400 words essay about establishment of the department of overseas filipino workers

Establishing Department of Overseas Filipinos (DOFil) for OFWS’ Protection

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Senator Christopher (Bong) Go announced the creation of a new administration for Overseas Filipino Workers. The Department of Overseas Filipinos (DOFil)  goal is to provide better services and make sure that the OFW’s rights are protected.

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Working outside the country for Filipinos may be difficult, sometimes the support we receive from the government does not cover every problem these OFWs encounter on a daily basis. Thankfully, the Philippines ‘ government thinks about assisting and improving the lives of our fellow OFWs.

Senator Bong declared that the formation of DOFil will be acted upon by the Senate to provide better services, and also protect the rights and promote the welfare of OFWs working outside the country.

Go said “I’m not losing hope,” in an interview after the support to Batasan TODA members in Quezon City. He said that the Department of Overseas Filipinos (DOFil); Senate Bill No. 1949 Act of 2020 has been referred back to the Committee on Labor, Employment and Human Resources Development after the “Go Signal” was declared.

Senator Go registered the bill early in December and was certified as urgent by President Rodrigo “Digong” Duterte. It was also identified as one of the priorities out of twenty legislation by both houses of Congress this year.

The formulation of DOFil will constitute the Office of the Secretary and four Offices of the Undersecretaries for Administration and Finance, Assistance to Overseas Filipinos in Distress, Foreign Employment, and Policy and International Cooperation and Special Overseas Filipino Concerns.

The department shall also include the Office of the Undersecretary for Migrant Workers’ Affairs of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Social Welfare Attaches Office under the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), International Labor Affairs Bureau under the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), and Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO). Also, Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) and the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) will serve as attached agencies of DOFil.

The expected bill is focused on implementing a one country-team approach of government offices and personnel posted abroad. This means that all officials in Philippine diplomatic posts must act together as one team, per country of assignment, in protecting the rights and progressing the welfare of OFWs, with the management from the DFA and the Philippine Foreign Service Posts.

Senator Go said that the establishment of the DOFil is aligned with the purpose of correcting the bureaucracy by justifying and streamlining the organization and functions of all government agencies who are related to overseas employment and migration into one entity.

Overseas Filipino Workers: The Modern-Day Heroes of the Philippines

Bayani is the Tagalog term for “hero.” In the Philippines, a bayani is someone who is courageous, humble, and selfless. They pursue causes that are greater than themselves, such as those impacting a community, a nation, or the environment. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) is a term referring to Filipino migrant workers, individuals who have left their homes to work abroad and provide comfortable lives for their families. Referring to these workers, former President Corazon Aquino coined the phrase ‘Bagong-Bayani’ in 1988. OFWs are the country’s modern-day heroes because they not only boost the Philippines’ economy through remittances but are figures of resilience. OFWs endure homesickness, personal sacrifices, and horrible working conditions in order to support their families back home.

By the Numbers

The Philippine Statistic Authority estimates that about 1.83 million OFWs worked abroad from April to September 2021. The same data reveal that about “four in every ten” OFWs work low-status or ‘ elementary ’ jobs, such as street vendors, construction and factory workers, cleaners, domestic helpers, and agriculture laborers. A majority of OFWs work in Asia, specifically Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Kuwait, Singapore, and Qatar.

Because of their major contribution to the growth and development of the Philippine economy, OFWs are revered as the nation's economic heroes. According to data released by the Central Bank of the Philippines, remittances from OFWs reached a record high in December of last year: from the previous all-time high of US$34.88 billion, it rose by 3.6 percent to a record high US$36.14 billion in 2022.

“OFW remittances, at new record highs on a monthly basis, are a bright spot for the Philippine economy in terms of spurring consumer spending, which accounts for at least 75 percent of the economy, and in turn, support faster economic growth,” Rizal Commercial Banking Corp. Chief economist Michael Ricafort said .

Furthermore, most OFWs are Filipina women. The numbers clearly show that women dominate the workforce, accounting for approximately 60 percent of OFWs. According to data from the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration, at least 18,002, or 75.05 percent of the 23,986 cases of abuse and other incidents involving workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council that were reported last year included female OFWs. On the other hand, male OFWs were involved in only 5,984 cases, or 24.95 percent of all cases.

These women are disproportionately more likely to suffer from terrible working conditions, as they are often subjected to abuse, excessive work, little pay, rape, or worse, being killed by their foreign employers. The International Labour Office published a working paper titled Philippines: Good Practices for the Protection of Filipino Women Migrant Workers in Vulnerable Jobs explaining that “Gender-based discrimination intersects with discrimination based on other forms of  ‘otherness’ – such as non-national status, race, ethnicity, religion, economic status – placing women migrants in situations of double, triple or even fourfold discrimination, disadvantage or vulnerability to exploitation and abuse.”

In 2020, there were 23,714 documented cases of contract violations involving the maltreatment of OFWs, according to data provided by the Philippine Overseas Labor Offices, and approximately 5,000 of these cases were reported from Middle Eastern countries. According to the Philippine Information Agency, Filipina women who work in the Middle East are subjected to the “ kafala ” system, which ties foreign workers to their employers. Under this framework, employers could easily lock domestic workers inside their houses and seize their phones, passports, and visas until the expiration of their contracts.

The Human Rights Watch (HRW) published a comprehensive report titled “ ‘I Already Bought You’ Abuse and Exploitation of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates,” which explains real-world examples of how the UAE’s kafala system of visa sponsorship binds migrant employees to their employers and how the exclusion of domestic workers from labor law protections exposes them to abuse.

The report included interviews with 99 female domestic workers in the UAE between November and December 2013. 22 of the 99 domestic helpers questioned by HRW claimed to have experienced physical abuse at the hands of their sponsors.

“They slap me in the face and kick me. They have a stick for you. If I make a small mistake they would hit parts of my body—back legs, back, and head. Sir would slap or punch me in the face. If they come back from the mall and I am not finished they would beat me,” Shelly A., a 30-year-old Filipina worker said. “They would say, ‘If you had done work then we won’t hit you.’ ”

Injustices in Kuwait

Currently, there are over 268,000 OFWs who live and work in Kuwait with 88 percent of them working as domestic helpers and 73 percent of them being female. According to the Philippine Department of Migrant Workers (DMW), there were over 24,000 cases of abuse and violation against OFWs in 2022—a significant rise from 6,500 in 2016.

