing skills taught in most first-year college composition courses. Those skills include analysis, argumentation, synthesis, usage, ability to recognize logical development, and research.

The College Composition exam has a total testing time of 125 minutes and contains:

• 50 multiple-choice questions to be answered in 55 minutes
• 2 essays to be written in 70 minutes

Essays are scored twice a month by college English faculty from throughout the country via an online scoring system. Each essay is scored by at least two different readers, and the scores are then combined.

This combined score is weighted equally with the score from the multiple-choice section. These scores are then combined to yield the test taker's score. The resulting combined score is reported as a single scaled score between 20 and 80. Separate scores are not reported for the multiple-choice and essay sections.

Note: Although scores are provided immediately upon completion for other CLEP exams, scores for the College Composition exam are available to test takers one to two weeks after the test date. View the complete College Composition Scoring and Score Availability Dates .

The exam includes some pretest multiple-choice questions that won't be counted toward the test taker's score.

Colleges set their own credit-granting policies and therefore differ with regard to their acceptance of the College Composition exam. Most colleges will grant course credit for a first-year composition or English course that emphasizes expository writing; others will grant credit toward satisfying a liberal arts or distribution requirement in English.

Knowledge and Skills Required

The exam measures test takers' knowledge of the fundamental principles of rhetoric and composition and their ability to apply Standard Written English principles. In addition, the exam requires a familiarity with research and reference skills. In one of the two essays, test takers must develop a position by building an argument in which they synthesize information from two provided sources, which they must cite. The requirement that test takers cite the sources they use reflects the recognition of source attribution as an essential skill in college writing courses.

The skills assessed in the College Composition exam follow. The numbers in parentheses indicate the approximate percentages of exam questions on those topics. The bulleted lists under each topic are meant to be representative rather than prescriptive.

Conventions of Standard Written English (10%)

This section measures test takers' awareness of a variety of logical, structural, and grammatical relationships within sentences. The questions test recognition of acceptable usage relating to the items below:

• Syntax (parallelism, coordination, subordination)
• Sentence boundaries (comma splices, run-ons, sentence fragments)
• Recognition of correct sentences
• Concord/agreement (pronoun reference, case shift, and number; subject-verb; verb tense)
• Active/passive voice
• Lack of subject in modifying word group
• Logical comparison
• Logical agreement
• Punctuation

Revision Skills (40%)

This section measures test takers' revision skills in the context of works in progress (early drafts of essays):

• Organization
• Evaluation of evidence
• Awareness of audience, tone, and purpose
• Level of detail
• Coherence between sentences and paragraphs
• Sentence variety and structure
• Main idea, thesis statements, and topic sentences
• Rhetorical effects and emphasis
• Use of language
• Evaluation of author's authority and appeal
• Evaluation of reasoning
• Consistency of point of view
• Transitions
• Sentence-level errors primarily relating to the conventions of Standard Written English

Ability to Use Source Materials (25%)

This section measures test takers' familiarity with elements of the following basic reference and research skills, which are tested primarily in sets but may also be tested through stand-alone questions. In the passage-based sets, the elements listed under Revision Skills and Rhetorical Analysis may also be tested. In addition, this section will cover the following skills:

• Use of reference materials
• Evaluation of sources
• Integration of resource material
• Documentation of sources (including, but not limited to, MLA, APA, and Chicago manuals of style)

Rhetorical Analysis (25%)

This section measures test takers' ability to analyze writing. This skill is tested primarily in passage-based questions pertaining to critical thinking, style, purpose, audience, and situation:

• Organization/structure
• Rhetorical effects

In addition to the multiple-choice section, the College Composition exam includes a mandatory essay section that tests skills of argumentation, analysis, and synthesis. This section of the exam consists of two essays, both of which measure a test taker's ability to write clearly and effectively. The first essay is based on the test taker's reading, observation, or experience, while the second requires test takers to synthesize and cite two sources that are provided. Test takers have 30 minutes to write the first essay and 40 minutes to read the two sources and write the second essay. The essays must be typed on the computer.

First Essay: Directions

Write an essay in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement provided. Support your discussion with specific reasons and examples from your reading, experience, or observations.

Second Essay: Directions

This assignment requires you to write a coherent essay in which you synthesize the two sources provided. Synthesis refers to combining the sources and your position to form a cohesive, supported argument. You must develop a position and incorporate both sources. You must cite the sources whether you are paraphrasing or quoting. Refer to each source by the author’s last name, the title, or by any other means that adequately identifies it.

Essay Scoring Guidelines

Readers will assign scores based on the following scoring guide.

  Score of 6

Essays that score a 6 demonstrate a high degree of competence and sustained control, although it may have a few minor errors.

A typical essay in this category:

• addresses the writing task very effectively
• develops ideas thoroughly, using well-chosen reasons, examples, or details for support
• is clearly focused and well-organized
• demonstrates superior facility with language, using effective vocabulary and sentence variety
• demonstrates strong control of the standard conventions of grammar, usage, and mechanics, though it may contain minor errors

  Score of 5

Essays that score a 5 demonstrate a generally high degree of competence, although it will have occasional lapses in quality.

• addresses the writing task effectively
• develops ideas consistently, using appropriate reasons, examples, or details for support
• is focused and organized
• demonstrates facility with language, using appropriate vocabulary and some sentence variety
• demonstrates consistent control of the standard conventions of grammar, usage, and mechanics, though it may contain minor errors

  Score of 4

Essays that score a 4 demonstrate competence with some errors and lapses in quality.

• addresses the writing task adequately
• develops ideas adequately, using generally relevant reasons, examples, or details for support
• is generally focused and organized
• demonstrates competence with language, using adequate vocabulary and minimal sentence variety
• demonstrates adequate control of the standard conventions of grammar, usage, and mechanics; errors do not interfere with meaning

  Score of 3

Essays that score a 3 demonstrate limited competence.

A typical essay in this category exhibits one or more of the following weaknesses:

• addresses the writing task, but may fail to sustain a focus or viewpoint
• develops ideas unevenly, often using assertions rather than relevant reasons, examples, or details for support
• is poorly focused and/or poorly organized
• displays frequent problems in the use of language, using unvaried diction and syntax
• demonstrates some control of grammar, usage, and mechanics, but with occasional shifts and inconsistencies

  Score of 2

Essays that score a 2 are seriously flawed.

• addresses the writing task in a seriously limited or unclear manner
• develops ideas thinly, providing few or no relevant reasons, examples, or details for support
• is unfocused and/or disorganized
• displays frequent serious language errors that may interfere with meaning
• demonstrates a lack of control of standard grammar, usage, and mechanics

  Score of 1

Essays that score a 1 are fundamentally deficient.

