how to quote a book in an essay with multiple authors

APA 7th Edition Citation Guide

• APA 7th Edition Home
• Formatting the Paper Itself
• When and What to Cite

In-Text: Multiple Authors

• In-Text: First and Subsequent Citations
• In-Text: Authors and Dates Matching
• In-Text: Direct Quotations
• In-Text: Secondary Sources
• Reference Examples: Print
• Reference Examples: Electronic
• Reference Examples: Audiovisual Media
• Step 1: Author (Names)
• Step 2: Date
• Step 3: Titles
• Step 4: Source
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This citation guide is based on The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed., 2020). The contents are accurate to the best of our knowledge.

Content in this guide was copied with permission from Bethel University (TN) Library .

How to Use This Guide

Citations in APA style include two parts: (1) in-text citations, which are connected to (2) reference list citations.

This guide will help you create in-text citations that correlate with the corresponding reference list citations. Please see Reference Examples  for more details on the reference list.

Note: All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper except for Personal Communications and similar unrecoverable sources.

Multiple Authors

If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps.

Two Authors

Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them.

Johnson and Smith (2009) found...

Three or More Authors

If a document has three or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last.

Thomas et al. (2007) likened abnormal psychology to...

... distractions (Thomas et al., 2007).

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA Book Citation

How to Cite a Book in MLA

Books are written works or compositions that have been published. They are no longer restricted to paper and have evolved into the online realm.

Below are examples of how to cite different types of books in MLA 9. If you need a different citation style, there is also a guide on citing a book in APA .

In MLA, a basic book citation includes the following information:

• Author’s name
• Title of book
• Publisher of the book
• Year published

Additional information is needed when citing:

• Name of website or database
• Name of e-book device
• Name of the translator or editor
• Name of book editor or author
• Name of chapter author
• Page numbers or ranges used
• Volume number of the book
• City the book was published in

Citing a book in MLA (print)

View Screenshot | Cite your book

Citing a book found on a Website or database in MLA

Many books are now found online. Popular sites or databases that hold e-books include Google Books, Project Gutenberg, and EBSCO.

Cite your book

*Keep “https:” at the beginning of the URL only when citing a DOI.

Digital sources with no page numbers means that no page numbers should be included in the in-text citation.

Citing an E-book in MLA (found via an e-reader)

E-Readers are electronic devices that display e-books. Kindles and Nooks are some of the more popular e-readers available today. Individuals can purchase or borrow e-books and read them on their e-readers.

Cite your ebook

Since the page numbers of an e-book can vary across e-reader, text preferences, and other factors, you should not include a page number. This is because a consistent page number does not exist. You can include section numbers (sec., secs.) or chapter numbers (ch., chs.) instead, if they exist and you feel it would be helpful.

Citing a translated or edited book in MLA

Citing a chapter of a book in MLA

*In the above citation example, The Body of the Queen: Gender and Rule in the Courtly World, 1500-2000 is an edited book that features a chapter by Louis Montrose. The title of the chapter that he wrote is found in quotation marks (“Elizabeth Through the Looking Glass: Picturing the Queen’s Two Bodies”).

Citing a book with multiple authors in MLA

*et al. is Latin for “and others.”

Published October 20, 2011. Updated May 9, 2021.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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In the works cited: If the organization is the author and publisher, don’t include an author and start the citation with the book’s title. If the author and publisher are different, use the organization name as the author.

When the chapter’s author is different from the book’s editor or author. Chapters are usually cited when you use anthologies, multi-volume sets, or a foreword/afterword written by someone other than the book’s main author.

Place the author’s last name and the quote chapter number in parenthesis after the borrowed quote or information. Example: “Feeling that Peter was on his way back, the Neverland had again woke into life” (Barrie ch. 5).

MLA is the style most often used in literature, language, history, art and theater subjects.

If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.

Yes! Whether you’d like to learn how to construct citations on your own, our Autocite tool isn’t able to gather the metadata you need, or anything in between, manual citations are always an option. Click here for directions on using creating manual citations.

To cite a book with multiple authors in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the authors, publication year, book title, and publisher. The templates for in-text citation and works-cited-list entry of a book written by multiple authors and some examples are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Citation in prose:

For sources with two authors, use both full author names in prose (e.g., Harold Napoleon and Richard Harris). For sources with three or more authors, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Harold Napoleon and others). In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Napoleon and others).

First mention: Harold Napoleon and colleagues…. or Harold Napoleon and others ….