It is a significant sacrifice to work abroad. Being physically and emotionally thousands of miles away from one’s family for an indefinite period is challenging, isolating, and suffocating. Rowena, a 54-year-old Filipina worker in Bahrain found herself feeling “trapped” due to canceled flights to the Philippines because of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as being underpaid by her employer. “I don’t want to make trouble. I want to go home,” Rowena said .

Beyond this, many OFWs also work abroad without knowledge of the future or the dangers they may encounter in a foreign country. Even worse, a harsh truth of working abroad is that a number of OFWs return home as dead bodies.

In January of 2023, Jullebee Ranara , a Filipina domestic helper living in Kuwait, confided in her family over the phone that she was terrified of her employer's 17-year-old son. The 35-year-old appeared to have vanished by the next day, which prompted her friends in the Gulf state to share their worries about her disappearance on social media.

Less than 24 hours later, on Jan. 21, 2023, her body was found dead, with burnt remains and a smashed skull found beside a desert near Al-Salmi Road.

Ranara was discovered to be pregnant after an autopsy, and DNA samples taken from the unborn child were confirmed to match the accused, who is the 17-year-old son of Ranara’s boss. After being apprehended, the 17-year-old perpetrator confessed to his crime.

Since 2018, there have been at least four murders of OFWs in Kuwait that have garnered national attention, including the case of 29-year-old Joanna Demafelis , whose body was kept secret in a freezer in an abandoned apartment for nearly two years. Her employers, a Syrian and a Lebanese couple, received death sentences for the murder of the victim.

In 2019, 47-year-old Constancia Lago Dayag was discovered dead after being sexually abused and beaten to death by her boss. The same year, 26-year-old Jeanelyn Villavende passed away from serious injuries inflicted by her boss, who was ultimately given a death sentence for the murder.

“These are only the high-profile ones,” Migrante International chairperson Joanna Concepcion told VICE World News. “There are other cases that are not visible. The public is not made aware of the real gravity of the rampant abuses faced by Filipino domestic helpers in Kuwait.”

Actions taken by the Philippine Government

A week after the discovery of Jullebee’s body, her remains were returned to her grieving family in Las Piñas, Philippines. Without delay, Philippine President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. attended Jullebee’s wake and promised to provide the deceased’s family with all aid possible.

“I just wanted to offer my sympathies to the family and to assure them that all the assistance that they might need for the family and for whatever else, that is my promise to them,” Marcos Jr. remarked . “Their child made that sacrifice to work abroad because she has dreams for her family here.”

Recently, the DMW issued a deployment ban on new and aspiring OFWs in Kuwait, following the increasing reports of work mistreatment, including the horrific murder of Ranara.

“In order to strengthen the protection of the rights of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in Kuwait, particularly workers who are most vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, action on the applications of first-time agency-hire domestic workers bound for Kuwait is temporarily deferred effective immediately,” the DMWs said in a statement on Feb. 8, 2023.

Senator and Committee on Migrant Workers Chairperson Raffy Tulfo proposed a total deployment ban in Kuwait. “We can enter into bilateral agreements but our terms should be clear and unequivocal. If there are violators to such agreements, we have to prioritize the welfare of our overseas Filipino workers and act at the soonest possible time. Make these violators accountable and liable without concession and pursuant to our laws and international conventions,” Tulfo said in a senate inquiry.

The DMW was also tasked with working with the Department of Foreign Affairs to communicate to the Kuwaiti government the "sentiments and concerns" of the Filipino people regarding all recurrent incidents of physical and financial abuse, failure to pay monetary benefits, as well as murder committed against OFWs after the deployment ban went into effect.

The deployment ban was not well received by migrant advocacy groups, who claimed it would not provide a permanent solution to the issues surrounding labor migration. They claimed that placing bans for an extended period of time would encourage OFWs to turn to illicit means and consequently put themselves at risk for human trafficking in their desperation to find jobs abroad.

“What about the already-deployed Filipinos? Are there any steps being taken to protect them and make sure they do not suffer the same fate as Julleebee and the others?” Concepcion said to Maritime Fairtrade News. “These problems cannot be resolved with a deployment ban. The Philippine government has imposed bans many times before, but lifted them soon after when the particular cases of abuse or murder had been resolved by the courts and the perpetrators punished by death penalty or long-term imprisonment. When the deployment restarts, the abuses also start all over again.”

Much Needed Reform

OFWs often serve as the backbone of their families back home. Based on the results of a survey published by the Social Weather Stations , they found that 7 percent of Filipino households have an OFW who helps support the family. In addition, seventy-five percent of households frequently receive money from their OFW family members.

It would be difficult and inconsiderate to discourage or ban OFWs from going abroad for work. To promote a better quality of life for OFWs, the Philippine government must enact concrete policies aimed at protecting the welfare of Filipino workers. Advocacy groups, such as Migrante International are urging for reforms, including the abolition of the kafala system, which has resulted in complete employer control over domestic workers and OFWs.

For Concepcion, the country’s over-reliance on OFWs remittances is equivalent to the perpetuation of the violation and murder of Filipino workers. She believes that a viable solution to this issue involves ending the government’s labor export program and creating decent jobs domestically through meaningful land reform and national industrialization.

“The government’s determination to continue its labor export policy is totally misguided. What it should do is implement immediate measures to protect our domestic workers and OFWs abroad and long-term measures to generate decent jobs in the Philippines,” Concepcion said . “We need to end the government’s Labor Export Program and instead ensure that more jobs are created at home. Filipinos won’t have to leave the country and their families to risk their lives abroad if they have gainful and secure employment here.”

It is clear that OFWs live up to the definition of a bayani and are now considered heroes of the Philippines. However, under the shiny title of ‘bagong bayani’ lies a dark and unfortunate reality. Numerous Filipino workers suffer from various injustices including being overworked, underpaid, abused, raped, and even worse, murdered. The only way OFWs can truly be safeguarded is if the Philippine government enforces concrete and actionable policies. With this, OFWs could avoid the potential death sentence of working abroad and have the chance to be treated as they deserve to be: as modern-day heroes.