• does not address the writing task in a meaningful way
• does not develop ideas with relevant reasons, examples, or details
• displays a fundamental lack of control of language that may seriously interfere with meaning

  Score of 0

Essays that score a 0 are off-topic.

Provides no evidence of an attempt to respond to the assigned topic, is written in a language other than English, merely copies the prompt, or consists of only keystroke characters.

Note: For the purposes of scoring, synthesis refers to combining the sources and the writer’s position to form a cohesive, supported argument.

Score Information

Ace recommendation for college composition.

Note: Each institution reserves the right to set its own credit-granting policy, which may differ from the American Council on Education (ACE) . Contact your college to find out the score required for credit and the number of credit hours granted.

Add Study Guides

Clep college composition and college composition modular examination guide.

This guide provides practice questions for the CLEP College Composition and College Composition Modular Exams.

Study Resources: College Composition

A study plan and list of online resources.

College Composition Resource Guide and Sample Questions

Details about the exam breakdown, credit recommendations, and free sample questions.

CLEP Practice App

Official CLEP eguides from examIam.

• Go to examIam

College Composition Scoring and Score Availability Dates

Access scoring dates for the current academic year as well as dates for when scores will be made available to students and mailed to institutions.

What Your CLEP Score Means

Guide to understanding how CLEP scores are calculated and credit-granting recommendations for all exams.

ACE Credit Recommendations

Recommendations for credit-granting scores from the American Council on Education.

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AP® English Language Scoring Guide

As a student taking AP® English Language and Composition, you probably realize that earning a passing score (3 or greater) on the AP English Language exam can help you unlock many benefits in pursuing higher education in college. But many students have the following questions about AP English Language and Composition scores.

• What is a good AP English Language score?
• What is the average AP English Language score?
• How hard is it to earn a score of 3 or above?

This article will answer these and other frequently asked questions high school students have about AP exam scoring to help you prepare for your upcoming AP English Language and Composition exam.

How is the AP English Language exam scored?

The AP English Language exam is scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest possible score. The AP English Language and Composition Exam has two different types of questions: multiple-choice and free-response. The exam duration is 3 hours and 15 minutes. The multiple-choice portion of the exam accounts for 45 percent of the total score, while the free-response portion accounts for 55 percent.

There are 45 multiple-choice questions to answer, and you’ll have one hour to do so. Each MCQ comes with five answer choices There is no penalty for wrong answers , and questions that are left blank do not earn any points. You are encouraged to take a guess if you don't know the right answer.

The students have 15 minutes of reading time and two hours to answer the three free-response questions. Each of the three free-response essays scores between 0 and 6 points. Per the College Board®, your essay is graded as a whole, taking into account its content, style, and mechanics. So make sure to focus on and practice each aspect to score as many points as possible for the prompt.

AP English Language and Composition Scoring Guidelines & Rubrics

As of 2023, the total composite score for the AP Lang exam was 100. The total raw score in Section I is 45, while in Section II, it amounts to 55. Each MCQ you answer correctly in Section I will count for 1 point, and each FRQ in Section II carries 6 points. Based on the scoring rubric for the FRQ section, the number of points you earn per question is added up and then converted to a raw score out of 55. Each section's raw scores are added to derive your final composite score out of 100. This score is then converted to the AP scaled score of 1 - 5.

The College Board publishes scoring rubrics that explain how students' AP exam essays will be graded. There are three types of essays: the synthesis essay, the rhetorical analysis essay, and the argument essay. You can find each rubric on the website of the College Board . Here is the tabular format of the scoring guidelines and rubric-scoring criteria with the decision rules and scoring notes from the AP English Language exam.

AP English Language Scoring Table

The final results will exclude your weighted combination score and the individual scores for each part. Instead, only your scaled score, ranging from 1 to 5, will be visible. Each score corresponds to a specific level of performance. Colleges utilize these results to assess eligibility for free college credit and placement. To be considered, students must achieve a score of 3 or higher. These scores stem from a comprehensive study conducted by the AP program.

In the college admissions process, AP scores below 3 are generally not considered when evaluating a student's application. However, if a student wants to get college credit and an advanced placement based on their AP English Language exam score, they must get a score of 3 or higher. Always double-check the minimum requirements of the colleges you want to apply to since some schools require a higher score for you to get college credit.

AP English Language Score Distribution

AP English Language is one of the most popular AP courses among high school students who intend to go to college since English is almost always a mandatory course. In May 2023 , approximately 562,000 students took the AP English Language and Composition exam. Of these students, over 56% (a whopping 315,650) earned a score of 3 or higher!

Let us take a look at the AP English Language score distribution table for May 2023:

As the above table indicates, a majority of AP English Language test-takers scored a 3 or above. This should give you confidence heading into the exam since the odds are in your favor. With the right study plan and learning tools, you will give yourself the best opportunity to score a 5!

Only 18 students earned a perfect score in the 2023 AP Lang exam!

For perspective on the AP English Language exam scoring trends, let us also examine how students performed on the past exams from 2019 to 2022:

AP English Language Minimum Score Requirement for College Credits

As we mentioned earlier, most colleges require a minimum score of 3 on your AP exams to qualify for free credit or advanced placement. But there is more to the value of AP courses than that. Simply taking the AP English Language course but not the end-of-course exam will set you apart from your non-AP counterparts in the eyes of admissions committees, even though you won’t receive any college credit for your efforts.

Each university has unique score requirements for free credit and advanced placement , so check with the university to which you intend to apply to ensure you know exactly what target score you need to earn.

Here is a list of some universities and their minimal AP English Language criteria if you want those free credits.

Visit College Credit Policies for a complete list of colleges accepting AP English Language scores for free credit or advanced placement.

• 2023 AP Score Distributions. (n.d.). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/about-ap-scores/score-distributions  
• Student Score Distributions AP Exams. (May 2023). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-score-distributions-by-subject-2023.pdf  
• Student Score Distributions AP Exams. (May 2022). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-score-distributions-by-subject-2022.pdf  
• Student Score Distributions AP Exams. (May 2021). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://reports.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/2021-ap-student-score-distributions_1.pdf  
• Student Score Distributions AP Exams. (May 2020). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://reports.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/Student-Score-Distributions-2020_1.pdf  
• Student Score Distributions AP Exams. (May 2019). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2019/Student-Score-Distributions-2019.pdf  
• AP English Language and Composition. (n.d.). Collegeboard.org. Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-english-language-and-composition

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a good score on the ap english language exam, how do i calculate my ap english language scores, when are ap english language scores released, how do i find my ap english language score, is it possible to get a 5 on ap english language while self-studying for the 2024 exam, do i have to take english in college if i already have an ap english language credit, how many credits is ap english language worth, how do i get a 5 on my ap english language exam.

Creating a study plan, taking an AP English Language practice test, working through practice questions, and using dependable learning tools are critical to success. It also helps to know how the exam is scored and what to expect on exam day to be informed and confidently approach the exam.