Laurinne Jamie Eugenio

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A Dep’t of Overseas Filipino Workers?

The Duterte administration is seeking to establish a separate department specifically to cater to the needs of overseas Filipino workers (OFW). House Bill No. 2 and Senate Bill No. 202 have been filed to create the Department of Overseas Filipino Workers (DOFW). While the benefits of creating such a new department are notable, there are valid concerns that need to be considered.

The advantages of instituting the DOFW mainly focus on boosting bureaucratic efficiency. It will streamline and simplify government assistance for prospective and current overseas workers. It is expected to combine the functions of the Department of Labor and Employment, Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, Overseas Workers Welfare Administration, Commission on Filipinos Overseas and the Office of the Undersecretary for Migrant Workers’ Affairs of the Department of Foreign Affairs.

But while the DOFW can be an instrument for better service delivery, it can also be a symbol of the government’s failure to provide local employment. For Sen. Joel Villanueva, the DOFW may imply that the state’s policy is to “send its citizens to work abroad.” Migrant workers advocate Susan Ople disagrees: “The state is not compelling our people to leave … All we can do is to manage labor migration in the best way possible.”

In considering the establishment of the DOFW, the Philippines may benefit from examining Bangladesh’s Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment (MOEW&OE). The ministry is mainly tasked to increase job opportunities overseas for its citizens and protect their rights as migrant workers, which the DOFW similarly seeks to undertake. The Philippines may consider how the MOEW&OE pursues its tasks to determine whether the DOFW is necessary. This should be a good reference point for the Philippines to evaluate the efficiency and shortcomings of the current “division of labor” among its government agencies covering the OFW cause.

It is also important to clarify the policies of the prospective DOFW. While the protection of migrant workers’ welfare is indisputably a government mandate, the promotion and/or facilitation of overseas employment is a thorny issue. Will the establishment of the DOFW include institutional efforts to expand job prospects abroad, which Villanueva reckons is an indication of the government’s policy to send its people out? Or will it merely regulate or assist in the process of overseas employment for its citizens, as Ople pragmatically pointed out, in line with the current labor realities?

The Philippines appears ambiguous on its policy stance regarding sending its citizens abroad; hence the dilemma of institutionalizing the “export” of labor. Although labor promotion is not a declared policy, it has since become an implicit objective and a de facto economic strategy of the Philippines, as it has signed labor agreements with other countries and relies on overseas remittances to augment the country’s economy. In Bangladesh, the establishment of the MOEW&OE as early as 2001 was a critical acknowledgment that its government aimed to expand overseas employment for its citizens to benefit the country’s economy.

The Philippines needs to think hard about the prospects and implications of labor migration before establishing the DOFW. In the long-term, will labor migration increase or decrease? If Filipinos continue to leave the country for work, then the need for a DOFW to accommodate the multifaceted needs of OFWs becomes more acute. But if the government’s long-view goal is to foster employment at home by growing the economy such that its citizens no longer have to leave for work abroad, then the DOFW may eventually become a wasteful redundancy in the country’s development plan.

In the absence of a sustainable alternative, the Philippines has relied on labor migration for too long that it has overlooked carrying out a more effective program to address institutional inequities that would help produce more local employment. This is a critical factor that needs to be addressed in deliberating on the establishment of a DOFW, which, after all, would require massive investments and the reprioritizing of scarce government efforts and resources.

Andrea Chloe Wong is completing her PhD studies in political science at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand.

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Understanding the OFW Phenomenon: A Closer Look at Overseas Filipino Workers

• by Amiel Pineda
• January 1, 2024 January 1, 2024

Have you ever considered the Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) as modern-day heroes?

Much like the resilient bamboo tree that sways with the winds but does not break, OFWs endure the challenges of working in foreign lands to support their families back home.

But beyond this metaphor lies a complex web of cultural, economic, and social dynamics that shape the OFW phenomenon.

From the reasons driving Filipinos to seek employment overseas to the impact of their absence on their loved ones, delving into this topic unveils a deeper understanding of the sacrifices and contributions of OFWs.

Key Takeaways

• OFWs play a crucial role in the economy and are considered heroes for their contributions.
• Challenges faced by OFWs include financial struggles, exploitative working conditions, and family separation issues.
• Legal and cultural barriers, such as restrictive immigration policies and discrimination, affect OFWs' experiences abroad.
• The government has established policies and agencies, like the POEA, to protect and support OFWs, but further oversight is needed.

Historical Overview of OFWs

During the Marcos years and continuing into the Cory Aquino administration, the phenomenon of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) began to take shape, shaping a significant aspect of the Filipino cultural and economic landscape.

The term 'Overseas Filipino Workers' was coined to portray them as heroes, highlighting their crucial role in the country's economy.

The government's creation of the POEA (Philippine Overseas Employment Administration) to manage foreign labor migration was a pivotal development during this time .

Unlike the brain drain that existed previously, the OFW phenomenon differed in that most OFWs had fixed contracts and had to return to the Philippines .

Furthermore, the increase in the number of OFWs also contributed to the growth of remittances to the country, impacting not only the economy but also the social fabric of Filipino society.

This historical overview sheds light on the transformative impact of the OFW phenomenon.

Reasons for Working Abroad

The historical evolution of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) during the Marcos and Aquino administrations has led to a complex interplay of economic needs, cultural dynamics, and social implications that drive Filipinos to seek employment abroad.

The reasons for working abroad are varied and compelling:

• Economic Opportunities : Industries like shipping and construction abroad provide better-paying jobs than what's available domestically.
• Government Response : The establishment of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) reflects the need to manage foreign labor migration.
• Temporary Solution : Overseas employment was initially seen as a temporary solution to the limited domestic job market.
• Financial Support : Remittances from OFWs sustain the consumption expenses of families left behind and contribute significantly to the nation's balance of payments.

These factors underscore the complex motivations and impact of working abroad for Filipinos.

Challenges Faced by OFWs

Working abroad as an OFW comes with its fair share of challenges. Financial struggles can be daunting, as you navigate through a different economic landscape.

Additionally, the separation from your family and the legal and cultural barriers you encounter can take a toll on your emotional well-being.

Financial Struggles Abroad

Amidst the challenges faced by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), navigating financial struggles abroad becomes a daunting and complex task.