Practicing exam-like questions is essential in preparing for any high-stakes exam, as it familiarizes you with the rubric.

We recommend using our online learning tools for AP English Language because we provide:

• Hundreds of exam-like questions that mimic the style and difficulty of the exam
• Answer explanations with vivid illustrations to facilitate content mastery and literary analysis
• Performance tracking measures your progress and targets areas that need improvement

Prepare with UWorld’s AP English Language and Composition practice tests and take your next steps towards your dream college. Our well-designed study plan and QBank will help you gain your desired success in the classroom, college, and beyond.

Read More About AP English Language

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Look up a word, learn it forever.

Composition, /ˈkɑmpəˌzɪʃən/, /kɒmpəˈzɪʃən/.

Other forms: compositions

Composition is another word for writing — the act of writing or the piece of writing that results. It also refers to what something is made of.

The word composition comes from the Latin componere , meaning "put together" and its meaning remains close to this. Writing classes are often called composition classes, and writing music is also called composition. This can also describe things besides writing that are "put together." You could say an abstract painting has an interesting composition. Any mixture of ingredients can be called a composition. Geologists study the composition of the earth: what it's made of and how it formed.

• noun the way in which someone or something is composed synonyms: constitution , make-up , makeup , physical composition see more see less types: show 9 types... hide 9 types... structure the manner of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts phenotype what an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment genetic constitution , genotype the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism grain , texture the physical composition of something (especially with respect to the size and shape of the small constituents of a substance) karyotype the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes) infrastructure , substructure the basic structure or features of a system or organization architecture , computer architecture (computer science) the structure and organization of a computer's hardware or system software cytoarchitectonics , cytoarchitecture the cellular composition of a bodily structure fabric , framework the underlying structure type of: property a basic or essential attribute shared by all members of a class
• noun a mixture of ingredients see more see less types: show 4 types... hide 4 types... paste any mixture of a soft and malleable consistency ambrosia , beebread a mixture of nectar and pollen prepared by worker bees and fed to larvae compost a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure; used as a fertilizer soup any composition having a consistency suggestive of soup type of: mixture (chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)
• noun the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole “harmonious composition is essential in a serious work of art” synonyms: composing see more see less type of: arrangement , placement the spatial property of the way in which something is placed
• noun something that is created by arranging several things to form a unified whole “he envied the composition of their faculty” see more see less types: paste-up a composition of flat objects pasted on a board or other backing collage , montage a paste-up made by sticking together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image type of: creation an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
• noun art and technique of printing with movable type synonyms: typography see more see less type of: printing , printing process reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication
• noun musical creation synonyms: composing see more see less types: show 6 types... hide 6 types... arrangement , arranging , transcription the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music realisation , realization the completion or enrichment of a piece of music left sparsely notated by a composer recapitulation (music) the repetition of themes introduced earlier (especially when one is composing the final part of a movement) rearrangement changing an arrangement instrumentation , orchestration the act of arranging a piece of music for an orchestra and assigning parts to the different musical instruments orchestration an arrangement of events that attempts to achieve a maximum effect type of: creating by mental acts the act of creating something by thinking
• noun a musical work that has been created “the composition is written in four movements” synonyms: musical composition , opus , piece , piece of music see more see less types: show 83 types... hide 83 types... morceau a short literary or musical composition sheet music a musical composition in printed or written form arrangement , musical arrangement a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments realisation , realization a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer intermezzo a short piece of instrumental music composed for performance between acts of a drama or opera allegro a musical composition or musical passage to be performed quickly in a brisk lively manner allegretto a musical composition or musical passage to be performed at a somewhat quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro andante a musical composition or musical passage to be performed moderately slow introit a composition of vocal music that is appropriate for opening church services solo a musical composition for one voice or instrument (with or without accompaniment) duet , duette , duo a musical composition for two performers trio a musical composition for three performers quartet , quartette a musical composition for four performers quintet , quintette a musical composition for five performers sestet , sextet , sextette a musical composition written for six performers septet , septette a musical composition written for seven performers octet , octette a musical composition written for eight performers bagatelle a light piece of music for piano divertimento , serenade a musical composition in several movements; has no fixed form canon a contrapuntal piece of music in which a melody in one part is imitated exactly in other parts etude a short composition for a solo instrument; intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity idyl , idyll , pastoral , pastorale a musical composition that evokes rural life toccata a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style fantasia a musical composition of a free form usually incorporating several familiar themes musical passage , passage a short section of a musical composition movement a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata largo (music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner larghetto (music) a composition or passage played in a slow tempo slightly faster than largo but slower than adagio suite a musical composition of several movements only loosely connected symphonic poem , tone poem an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales medley , pastiche , potpourri a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources nocturne , notturno a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano) adagio (music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully) song , vocal a short musical composition with words study a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique capriccio an instrumental composition that doesn't adhere to rules for any specific musical form and is played with improvisation motet an unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics; intended to be sung as part of a church service; originated in the 13th century program music , programme music musical compositions intended to evoke images or remind the listener of events incidental music music composed to accompany the action of a drama or to fill intervals between scenes rhapsody an improvisational and emotional musical composition with an irregular form lead sheet a sheet containing the words and melody for a song (and some indication of harmony) written in simple form piano music sheet music to be played on a piano musical score , score a written form of a musical composition; parts for different instruments appear on separate staves on large pages religious song religious music for singing orchestration an arrangement of a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or band instrumentation the instruments called for in a musical score or arrangement for a band or orchestra allegro a musical composition or musical passage to be performed quickly in a brisk lively manner allegretto a musical composition or musical passage to be performed at a somewhat quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro andante a musical composition or musical passage to be performed moderately slow intermezzo a short movement coming between the major sections of a symphony voluntary composition (often improvised) for a solo instrument (especially solo organ) and not a regular part of a religious service or musical performance enigma canon , enigmatic canon , enigmatical canon , riddle canon a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries) intro a brief introductory passage to a piece of popular music musical phrase , phrase a short musical passage cadence the close of a musical section cadenza a brilliant solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music largo (music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner scherzo a fast movement (usually in triple time) partita (music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century adagio (music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully) anthem a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school) aria an elaborate song for solo voice ballad , lay a narrative song with a recurrent refrain barcarole , barcarolle a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers ditty a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung) coronach , dirge , lament , requiem , threnody a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person drinking song a song celebrating the joys of drinking; sung at drinking parties folk ballad , folk song , folksong a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture lied a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano love song , love-song a song about love or expressing love for another person berceuse , cradlesong , lullaby a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep golden oldie , oldie a song that was formerly popular partsong a song with two or more voice parts prothalamion , prothalamium a song in celebration of a marriage roundelay a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrain banquet song , scolion a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet serenade a song characteristically played outside the house of a love interest torch song a popular song concerned with disappointment in love work song a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work recitative a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech modulation , transition a musical passage moving from one key to another impromptu a short musical passage that seems to have been made spontaneously without advance preparation reprise a repetition of a short musical passage type of: music an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
• noun the act of creating written works synonyms: authorship , penning , writing see more see less types: show 10 types... hide 10 types... adoxography fine writing in praise of trivial or base subjects drafting writing a first version to be filled out and polished later dramatisation , dramatization conversion into dramatic form fabrication , fictionalisation , fictionalization writing in a fictional form historiography the writing of history metrification writing a metrical composition (or the metrical structure of a composition) novelisation , novelization converting something into the form of a novel redaction the act of putting something in writing lexicography the act of writing dictionaries versification the art or practice of writing verse type of: verbal creation creating something by the use of speech and language
• noun an essay (especially one written as an assignment) “he got an A on his composition ” synonyms: paper , report , theme see more see less types: term paper a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term type of: essay an analytic or interpretive literary composition