The realities of low wages, high living expenses, and volatile currency exchange rates create a precarious financial environment.

OFWs often encounter exploitative working conditions, excessive fees, and a lack of legal protection in their host countries, exacerbating their financial hardships.

Balancing the responsibility of supporting families back home while meeting their own financial needs adds another layer of complexity.

Furthermore, financial mismanagement, lack of financial literacy, and limited investment opportunities hinder OFWs' ability to secure their financial future.

The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified these challenges, resulting in job losses and income instability for many OFWs.

Family Separation Issues

Navigating life as an Overseas Filipino Worker brings about the significant challenge of enduring prolonged separation from your loved ones. The absence of family support and connections often leads to homesickness and emotional distress.

For OFW families, the absence of parental guidance can impact the well-being of children, who miss out on emotional support and care. Additionally, the physical distance from families can make overseas workers vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

The financial responsibility of supporting families while being physically separated can also lead to stress and mental health issues. These family separation issues highlight the emotional and psychological toll that OFWs and their families endure, emphasizing the need for support systems and resources to help them navigate the complexities of being apart while striving to provide for their loved ones.

Legal and Cultural Barriers

Encountering legal and cultural barriers in host countries presents significant challenges for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), affecting their adaptation to new customs and work environments.

• Restrictive immigration policies and limited legal protection hinder the mobility and security of OFWs.
• Cultural differences and language barriers create obstacles in integrating into the host country's society and workplace.
• Discrimination and unequal treatment in the workplace adversely impact the well-being and work experience of OFWs.
• Limited access to legal assistance and support exposes OFWs to vulnerability, increasing the risk of exploitation and abuse.

These challenges often stem from the differences in labor export policies and cultural norms between the Philippines and the host countries, making it crucial for OFWs to navigate these barriers while striving for a sense of belonging and security.

Economic Contributions of OFWs

The economic contributions of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) play a vital role in bolstering the Philippines' Gross National Income (GNI) and enhancing the nation's overall productivity.

The remittances from OFWs significantly contribute to the country's GNI, providing additional income to the nation's productivity. The increase in the number of OFWs has led to a steady growth in remittances, contributing to the nation's balance of payments and improving macro-fundamentals.

The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration has been instrumental in regulating and facilitating overseas employment, making it a crucial aspect of the nation's income and productivity.

Moreover, the opening up of the economy to foreign investors can create more job opportunities for Filipinos, leading to a more prosperous future for the Philippines .

The economic contributions of OFWs have a profound impact on the nation's economic landscape, reflecting the resilience and hard work of the Filipino workforce.

Impact on Families Left Behind

The separation caused by working abroad as an OFW impacts the emotional and social fabric of families left behind in the Philippines. This impact is complex and multi-faceted.

• The absence of a parent or spouse can lead to emotional strain and feelings of loneliness, especially during important family milestones and celebrations.
• The financial support from OFWs sustains the basic needs and expenses of the family, providing a better quality of life and access to education and healthcare.
• However, this absence can also lead to challenges such as absentee parenting, communication gaps, and a sense of disconnection within the family unit.
• Despite these challenges, the remittances sent home by OFWs contribute significantly to the overall economic stability and growth of the Philippines, creating a larger and more prosperous home community crucial for nation-building.

Government Policies and Agencies

Amidst the complexities surrounding the impact of overseas Filipino workers on their families left behind, the Philippine government has established crucial policies and agencies to oversee and regulate labor migration. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) plays a vital role in managing foreign labor migration, ensuring the welfare of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Additionally, the government has recognized the need for further oversight, leading to the creation of the Department of Migrant Workers, which is set to be operational by 2023. Despite the government's claim of not maintaining a labor export policy, agencies like POEA supervise labor recruitment and deployment agencies. This is essential to protect OFWs from mental health concerns, discrimination, and abusive workplaces. The establishment of these policies and agencies reflects the government's commitment to addressing the challenges faced by OFWs and ensuring their well-being.

Health and Well-being of OFWs

To understand the challenges and experiences of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), it's important to delve into the intricate dynamics of their health and well-being while living and working abroad.

The health and well-being of OFWs are profoundly impacted by various factors such as the stress of separation from family, exposure to unsafe workplaces, and mental health concerns. Here's what affects their health and well-being:

• Stress of Living Abroad : OFWs often face the stress of adapting to a new culture and environment, which can take a toll on their mental and emotional well-being.
• Separation from Family : Being away from their loved ones can lead to feelings of loneliness, homesickness, and emotional distress.
• Unsafe Workplaces : Many OFWs work in environments where they may be exposed to hazardous conditions, affecting their physical health.
• Mental Health Concerns : Depression and workplace discrimination are prevalent among Filipino migrant workers, especially women, posing significant challenges to their overall well-being.

Frequently Asked Questions

What have you understood about the overseas filipino workers.

You understand the overseas Filipino workers' significant impact on the country's economy and society. Their remittances contribute to the nation's balance of payments, while their cultural integration and social support are vital for their well-being.

Has the OFW Phenomenon Impact on the Philippines Been Generally Positive?

Yes, the OFW phenomenon has had a generally positive impact on the Philippines. Their economic contribution through remittances sustains consumption and improves the nation's balance of payments, benefiting the overall economy.

What Are the Challenges Faced by Overseas Filipino Workers?

Living as an OFW, you face financial struggles due to high placement fees and unfair salary deductions. Additionally, cultural adjustment can be challenging, with language and integration barriers posing difficulties in foreign countries where you work.

Why Are There so Many Filipino Overseas Workers?

You're wondering why there are so many Filipino overseas workers. They go abroad for reasons like better economic opportunities and to support their families. This has economic and social implications for both the Philippines and the host countries.

You now have a deeper understanding of the OFW phenomenon, including its historical background, reasons for migration, economic contributions, and impact on families.

The challenges faced by OFWs and the policies and agencies in place to support them have also been highlighted.

By recognizing the sacrifices and contributions of OFWs, we can work towards improving their health and well-being, and addressing the issues they face while working abroad.