Vocabulary lists containing composition

A thorough survey of various textbooks, assignments, content area standards, and examinations yields the following list of words compiled by Jim Burke . You cannot expect to succeed on assignments if you do not understand the directions.

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Taking the SAT is often a high school rite of passage. Each year, millions of students nationwide take the SAT, one of two major standardized tests that assess college readiness by measuring math, verbal, and reasoning skills. While the test does measure your knowledge to some extent, its purpose has always been to measure a student’s critical thinking skills and ability to apply knowledge, rather than measuring the amount or strength of background knowledge a student brings to the test.

The current SAT consists of two primary test sections, and one additional optional test section. One of the primary tests is the Math Test. This is actually comprised of two smaller test sections: the Math Test With Calculator and the Math Test, No Calculator. The other primary test is the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Test. This is also comprised of two smaller test sections: the Critical Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test. The final component of the SAT, the SAT Essay, is optional.

For both the Math Test and the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Test, you will receive a section score ranging from 200-800. These scores are calculated from your performance on the subtests in each section.

You will also receive what is referred to as a composite score. This is basically the total score you received on all required sections, and it is calculated simply by adding together your Math Test section score with your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Test section score. Your composite score ranges from 400-1600.

When students receive their score reports, they often are most anxious to see their composite score. This score is displayed prominently at the top of the score report, and many students and colleges alike think of it as a total measure of success on the test.

But is the composite score always the most important number on your SAT score report? Not necessarily. While it is certainly the most commonly reviewed and referred to, there are a few scenarios in which section scores might become more important.

In this post, we will outline the unique circumstances in which a section score may be weighed heavily in college admissions decisions, other times when section scores might be reviewed, and the situations in which you should consider retaking the SAT to improve a specific section score, even if you’re content overall with your composite score. To learn more about how to weigh your SAT composite score and your SAT section scores, read on.

When is the composite score most important?

In most cases, the composite score is the first thing that any admissions committee will look at. In some cases, it is the only thing they will look at. For that reason, composite scores are generally the most important number on your score report.

Sometimes, a composite score will automatically qualify you or disqualify you from further screening in the admissions process. In these cases, your SAT score is used as a screening tool to thin the applicant pool. If your score meets a certain threshold, your application stays in the admissions game. If it does not, you could be denied admission. Remember, an admissions committee does not always have time to read through every line of every single application, so things like GPA or SAT scores are easy tools to help with initial screenings.

That is not to say, though, that your section scores are never reviewed. This simply means that in many cases, a composite score will be used for initial screenings, while section scores and other details are reviewed later.

When do section scores matter?

Of course, just because an admissions committee might review your composite score first doesn’t mean that your section scores are completely irrelevant. It simply means that this layer of scrutiny usually comes later in the process, and that sometimes, your application will never undergo this kind of scrutiny.

If, however, an admissions committee reviews your section scores, it will usually be for one of three reasons.

The first reason that an admissions committee generally reviews your section scores is to ensure that you are a fairly well-balanced applicant. Particularly if you are applying to a liberal arts school or as a liberal arts major, the admissions committee will want to see that you are generally capable of college-level work in both the math and language fields.

If, for example, you happen to score exceptionally high on one section and put forth a significantly weaker performance on the other, your composite score may place you in the acceptable range, but you might ultimately not be accepted if the admissions committee is concerned that you will not be able to handle the work across all fields of study.

Another scenario is when you are applying to a specialized major or program, and one section score is significantly more relevant than the other. In this circumstance, the scenario of mismatched scores above could actually work to your favor. If you are applying to an engineering program and your composite score is competitive, the admissions committee will likely be impressed by an exceptionally high math score, even if your language scores suffer somewhat. If this case, it is not your general abilities across the board that they are interested in so much as your specific abilities in your intended field.

The final reason that an admissions committee might choose to review your section scores would be to further screen your strength as a candidate. If they cannot make a decision about your candidacy and are scrutinizing the finer details of your application, it’s likely that they will look at your SAT section scores. In this case, obviously it is best to present no obvious weaknesses, but sometimes factors that you cannot control will come into play. For example, they may be dealing with a pool of accepted candidates that is particularly strong in math and wish to level it out a bit with some more language-oriented applicants.

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Are there cases when my section scores may matter outside of college admissions?

Anytime that you submit your SAT scores, your section scores could possibly be reviewed. This means that they are potentially relevant on applications for scholarships, summer programs, and even internships.

In these cases, your section score most closely related to the subject area or field of work will probably matter most. If there is not an obvious favored section, then it’s best to present well-balanced section scores for these purposes.

When should I retake the SAT to improve a specific section score?

The most obvious reason to retake the SAT to improve in one section is if your composite score is still not where you’d like it to be. If you score near an 800 in Math, but only a 580 in Reading and Writing, your composite score will be a 1380. This isn’t a bad score, but increasing your reading score by 80-100 points is a very feasible goal when you’re starting from 580, and a composite score of 1480 will be far more competitive than your previous 1380.

Another reason to retake the SAT to improve one specific section is if you know that that section is highly relevant to your application. If you’re applying to a specific program directly related to that section, your single section score could become highly relevant. You’ll want to make sure that it’s as competitive, if not more so, than your composite score.

Finally, even if you aren’t applying to a specific major or program, if you plan to pursue a field closely related to a specific section (such as an engineering internship or summer math program), you’ll want to be sure that your section score is competitive enough to qualify you for the programs in which you might be interested.    

Ultimately, how your SAT scores are weighed and taken into account on your college applications or elsewhere will depend on a number of different factors. Different schools will place more or less weight on different sections according to their specific priorities or needs as an institution, while other schools will review composite scores as an initial screening, viewing your section scores only later in the application process. 

SAT scores can be a source of stress for even the most successful students. There are very few tests you’ll take in your life whose results will be as closely scrutinized as your SAT scores. It bears remembering, though, that ultimately an SAT score is simply a number. It might be considered on your college applications, and it may not be. Regardless, it certainly doesn’t define your worth as a student or your potential to succeed.

Preparing for the SAT? Download our free guide with our top 8 tips for mastering the SAT.

To get started with your studying, check out these free CollegeVine SAT study resources:

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composition

Definition of composition

Examples of composition in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'composition.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English composicioun , from Anglo-French composicion , from Latin composition-, compositio , from componere — see compose

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Articles Related to composition

16 Terms of 'Agreement'

These are the ABC's (literally).

Dictionary Entries Near composition

composite sailing

compositionist

Cite this Entry

“Composition.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/composition. Accessed 29 Jun. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of composition, legal definition, legal definition of composition, more from merriam-webster on composition.

Nglish: Translation of composition for Spanish Speakers

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Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about composition

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Writing Test Description for the ACT

If you register for the ACT with writing, you will take the writing section after the four multiple-choice sections. Your score in the writing section will not affect your scores on the multiple-choice or your Composite score.

The writing section is a 40-minute essay test that measures your writing skills—specifically, writing skills taught in high school English classes and in entry-level college composition courses.

The section consists of one writing prompt that describes a complex issue and provides three different perspectives on the issue. You are asked to read the prompt and write an essay in which you develop your own perspective on the issue. Your essay must analyze the relationship between your own perspective and one or more other perspectives. You may adopt one of the perspectives given in the prompt as your own, or you may introduce one that is completely different from those given. Your score will not be affected by the perspective you take on the issue.

Five scores are reported for the writing section: a single subject-level writing score reported on a scale of 2–12, and four domain scores that are based on an analytic scoring rubric. The subject score is the rounded average of the four domain scores. The four writing domains are:

Writing Skills Measured by the ACT Writing Test

Ideas and analysis.

Scores in this domain reflect the ability to generate productive ideas and engage critically with multiple perspectives on the given issue. Competent writers understand the issue they are invited to address, the purpose for writing, and the audience. They generate ideas that are relevant to the situation.

Development and Support

Scores in this domain reflect the ability to discuss ideas, offer rationale, and bolster an argument. Competent writers explain and explore their ideas, discuss implications, and illustrate through examples. They help the reader understand their thinking about the issue.

Organization

Scores in this domain reflect the ability to organize ideas with clarity and purpose. Organizational choices are integral to effective writing. Competent writers arrange their essay in a way that clearly shows the relationship between ideas, and they guide the reader through their discussion.

Language Use and Conventions

Scores in this domain reflect the ability to use written language to convey arguments with clarity. Competent writers make use of the conventions of grammar, syntax, word usage, and mechanics. They are also aware of their audience and adjust the style and tone of their writing to communicate effectively. See  sample essays  or read   test tips .

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Composite Characters

For some writers, a composite character—that is, the melding of two or more real people into one—crosses the line into fiction. Those coming from a journalist tradition in particular find the blurring of characters for whatever reason a violation of the factual base of nonfiction.

For others, however, composite figures make ethical and practical sense. If you are writing about the non-famous, particularly friends and family who did not ask to be in your story, they expect their confidences to remain confidential. Violating their trust might destroy your relationships with them. Yet you have a story to write, about what you observe and struggle with in the world and about the real people who struggle with you. What to do? Some avoid telling such stories as nonfiction. Others wait until the people involved have died. Still others publish somewhere that those involved won’t read…hopefully. Or they call it fiction and keep their fingers crossed.

Or they opt to write a composite character, particularly if several people exhibit similar traits. If three friends are getting a divorce, for example, and the conversations seem the same, many writers find using a composite character to be more ethical than singling out one soon-to-be ex-friend. The key is to let readers know what you are doing and why. Sometimes a single footnote is enough to maintain the nonfiction contract between writer and reader, something like: “I’ve changed names and identities to protect the privacy of friends and family, but all else is true as I experienced it.”

Some writers, like Cathy N. Davidson in “36 Views of Mount Fuji,” give a fuller explanation for the use of composites. During the process of writing her memoir about teaching English in Japan, Davidson had writer’s block because she feared that “a personal account might be embarrassing to the individual Japanese who inspired it.” In the acknowledgments to the book, she explains, “Composite characters… allow[ed] me to report actual events but to blur details in order to preserve the anonymity of the people involved.” As it turned out, the book was a best seller, and there were no outcries about her memoir being fiction; clearly, her decision did not hurt the book’s reception. Reader outrage, it seems, arises when privacy is not the reason for composites, when readers feel a more opportunistic motive at work— like trying to make a more dramatic story at truth’s expense.

But even when noble reasons are at work, readers can feel manipulated if they find that a character they thought was real turns out to be a composite. That happened when Nobel Laureate Rigoberta Menchu wrote about the death of her brother, Nicolas, in her memoir about Guatemala. When reporters later discovered that Nicolas was alive, Menchu’s explanation was that he was a composite figure for all those young men, including another brother, who were murdered or starved to death. For many, the book’s credibility was lost; the justification came too late. Had Menshu, like Davidson, put it in the book, perhaps most readers would have felt that the writer-reader pact for “writing true” had been preserved.

Composite Volcano (Stratovolcano): Key Facts and Formation

This type of volcano is known for its violent eruptions

• Landforms and Geologic Features
• Types Of Rocks
• Plate Tectonics
• Weather & Climate

Composition

Eruptions and their consequences.

• Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
• B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

There are several different types of volcanoes , including shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, dome volcanoes, and cinder cones. However, if you ask a child to draw a volcano, you'll almost always get a picture of a composite volcano. The reason? Composite volcanoes form the steep-sided cones most often seen in photographs. They are also associated with the most violent, historically important eruptions.

Key Takeaways: Composite Volcano

• Composite volcanoes, also called stratovolcanoes, are cone-shaped volcanoes built from many layers of lava, pumice, ash, and tephra.
• Because they are built of layers of viscous material, rather than fluid lava, composite volcanoes tend to form tall peaks rather than rounded cones. Sometimes the summit crater collapses to form a caldera .
• Composite volcanoes are responsible for the most catastrophic eruptions in history.
• So far, Mars is the only place in the solar system besides Earth known to have stratovolcanoes.

Composite volcanoes—also called stratovolcanoes—are named for their composition. These volcanoes are built from layers, or strata , of pyroclastic material, including lava , pumice, volcanic ash, and tephra. The layers stack on each other with each eruption. The volcanoes form steep cones, rather than rounded shapes, because the magma is viscous.

Composite volcano magma is felsic, which means it contains silicate-rich minerals rhyolite, andesite, and dacite. Low-viscosity lava from a shield volcano , such as might be found in Hawaii, flows from fissures and spreads. Lava, rocks, and ash from a stratovolcano either flow a short distance from the cone or explosively eject into the air before falling back down toward the source.