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Humanities Diliman (Dec 2015)

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) as Heroes: Discursive Origins of the “Bagong Bayani” in the Era of Labor Export

• Jean Encinas-Franco

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This essay seeks to trace the relevant national and global contexts from which the bagong bayani discourse of OFWs emerged. It does so by discussing the evolution of labor out-migration in the Philippines from its beginnings in the colonial times, to overseas employment’s institutionalization in the Labor Code of 1974, until the administration of President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino. It specifically presents the political, social, and economic context around which Aquino managed and continued the state-sponsored labor export program initiated by Marcos. Finally, it discusses the factors that made it possible for Aquino to designate migrants as “heroes”. The argument is that bagong bayani is a product of the global and national context. It can be best understood by examining transformations in global and political-economic structures, and discursive origins of heroism in the Philippine context. Presenting these contexts will provide a clearer understanding of why it has become commonsensical to regard OFWs as bagong bayani.

• Bagong bayani
• “modern-day heroes
• ” labor expert
• OFWs discourse
• labor out-migration

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Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs): Life and Contributions

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are an integral part of the Philippine economy and society. They have been leaving their homes in search of better opportunities abroad for decades, and in doing so, they have made significant contributions to both the Philippines and their host countries. OFWs represent a diverse group of people, ranging from skilled professionals such as engineers or doctors to semi-skilled laborers like domestic helpers or construction workers.

While some OFWs may be highly educated with years of experience under their belt, others may only have basic education but still manage to find employment overseas through sheer determination.

Regardless of educational background or job type, however, all OFWs face unique challenges when living away from home – cultural differences, language barriers, and more – which makes them truly remarkable individuals who deserve recognition for their hard work and dedication.

Table of Contents

Definition of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

Overseas Filipino Workers, commonly known as OFWs, are Filipino citizens who work in foreign countries on a temporary or permanent basis.

They are considered the modern-day heroes of the Philippines due to their sacrifices and significant contributions to the country’s economy.

OFWs play a crucial role in the Philippine economy by sending remittances that support their families and contribute to national development. Their hard work and dedication have made them an essential part of the country’s socio-economic fabric.

History and Background

The phenomenon of Filipinos working abroad dates back to the Spanish colonial period. However, the large-scale migration of OFWs began in the 1970s when the Philippine government initiated labor export policies to address unemployment and generate foreign exchange.

Since then, the number of OFWs has grown steadily and their remittances have become an important source of foreign exchange for the Philippines. According to estimates, more than 10% of the population is either working or seeking work abroad.

Impact of OFWs on Philippine Economy and Society

The impact of overseas Filipino workers is far-reaching; they not only contribute significantly to their host countries’ economies but also make a significant impact on the Philippine economy and society.

Remittances from OFWs account for about 8% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provide much-needed foreign exchange that helps alleviate poverty in rural areas, fund education, and create jobs back home.

Migration Patterns and Trends

Top destination countries for ofws.

The top destination countries for OFWs include the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar, as well as other Asian countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan. Some OFWs also work in North America, Europe, and Australia.

• Saudi Arabia
• United Arab Emirates – Dubai , Abu Dhabi
• North America
• South Korea
• United Kingdom

Occupations and Industries

OFWs are employed in various industries, such as healthcare, construction, hospitality, domestic work, and information technology. They occupy positions ranging from skilled workers, professionals, and managers to manual laborers and domestic helpers.

• Construction
• Hospitality
• Domestic work
• Information Technology
• Skilled workers
• Professionals and Managers
• Manual Laborers

Demographics of OFWs: Age, Gender, and Education

OFWs are predominantly young, with a majority aged between 25 and 34 years old. A significant number of OFWs are women, especially in the domestic work sector. Most OFWs are high school graduates, and a large proportion has attained a college education or higher.

• Age: Majority aged between 25 and 34 years old
• Gender: Majority are women, especially in the domestic work sector
• Education: Most OFWs are high school graduates; a large proportion has attained college education or higher

Economic Contributions

Remittances and their impact on the philippine economy.

OFW remittances are a major source of foreign exchange earnings for the Philippines. They contribute to economic growth, help reduce the country’s trade deficit, and increase the purchasing power of Filipino families.

Role in GDP and Foreign Exchange Reserves

OFW remittances account for a significant share of the Philippines’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provide a substantial boost to the country’s foreign exchange reserves, thereby strengthening its financial position.

Reducing Poverty and Promoting Social Mobility

OFW remittances have been instrumental in reducing poverty levels and promoting social mobility in the Philippines. They allow families to invest in education, healthcare, and housing, which ultimately leads to improved living standards and better opportunities for future generations.

Social Implications

Family dynamics and long-distance relationships.

The migration of OFWs often results in long periods of separation from their families, which can strain relationships and affect family dynamics. Communication technologies, such as social media and video calls, have become essential tools for maintaining connections between OFWs and their loved ones.

Cultural Assimilation and Identity

OFWs must navigate and adapt to the culture and norms of their host countries. This process of cultural assimilation can lead to a sense of dual identity or cultural hybridity, where OFWs retain their Filipino roots while embracing aspects of their host country’s culture.

Community Support Networks and Organizations

To cope with the challenges of living and working abroad, OFWs often form support networks and join organizations that provide assistance, camaraderie, and a sense of belonging. These groups help OFWs maintain their cultural identity and provide a safety net in times of need.

Challenges Faced by OFWs

Employment and contractual issues.

OFWs can face various employment and contractual issues, such as non-payment of wages, contract substitution, and job insecurity. They may also encounter difficulties in accessing legal remedies due to language barriers and unfamiliarity with the host country’s legal system.

Labor Rights and Protection

Some OFWs are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse by employers, recruitment agencies, or human traffickers. Ensuring their labor rights and protection is a critical concern that requires concerted efforts from both the Philippine government and receiving countries.

Mental Health and Well-Being

OFWs may experience stress, anxiety, and loneliness due to the demands of their work and the challenges of living abroad. Maintaining mental health and well-being is essential for their overall quality of life and ability to cope with the pressures of overseas employment.

Human Trafficking and Illegal Recruitment

Human trafficking and illegal recruitment of OFWs remain persistent problems. The Philippine government, in collaboration with international organizations and host countries, must continue to combat these issues through stricter regulations, awareness campaigns, and victim support services.