Stratovolcanoes form at subduction zones , where one plate at a tectonic boundary is pushed below another. This may be where the oceanic crust slips below an oceanic plate (near or underneath Japan and the Aleutian Islands, for example) or where the oceanic crust is drawn below the continental crust (underneath the Andes and Cascades mountain ranges).

Water is trapped in porous basalt and minerals. As the plate sinks to greater depths, temperature and pressure rise until a process called "dewatering" occurs. Release of water from hydrates lowers the melting point of rock in the mantle. Melted rock rises because it is less dense than solid rock, becoming magma. As magma ascends, lessening pressure allows volatile compounds to escape from the solution. Water, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine gas exert pressure. Finally, the rocky plug over a vent pops open, producing an explosive eruption.

Composite volcanoes tend to occur in chains, with each volcano several kilometers from the next. The " Ring of Fire " in the Pacific Ocean consists of stratovolcanoes. Famous examples of composite volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens in Washington State, and Mayon Volcano in the Philippines. Notable eruptions include that of Mount Vesuvius in 79, which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, and that of Pinatubo in 1991, which ranks as one of the biggest eruptions of the 20th century.

To date, composite volcanoes have only been found on one other body in the solar system: Mars. Zephyria Tholus on Mars is believed to be an extinct stratovolcano.

Composite volcano magma isn't fluid enough to flow around obstacles and exit as a river of lava. Instead, a stratovolcanic eruption is sudden and destructive. Superheated toxic gases, ash, and hot debris are forcefully ejected, often with little warning.

Lava bombs present another hazard. These molten chunks of rock may be the size of small stones up to the size of a bus. Most of these "bombs" don't explode, but their mass and velocity cause destruction comparable to that from an explosion. Composite volcanoes also produce lahars. A lahar is a mix of water with volcanic debris. Lahars are basically volcanic landslides down the steep slope, traveling so quickly that they are difficult to escape. Nearly a third of a million people have been killed by volcanoes since 1600. Most of these deaths are attributed to stratovolcanic eruptions.

Death and property damage aren't the only consequences of composite volcanoes. Because they eject matter and gases into the stratosphere, they affect weather and climate. Particulates released by composite volcanoes yield colorful sunrises and sunsets. Although no vehicle accidents have been attributed to volcanic eruptions, the explosive debris from composite volcanoes poses a risk to air traffic.

Sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere can form sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid clouds can produce acid rain, plus they block sunlight and cool temperatures. The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 produced a cloud that lowered global temperatures 3.5 C (6.3 F), leading to the 1816 " year without a summer " in North America and Europe.

The world's biggest extinction event may have been due, at least in part, to stratovolcanic eruptions . A group of volcanoes named the Siberian Traps released massive amounts of greenhouse gases and ash, starting 300,000 years before the end-Permian mass extinction and concluding half a million years after the event. Researchers now hold the eruptions as the principal cause for the collapse of 70 percent of terrestrial species and 96 percent of marine life .

• Brož, P. and Hauber, E. " A unique volcanic field in Tharsis, Mars: Pyroclastic cones as evidence for explosive eruptions ." Icarus , Academic Press, 8 Dec. 2011. 
• Decker, Robert Wayne and Decker, Barbara (1991). Mountains of Fire: The Nature of Volcanoes . Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
• Miles, M. G., et al. " The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate ." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 29 Dec. 2006.
• Sigurðsson, Haraldur, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes . Academic Press.
• Grasby, Stephen E., et al. “ Catastrophic Dispersion of Coal Fly Ash into Oceans during the Latest Permian Extinction .”  Nature News , Nature Publishing Group, 23 Jan. 2011.
• 5 Different Ways of Classifying Volcanoes
• How Does a Volcano Work?
• The Mount Pinatubo Eruption in the Philippines
• Printable Volcano Resources for Homeschool Students
• Take Your Volcano Science Project to the Next Level
• Mount St. Helens Facts
• Explore the Largest Known Volcanoes
• Rhyolite Rock Facts: Geology and Uses
• Learn About the Mt. St. Helens Eruption That Killed 57 People
• Volcanic and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
• What Was the Biggest Volcanic Eruption in History?
• Everything You Need to Know About Igneous Rocks
• How to Make a Homemade Volcano That Smokes
• Types of Igneous Rocks
• The Volcanic Eruption at Krakatoa
• Magma Versus Lava: How It Melts, Rises, and Evolves

Unity in Diversity: The Essence of India’s Composite Culture | Essay Writing for UPSC by Vikash Ranjan Sir | Triumph ias

Table of Contents

India’s Mosaic: A Celebration of Unity in Diversity

(relevant for essay writing for upsc civil services examination).

India’s vibrant landscape is dotted with myriad cultures, traditions, and histories. Dive into the mesmerizing mosaic of India’s composite culture and discover how it epitomizes unity in diversity.

The Threads of Time

From the ancient Indus Valley Civilization to modern-day India, the country has imbibed, evolved, and celebrated a myriad of influences, giving birth to its unique identity.

A Symphony of Cultures

Whether it’s the resonating chants from temples, the melodic calls for prayer from mosques, or the harmonious carols from churches, India embraces them all with open arms. Languages, festivals, art – every facet of Indian life reflects its harmonious blend.

Conclusion: A Lesson for the World

In times of global divisiveness, India’s composite culture stands tall as a testament to the strength and beauty of unity in diversity.

To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus , aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching . These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques

India, Composite Culture, Unity in Diversity, Religions, Languages, Festivals, Art, Architecture, Historical Evolution.

Sociology Optional Syllabus Course Commencement Information

• Enrolment is limited to a maximum of 250 Seats.
• Course Timings: Evening Batch
• Course Duration: 4.5 Months
• Class Schedule: Monday to Saturday
• Batch Starts from: Admission open for online batch

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• Each class session is scheduled for a duration of two hours.
• At the conclusion of each lecture, an assignment will be distributed by Vikash Ranjan Sir for Paper-I & Paper-II coverage.

Study Material:

• A set of printed booklets will be provided for each topic. These materials are succinct, thoroughly updated, and tailored for examination preparation.
• A compilation of previous years’ question papers (spanning the last 27 years) will be supplied for answer writing practice.
• Access to PDF versions of toppers’ answer booklets will be available on our website.
• Post-course, you will receive two practice workbooks containing a total of 10 sets of mock test papers based on the UPSC format for self-assessment.

Additional Provisions:

• In the event of missed classes, video lectures will be temporarily available on the online portal for reference.
• Daily one-on-one doubt resolution sessions with Vikash Ranjan Sir will be organized post-class.

Syllabus of Sociology Optional

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

• Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
• Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
• Sociology and common sense.
• Science, scientific method and critique.
• Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
• Positivism and its critique.
• Fact value and objectivity.
• Non- positivist methodologies.
• Qualitative and quantitative methods.
• Techniques of data collection.
• Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
• Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
• Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
• Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
• Talcott Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.
• Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
• Mead – Self and identity.
• Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.
• Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
• Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
• Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
• Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
• Formal and informal organization of work.
• Labour and society.
• Sociological theories of power.
• Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
• Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
• Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
• Sociological theories of religion.
• Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
• Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
• Family, household, marriage.
• Types and forms of family.
• Lineage and descent.
• Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
• Contemporary trends.
• Sociological theories of social change.
• Development and dependency.
• Agents of social change.
• Education and social change.
• Science, technology and social change.

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

Introducing indian society.

• Indology (GS. Ghurye).
• Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
• Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
• Social background of Indian nationalism.
• Modernization of Indian tradition.
• Protests and movements during the colonial period.
• Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• The idea of Indian village and village studies.
• Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
• Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
• Features of caste system.
• Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
• Definitional problems.
• Geographical spread.
• Colonial policies and tribes.
• Issues of integration and autonomy.
• Social Classes in India:
• Agrarian class structure.
• Industrial class structure.
• Middle classes in India.
• Lineage and descent in India.
• Types of kinship systems.
• Family and marriage in India.
• Household dimensions of the family.
• Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
• Religious communities in India.
• Problems of religious minorities.

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

• Idea of development planning and mixed economy
• Constitution, law and social change.
• Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
• Green revolution and social change.
• Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
• Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

• Evolution of modern industry in India.
• Growth of urban settlements in India.
• Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
• Informal sector, child labour
• Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

• Nation, democracy and citizenship.
• Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
• Regionalism and decentralization of power.
• Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

• Peasants and farmers movements.
• Women’s movement.
• Backward classes & Dalit movement.
• Environmental movements.
• Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

• Population size, growth, composition and distribution
• Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
• Population policy and family planning.
• Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

• Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
• Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
• Violence against women.
• Caste conflicts.
• Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
• Illiteracy and disparities in education.

Mr. Vikash Ranjan, arguably the Best Sociology Optional Teacher , has emerged as a versatile genius in teaching and writing books on Sociology & General Studies. His approach to the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus is remarkable, and his Sociological Themes and Perspectives are excellent. His teaching aptitude is Simple, Easy and Exam Focused. He is often chosen as the Best Sociology Teacher for Sociology Optional UPSC aspirants.

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Course Features

Every day, the Best Sociology Optional Teacher spends 2 hours with the students, covering each aspect of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus and the Sociology Course . Students are given assignments related to the Topic based on Previous Year Question to ensure they’re ready for the Sociology Optional UPSC examination.

Regular one-on-one interaction & individual counseling for stress management and refinement of strategy for Exam by Vikash Ranjan Sir , the Best Sociology Teacher , is part of the package. We specialize in sociology optional coaching and are hence fully equipped to guide you to your dream space in the civil service final list.

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At Triumph IAS, the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for Sociology for IAS but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates’ writing skills and understanding of the subject.

Choose T he Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?

At the beginning of the journey for Civil Services Examination preparation, many students face a pivotal decision – selecting their optional subject. Questions such as “ which optional subject is the best? ” and “ which optional subject is the most scoring? ” frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the best sociology optional teacher , is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.

Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one optional subject for the UPSC Mains , which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it’s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it’s the score in the optional subject & essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.

“ A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers. ”

It requires understanding one’s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of sociology optional coaching in General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.

The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the best sociology optional coaching can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for sociology optional , you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years’ pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.

This decision marks a critical point in your UPSC – CSE journey , potentially determining your success in a career in IAS/Civil Services. Therefore, it’s crucial to choose wisely, whether it’s the optional subject or the best sociology optional teacher . Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the best sociology optional coaching is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.

To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus , aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching . These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques. Sociology, Social theory, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus. Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Sociology Syllabus, Sociology Optional, Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Teacher, Sociology Course, Sociology Teacher, Sociology Foundation, Sociology Foundation Course, Sociology Optional UPSC, Sociology for IAS,

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Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, how are ap exams scored.

Advanced Placement (AP)

If you’re studying for an AP exam right now or are thinking about taking an AP class in the future, you might be wondering: how are AP exams scored?

In this post, we'll break down the scoring process, all the way from the raw scores you earn on the multiple-choice section and essays to how you get a final score on a scale of 1-5. Knowing how AP exams are scored can help you do your best on them—especially if you want a perfect 5!

The AP Scoring Scale

Each AP test is given a score from 1 to 5. According to the College Board (the group that administers AP tests), these numbers translate in the following ways:

• 5: Extremely Well Qualified
• 4: Well Qualified
• 3: Qualified
• 2: Possibly Qualified
• 1: No recommendation

Any score that's 3 or higher is considered a passing score, though some colleges only accept 4s and 5s for credit. (See AP’s college database for specific policies at each university.) Getting a 5 is especially desirable because, for most exams, it puts you in the top 10-20% of scorers. See our list of AP classes for more info on passing rates.

Your 1-5 score is a scaled score, converted from a composite score. Your composite score is calculated from the total number of raw points you earned from your correct multiple-choice answers and your free response. It’s a bit confusing, but we will guide you through the process!

How Are AP Tests Scored?

The majority of AP exams consist of two sections: multiple choice and free response. On some exams each section is weighted equally, whereas on others one section is worth slightly more. You can look up the specifics for each exam on the official AP courses pages .

The multiple-choice section is graded by a computer. There are no deductions for incorrect or blank answers, so your raw multiple-choice score is simply the number of questions you get correct.

The free-response section is graded during the annual AP Reading held in the first two weeks of June. The AP Reading is basically a huge convention. Tons of teachers and college professors gather to grade thousands and thousands of student-written responses for each exam.

This is why you don't get your AP scores until July even though you take the test in May: the written portion of your exam isn't graded until mid-June.

After that, the College Board has to calculate the composite score and final scaled score for each exam, equating the test so the scores stay even from year to year. (For example, they want to make sure a 3 on the AP US History exam means the same thing from one year to another, even if one version of the test turned out to be more difficult for students.)

( Side note: There is a good chance that an AP teacher at your school goes to the AP Reading each year. It can be interesting and helpful to talk to them about what happens at the convention, how quickly free responses are scored, and the best and worse free responses they’ve seen. These are answers that will vary a lot from subject to subject but could ultimately be helpful to you!)

This is a picture from the English Literature Reading from this blog post over at AP Central . It's worth taking a look at if you are curious about what the AP Reading is like!

Each free response is given a "holistic" score, meaning it's evaluated for its overall effectiveness or correctness. Typically, points aren’t deducted for the occasional small error, such as a spelling or grammar mistake. Most tests grade their free responses between 1 and 9, with 1 being least effective and 9 being nearly perfect.