In summary, here are the common issues that OFWs face abroad:

• Language barriers : Difficulty in understanding and communicating in the local language of the host country.
• Cultural differences : Adapting to new customs, traditions, and social norms in the host country.
• Homesickness : Emotional stress from being away from family, friends, and familiar surroundings.
• Employment issues : Unfair labor practices, contract violations, and disputes with employers.
• Legal concerns : Lack of knowledge about local labor laws and regulations, leading to potential exploitation.
• Discrimination and racism : Facing prejudice or unequal treatment based on nationality, ethnicity, or religion.
• Social isolation : Difficulty in building new relationships and finding a support network in the host country.
• Inadequate living conditions : Poor housing quality, overcrowding, and lack of basic necessities.
• Health issues : Limited access to healthcare services, lack of insurance coverage, and work-related injuries or illnesses.
• Financial challenges : High cost of living, remittance fees, and managing finances while supporting families back home.
• Safety and security concerns : Exposure to crime, harassment, or violence in the workplace or community.
• Work-life balance : Long working hours, limited time off, and difficulty maintaining personal well-being.

Government Policies and Programs

Philippine overseas employment administration (poea).

The POEA is responsible for regulating overseas employment, ensuring the welfare of OFWs, and promoting their rights and interests. It provides services such as pre-employment orientation, contract verification, and assistance in resolving disputes with employers or recruitment agencies.

Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)

The OWWA offers programs and services aimed at the welfare and protection of OFWs and their families, including insurance, educational assistance, and repatriation support. It also operates a 24/7 hotline for OFWs in distress.

Department of Migrant Workers (DMW) – Migrant Workers Office

The DMW is mandated to protect the rights and welfare of OFWs, including representation before foreign authorities. It provides legal assistance in resolving disputes, as well as counseling and resettlement services for those returning home.

Philippine Embassy or Philippine Consulate

The Philippine Embassy or Consulate in the host country serves as an extension of the government back home. It is responsible for assisting OFWs with passport renewal, work permit applications, visa extensions, repatriation processes, and other concerns related to their stay abroad.

Support Programs for OFWs and Their Families

Various government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private institutions offer support programs for OFWs and their families, such as financial literacy training, livelihood assistance, and scholarship grants for the children of OFWs.

Returning OFWs and Reintegration

Balikbayan program and benefits.

The Balikbayan program provides incentives and benefits to returning OFWs, such as visa-free entry, tax exemptions, and discounted travel fares. It aims to encourage OFWs to visit or return to the Philippines and contribute to local development.

Skills Training and Entrepreneurship Opportunities

Returning OFWs can access skills training and entrepreneurship programs offered by various government agencies and private institutions. These programs aim to help OFWs transition to a sustainable livelihood in the Philippines, utilizing the skills and experiences they gained abroad.

Social Reintegration and Support Services

Social reintegration services, such as counseling, family reunification assistance, and community-based support, are crucial for helping returning OFWs adjust to life in the Philippines and address the challenges they may face upon their return.

The Future of OFWs

Changing global labor market trends.

The demand for OFWs may shift due to changes in global labor market trends, such as technological advancements, demographic shifts, and economic transformations. The Philippine government must adapt its policies and programs to ensure that OFWs remain competitive and resilient in the face of these changes.

The Role of Technology in Overseas Employment

Technology will continue to play a significant role in the overseas employment landscape, from job search and recruitment processes to online skills training and virtual support networks. Leveraging technology can help enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and effectiveness of services for OFWs.

Opportunities for Sustainable Development and Local Job Creation

By harnessing the skills, experiences, and resources of OFWs, the Philippines can create opportunities for sustainable development and local job creation. Encouraging OFWs to invest in businesses, infrastructure projects, and social enterprises can help drive inclusive growth and reduce the need for overseas employment.

OFWs have been instrumental in the socio-economic development of the Philippines through their remittances, hard work, and sacrifices. However, they also face numerous challenges that require concerted efforts from various stakeholders to address.

To ensure the continued well-being and success of OFWs, further research and policy development should focus on enhancing labor rights protection, promoting mental health and well-being, harnessing the potential of technology, and creating sustainable local job opportunities. By doing so, the Philippines can honor the invaluable contributions of its modern-day heroes.

DEPARTMENT OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS (DOFW)

• OWWA 24/7 Hotline 1348
• Tel. 8891-7601 to 24
• June 2024 Membership Rate=Php 1444.00
• Announcements

The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) is a national government agency vested with the special function of developing and implementing welfare programs and services that respond to the needs of its member-OFWs and their families. It is endowed with powers to administer a trust fund to be called the OWWA Fund.

By 2023, OWWA has instituted more effective mechanisms to ensure that the rights and interests of OFWs are adequate protected and safeguarded.

a. Delivery of welfare services and benefits; and b. Ensuring capital build-up and fund viability

OWWA is administered by the Board of Trustees through the Secretariat headed by the Administrator as the Chief Executive Officer and assisted by two Deputy Administrators.

The Board of Trustees is the policy-making body. It is a tripartite body with twelve (12) members representing the Government, management, and labor-OFW. Pursuant to RA 8042, a representative from the women’s sector was included. Below are the current members of the Board of Trustees:

The Responsibilities and Powers of the Board of Trustees Pursuant to EO No. 537 the Board is vested with the following responsibilities and powers:

1. To adopt policies, rules, and regulations to implement the objectives and purposes of OWWA; 2. To approve programs, projects, and the organizational structure of the OWWA Secretariat; 3. To formulate rules and regulations governing financial transactions, as well as fix the yearly appropriations of the Secretariat; 4. To ensure the efficiency of collection and the viability and sustainability of funds through sound and judicious investment and fund management policies; and 5. To perform any other act to attain the objectives and purposes of OWWA.

• OWWA Annual Report 2020
• OWWA Annual Report 2019
• OWWA Annual Report 2018
• OWWA Annual Report 2017
• OWWA Annual Report 2016
• OWWA Annual Report 2014

The Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) has adopted its Citizen’s Charter in the interest of the service and in compliance with R.A 9485, otherwise known as the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (ARTA).