Your raw free-response score is the total of the scores you get for each response.

How to Get a Scaled AP Score Between 1 and 5

After your multiple-choice section is graded by a machine and your free response is graded by a human, your essay and multiple-choice scores are combined to give you a composite score. This score is just a way of combining the two section scores so that they are weighted correctly. For example, for AP English, multiple choice is worth 45% and free response is worth 55%. Often, composite scores are between 0 and 100, or 0 and 150.

The composite score is then converted to a number on the scaled score range 1-5. This means that for each scaled score, there is a range of possible composite scores that could earn it. For example, a 5 could be any composite score between 110 and 150 on one exam.

Since scaling varies year to year, there are no exact cutoff numbers for scores for AP tests, and the College Board does not release detailed scoring data. Furthermore, you will not see what your composite score was on your AP score report— you'll only get the final number between 1 and 5 .

However, many teachers, prep books, and websites have come up with formulas to predict the scaled score for each AP test, which can help when you are grading your practice tests and trying to come up with a target score .

Scoring Example: AP English Language and Composition

As we've seen, AP test scoring is not exactly straightforward. To help clarify the process, we will walk through a scoring example using the most popular test, AP English Language and Composition.

Also known as the class in which you annotate every. Single. Thing.

Here are the basics of the AP English exam : it has 55 multiple-choice questions, worth 45% of your score, and three essays, worth 55% of your score. Each essay is graded between 1 and 9.

Before we get into the scoring example, remember that this guide is an estimation since score conversions can vary year to year based on test difficulty. While it's impossible to precisely predict an AP test score before you get your score, you can still get an idea of how the process works.

Step 1: Add Up Your Correct Answers to Get Your Raw Scores

There are 55 multiple-choice questions on the AP English exam. Let's say you get 40 right, get eight wrong, and leave seven blank. Your raw multiple-choice score would be an even 40 points.

Out of the three essays, let's say you earn the following scores from the graders: 4, 7, and 8. This gives you  a total raw essay score of 19 (4+7+8).

Step 2: Convert Your Raw Scores to a Single Composite Score

Now, this is the tricky part in which we will convert each of those raw scores to a single composite score between 0 and 150.

The maximum converted essay score is 82.5, or 55% of 150. The maximum converted multiple-choice score is 67.5, or 45% of 150. To figure out your composite score, use this formula:

(Multiple Choice Raw Score x 1.23) + (Essay Raw Score x 3.05) = Composite Score

In this example, your multiple-choice composite score would be 49.2, and your essay composite score would be 57.95. Thus, your total composite score would be 107 (rounded down).

Step 3: Use the Chart to Estimate Your Scaled Score

The last step is easy. Use the chart below to estimate your final AP score (on a scale of 1-5):

As you can see, your score of 107 would earn you a 5 —but just barely!

Again, these numbers are estimates and will shift from year to year based on test difficulty. Since 107 is just over the mark of 104, it's possible that in some years it could net you a 4 instead of a 5.

What About Scoring Other AP Tests?

We’ve learned how to score an AP English Language and Composition exam. However, you can’t use this exact same process for every AP test. Most AP tests have slightly different section weights and question totals, so the scoring formulas are different.

For example, AP Calculus AB has fewer multiple choice questions (45), more free responses (six total), and weighs each section at 50%.

Each AP subject is a unique challenge ... and has its own scoring formula.

So how can you figure out how the AP tests you are taking are graded?

First, if you’re taking the AP class for the test you want to take, ask your teacher if he or she has a formula for converting practice test scores to scaled scores. Most AP teachers have a formula they use with their students for practice exams.

If you’re not taking the class or your teacher doesn’t have a formula, either find a prep book for your specific test or search online.

Remember that all formulas are estimates. So if you really want a 5, you shouldn’t aim for the lowest possible composite—you should aim for perfection, or very close. That’s the only way to guarantee you'll get a 5 on test day.

On the other hand, if you just want to make sure you pass, try to aim for a 4 so that even if you make more mistakes than you're hoping to, you’ll still get at least a 3!

What’s Next?

Curious about the benefits of taking an AP Exam? See our in-depth guide about what AP tests are and why you should take them .

Also studying for the SAT? Get tips from our resident 1600 full scorer , and check out how to improve a low SAT Math score .

Studying for the ACT instead? Get tips on the essay , read a guide to the daily ACT question , and learn how you can score a perfect 36 .

Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process.

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• The composite culture of India
• Topics >>
• Civil Services >>
• Social Essays for Competitive Exams    -08/04/14
• « Previous
• Next »

The composite culture of India.

• RE: The composite culture of India -Anandu M R (10/05/20)
• You should correct the language portion.. Hindi is not national language of the country it's only one of the official language.
• RE: The composite culture of India -Mythri .P (10/13/19)
• It was a very useful one . Please post even other projects related to social science
• RE: The composite culture of India -Hemant Sharma (08/06/14)
• What is culture? Before moving on we need to understand the simple meaning of the word ‘Culture’. Culture is the arts, customs, and institutions of a nation, people or group. ‘Composite’ means ‘made up of various parts’. “Culture is a sense of ultimate values possessed by a particular society as expressed in its collective institutions by its individual members in their dispositions, feelings, attitudes and manners as well as in significant forms which they give to material object”, as mentioned in The National Culture India. The highlight of our society has been its composite culture. This is the main reason of our unity. Not to forget, before India became a nation-state, partition took place which was a result of infamous communal politics that ripped apart our polity. But even after all this, India’s composite culture remained intact. There have been various influences that have come in the form of commerce, trade, conquests, religion, culture, etc that have shaped our society. The making of composite culture started in the era of Dravidians, magoloid. Then came the Aryans. Later, the medieval ages saw the arrival of the Uzbeks, the Turkomans, the Iranians, the Afghans and the Pathans. Many exchanges took place resulting in culture integration and mixture. During the 12th & 16th Century there was amalgamation of the Indian, Iranian and Arabian heritages. Composite culture is very broad focusing mainly on tolerance, adaptiveness of a unique individual. The intermingling of Hindu and Islamic religious beliefs gave birth to Sufism. The national freedom struggle also had ingredients of composite culture. Many people of various communities rallied all over and participated in large numbers braving many odds. There are many efforts made by the communal and the fundamentalists to collapse the structure of composite culture. Their strategy was aimed at the establishment of a theocratic state. Hence, it won’t be false to say that Composite culture is celebrated by some and denounced by others. It is necessary for progressive people to close ranks and combat these forces opposed to composite culture. Only then, there are chances of our astounding democracy and culture to survive.

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Global stock indexes edged lower on Friday, reversing early gains, while Treasury yields rose and the U.S. dollar declined as investors absorbed data that showed U.S. monthly inflation was unchanged in May.