View / download: OWWA Citizen’s Charter

OWWA Administrator Hans Leo J. Cacdac  has directed all OWWA employees to comply with the guidelines, including, among others:

• The wearing of proper uniform and office identification card (1.0.) at all times;
• Ensuring attendance / availability of employees, particularly at the frontline services, within the official working hours (8am to 5pm);
• Attending to clients during lunch time and to those who are within the premises prior to the closing of official working hours;
• Posting of the OWWA Mandate, Mission, Vision, Anti-Fixers posters, Procedural Steps and Process Flow of all frontline programs / services, signages identifying the office / unit and directions;
• Setting up of information counter / public assistance desk manned by properly trained personnel;
• Undertaking other related tasks compliant to the service standards set in the OWWA Citizen’s Charter.

To ensure that the Citizen’s Charter is effectively implemented and sustained, OWWA management has initiated the following activities:

• Promote and widely circulate the Citizen’s Charter;
• Formulate an incentive system for performing frontliners and other personnel in coordination;
• Ensure regular training of frontliners and other personnel;
• Enforce penalties for non-compliant personnel;
• Monitor compliance of frontliners and employees to service standards; and
• Conduct periodic systems review, revision and updating of the Citizen’s Charter.

To promote transparency, accountability and efficient and effective service delivery, the Citizen’s Charter Team (CCT) and CCT Sub-Committee shall be conducting periodic systems review, revision and updating of the Citizen’s Charter.

2021 18-Day Campaign to End Violence Against Women

Violence against women (VAW) violates human rights and continues to be one of the country’s perennial social problems. It manifests and perpetuates discrimination and gender inequality. It violates the fundamental right of women to live a life free from violence as upheld in international commitments and their local translation. VAW also affects women and girls’ general well-being, leaving long-term physical, psychological, sexual, and mental consequences, thereby hampering women from achieving their full potential.

Brochure: Magna Carta of Women (in English)

This brochure is a summary of the Republic Act 9710 or the Magna Carta of Women. It is a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging to the marginalized sectors of society.

Primer on Republic Act 11313: Safe Spaces Act or the Bawal Bastos Law

A booklet on Republic Act No. 11313 also known as the “Safe Spaces Act” or the “Bawal Bastos Law”. This contains the full-text of the said laws and their implementing rules and regulations (IRR).

Primer on Republic Act 7877: “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995

A booklet on Republic Act No. 7877 also known as the “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”. This publication contains the full-text of the law and its implementing rules and regulations (IRR). This also contains the Civil Service Memorandum Circular No. 19 (Series of 1994) directing all government agencies, state colleges and universities (SUCs), and government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs) to adopt the Policy on Sexual Harassment in the Workplace. This booklet also contains the DOLE issued Administrative Order No. 68 (Series of 1992) for the implementation of the Policy Against Sexual Harrasment in the Private Sector

Primer on Republic Act 9208 as Amended by Republic Act 10364: Anti-Trafficking In Persons Act

This primer contains the full text of the laws and implementing rules and regulations of both the Republic Act 10364 and Republic Act 9208: The Anti-Trafficking Persons Act

Primer on Republic Act No. 8353: “Anti-Rape Law of 1997” and Republic Act No. 8505 “Rape Victim Assistance and Protection of 1998”

A booklet on Republic Act No. 8353 also known as the “Anti-Rape Law of 1997 and Republic Act No. 8505 also known as the “Rape Victim Assitance and Protection Act of 1998”. This contains the full-text of the said laws and their implementing rules and regulations (IRR). The Rape Victim Assitance and Protection of 1998 will provide necessary assistance and protection for rape survivors by establishment and operation of rape crisis center in every provice and city to protect and assist rape survivors in the litigation of their cases and their recovery.

RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women Implementing Rules and Regulations

This book contains the implementing rules and regulations of the Republic Act 9710 or the Magna Carta of Women. It is a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfilment and promotion of the rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging in the marginalized sectors of the society.

OWWA was created through:

Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. 537 (Annex A) A “Welfare and Training Fund For Overseas Workers” was created on 01 May 1977 in the Department of Labor through a Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. 537 signed by President Ferdinand E. Marcos. This LOI provides social and welfare services to Filipino overseas workers including insurance coverage, social work assistance, legal assistance, placement assistance, cultural services, remittance services, and the like. Sources of Funds comes from earnings and welfare fund collections from Overseas Employment Development Board (OEDB), Bureau of Employment Service (BES), National Seaman Board (NSB) and other donations, contributions.

Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1694 (Annex B) President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed a Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1694 on 01 May 1980, formalizing the LOI No. 537, which created the Welfare and Training Fund For Overseas Workers, into Welfare Fund for Overseas Workers or referred to as Welfund. This PD orders the transfer of all fund sources to the Welfund and its administration by the Board of Trustees.

Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1809 (Annex C) On 16 January 1981, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed PD No. 1809 amending certain provisions of the PD No. 1694. Amendments include government banks as depository banks for the Welfund; expanding number of members of the Board of Trustees, from 7 to 11; and administration of the Welfund by the Board of Trustees through a Secretariat.

Executive Order (EO) No. 126 (Annex D) President Corazon C. Aquino signed an Executive Order No. 126 on 30 January 1982 reorganizing the Ministry of Labor and Employment and for other purposes. Under Section XIX. Attached Agencies, item f., the Welfare Fund For Overseas Workers administration or Welfund was renamed into Overseas Workers Welfare Administration.

Executive Order (EO) No. 195 (Annex E) President Fidel V. Ramos signed an Executive Order No. 195 on 13 August 1994 providing Medical Care (MEDICARE) Program for Filipino overseas workers and their dependents. It is a compulsory coverage for those Filipino overseas workers not covered by the Philippine Medical Care Program of SSS.

Republic Act (RA) 8042 (Annex F) Republic Act 8042 or known as the “Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995” was approved by President Fidel V. Ramos on June 7, 1995. This Act strengthened OWWA’s mandate and services for OFWs and their dependents and expanded the composition of the Board of Trustees.

Under Section 15 of this Act, OWWA, in coordination with appropriate agencies, shall undertake the repatriation of workers in cases of war, epidemics, disasters or calamities, natural or man-made, and other similar events without prejudice to reimbursement by the responsible principal or recruitment agency. However, in cases where the principal or recruitment agency cannot be identified, all costs attendant to repatriation shall be borne by the OWWA. For this purpose, an Emergency Repatriation Fund, initially in the amount of Php100M was created and established under the administration, control and supervision of OWWA.

Section 17 establishes the Re-placement and Monitoring Center or RPMC for returning Filipino migrant workers wherein the DOLE, OWWA and POEA were tasked to formulate a program that would motivate migrant workers to plan for productive options such as entry into highly technical jobs or undertakings, livelihood and entrepreneurial development, better wage employment, and investment of savings.

Section 21 establishes a Migrant Workers Loan Guarantee Fund in order to further prevent unscrupulous illegal recruiters and loan sharks from taking advantage of workers seeking employment abroad. OWWA, in coordination with government financial institutions was tasked to develop financing schemes i.e., Pre-departure Loan and Family assistance Loan for ready to leave Filipino overseas workers and their families.

Section 32 states the additional membership to the OWWA Board of Trustees coming from women sector.

OWWA Omnibus Policies (Annex G) OWWA Board of Trustees passed a Resolution No. 038 on 19 September 2003 instituting the Omnibus Policies of the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration. The Board promulgated and codified the policies, rules and regulations to provide guidelines on OWWA membership and its coverage, collection of contribution, and availment of benefits. It also embodied the policies on fund management, programs and services administration and corporate governance.

Republic Act (RA) 7111 (Annex H) RA 7111 an Act establishing the Overseas Workers’ Investment Fund to provide incentives to overseas workers, reduce the foreign debt burden, and for other purposes was approved by President Corazon C. Aquino on 22 August 1991.

Executive Order (EO) No. 446 (Annex I) President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed an Executive Order No. 446 on 12 July 2005 tasking the Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment to oversee and coordinate the implementation of various initiatives for OFWs.

Memorandum of Instruction No. 002 Series of 2015 Procedures and Guidelines for Monitoring the Compliance of PDOS Providers

Memorandum of Instruction No. 007 Series of 2015 Supplemental Guidelines in the Conduct of the Arabic Language Training Course for Household Service Workers Bound for Middle East, Except the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Memorandum of Instruction No. 003 Series of 2023 Amendment on the Specific Provisions of MOI No. 13 Series of 2003 or the Policies and Guidelines for Managing the Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar(PDOS)

Republic Act 10801

IRR of RA 10801 (OWWA ACT)

Memorandum of Agreement between OWWA and University of the Philippines (UP) Re R.A. 10801

• OWWA Membership Form
• Request Tax Refund Form for Taiwan Workers
• Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995
• Application Form, Evaluation and Other Forms
• Workers Assistance Form
• Application Form for EDSP  

OWWA Central Office

• F.B. Harrison St, Pasay, Metro Manila
• OWWA Hotline 1348
• [email protected]

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Duterte signs law creating OFW department

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This is AI generated summarization, which may have errors. For context, always refer to the full article.

OFW. Hundreds of overseas Filipino workers start arriving for the holiday season, at the NAIA on December 1, 2021. Rappler

MANILA, Philippines – Towards the tail end of his administration, President Rodrigo Duterte finally signed into law a bill creating a department for the welfare of overseas Filipino workers, to be formally called Department of Migrant Workers.

Duterte affixed his signature to the law on Thursday, December 30, during a ceremony in Malacañang attended by lawmakers.

In his speech, related the establishment of the new department to Rizal Day, which Filipinos commemorated on Thursday.

“The establishment of the Department of Migrant Workers happens on the celebration of Rizal Day, when we honor not only the exceptional love of country of Dr. Jose Rizal, but also the patriotism, excellence, courage, of our modern-day heroes, including our overseas Filipinos,” he said.

The law’s enactment is a fulfillment of Duterte’s 2016 presidential campaign promise to create an OFW department that would consolidate all relevant agencies under one to make it easier for migrant workers to get their documents and seek help from the government. His strong remarks about OFW welfare as a presidential candidate helped deliver him a landslide win among overseas Filipinos in the 2016 elections.

The President had asked Congress for this department in four State of the Nation Addresses.

Duterte had certified as urgent the Senate bills for creating the OFW department last May, after the House of Representatives had passed its version. The Senate eventually passed their version of the proposed legislation last December 14. Their version was then adopted by the House.

How will the new department change things?

The new law turns the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration into the Department of Migrant Workers, which would be mandated to oversee all policies protecting the welfare of OFWs.

The functions of other agencies currently under several government departments and handling different OFW concerns would be merged and transferred under the new agency. These offices include:

• National Reintegration Center under the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)
• All Philippine overseas labor offices under the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
• International Labor Affairs Bureau under DOLE
• National Maritime Polytechnic under DOLE
• Office of the Undersecretary for Migrant Workers’ Affairs under the Department of Foreign Affairs
• International Social Services Office under the Department of Social Welfare and Development
• Commission on Filipino Overseas under the Office of the President

OWWA, meanwhile, would become an attached agency of the Department of Migrant Workers.

The new department would be tasked to regulate the recruitment, employment, and deployment of OFWs and spearhead investigations and file cases concerning illegal recruitment and human trafficking cases involving OFWs.

Cabinet Secretary Karlo Nograles has described the new department as envisioned to provide a more “efficient” way of handling the “multidimensional concerns” of OFWs. 

Senator Joel Villanueva, chairperson of the Senate labor committee, has said the new department could help OFWs navigate all the challenges of living abroad in a post-pandemic world.

But the Department of Migrant Workers was not without its critics .

Labor rights group Sentro ng mga Nagkakaisa at Progresibong Manggagawa (Sentro)  rejected the proposed department , saying it would “institutionalize” the country’s reliance on labor exportation for economic development. Villanueva, after the Senate passed their bill, disagreed with this interpretation of the policy.

“We are in unison that it is not the policy of the state to promote overseas employment and it is our common aspiration that Filipinos will migrate or work abroad only out of choice and not out of necessity,” he had said last December 14.

Other groups like Center for Migrant Advocacy and Migrante, meanwhile, questioned the added value of a new department when there are ways to improve the old system, such as the establishment of one-stop service centers for OFWs in different parts of the country and the  joint manual for overseas operations that harmonizes the efforts of the foreign affairs, labor, and social welfare departments when handling specific cases of OFWs in distress. – With a report from Michelle Abad/Rappler.com

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