Subsequent occurrences: Napoleon and colleagues…. or Napoleon and others ….

Parenthetical:

In parenthetical citations, use only the author’s surname (e.g., Napoleon). For sources with two authors, use two surnames (e.g., Napoleon and Harris). For sources with three or more author names, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”

….(Napoleon et al.)

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

The title of the book is given in italics and title case.

Surname, F. M., et al. Title of the Book . Publisher, Publication Date.

Napoleon, Harold, et al. Yuuyaraq the Way of the Human Being: With Commentary . University of Alaska, 1996.

Use only the first author’s name in surname–first name order in the entry and follow it with “et al.”

A book is a printed copy, whereas an e-book is an online version and is available via different electronic media (e.g., epub and Kindle).

To cite a print book in MLA format, you need to know the names of the authors, the title of the book, publisher name, publication date, and page range (optional). You need the same information to cite an e-book, however, you will not include page numbers unless they are the same as those in the print version of the book. MLA mostly treats citations for print books and e-books the same, except for noting that the e-book version is being cited within the entry.

The templates and examples for in-text citations and works cited list entries for a book and an e-book are provided below:

In-text citation template and example for a book:

Author Surname

(Author Surname Page)

(Damasio 7)

Works cited list entry template and example:

Surname, First Name. Title of the Book . Publisher, Publication Date, Page range.

Damasio, Antonio. Emotion, Reason and the Feeling Brain . Penguin, 1994.

In-text citation template and example for an e-book:

(Author Surname)

Author’s Surname, First Name. Title of the Book . E-book ed., Publisher, Publication Date.

Davis, Barbara. The Keeper of Happy Endings . E-book ed., Lake Union Publishing, 2021.

MLA Citation Examples

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In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

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Though the APA's author-date system for citations is fairly straightforward, author categories can vary significantly from the standard "one author, one source" configuration. There are also additional rules for citing authors of indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.

A Work by One Author 

The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". 

Citing Non-Standard Author Categories

A work by two authors.

Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses.

A Work by Three or More Authors

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

In  et al. , et  should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period.

If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names. If you cited works with these authors:

They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:

Since et al. is plural, it should always be a substitute for more than one name. In the case that et al. would stand in for just one author, write the author’s name instead.

Unknown Author

If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists).

Note : In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Organization as an Author

If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person.

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations.

Authors with the Same Last Name

To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

Personal Communication

For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

If using a footnote to reference personal communication, handle citations the same way.

Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples

When citing information you learned from a conversation with an Indigenous person who was not your research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation above. Include the person’s full name, nation or Indigenous group, location, and any other relevant details before the “personal communication, date” part of the citation.

Citing Indirect Sources

Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation.

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Unknown Author and Unknown Date

If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these.

Note:  Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. 

Other Sources

The  APA Publication Manual  describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear.

In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA's guidelines for computer software.

You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source.

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to do in-text citations with multiple authors in MLA

The format of MLA's in-text citations varies depending on the number of authors. In the following sections you will learn how to format in-text citations in MLA style, with one author, two authors, and multiple authors.

One Author in-text citation in MLA

To format an in-text citation of a source with one author, include the author’s last name, and the page number or page range in parentheses. For example:

• (Wollstonecraft 26)

If the author’s name is already stated in the sentence, give only the page number or page range in parenthesis at the end of the sentence, or at the next natural pause. For example:

• As Wollstonecraft stated, “I do not wish them [women] to have power over men; but over themselves.” (26).

Two authors in-text citation in MLA

To format an in-text citation of a source with two authors, include the authors' last names separated by the word and , and the page number or page range in parentheses. For example:

• (King and Straub 93-101)

If the authors' names are already stated in the sentence, give only the page number or page range in parenthesis at the end of the sentence, or at the next natural pause. For example:

• Stephen King and Peter Straub shared the same opinion (93-101).

Three or more in-text citation in MLA

To format an in-text citation of a source with three or more authors, include the first author's last name followed by et al., and the page number or page range in parentheses. For example:

• (Sumantran et al. 106-114)
• Sumantran et al. carried out a research about the future of the car (106-114).

This citation style guide is based on the MLA Handbook (9 th edition).

More useful guides

• MLA Style Guide, 8th Edition: In-text Examples
• MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics
• How do I cite a source with multiple authors in MLA style (in-text)?

More great BibGuru guides

• Harvard: how to cite an online magazine article
• Chicago: how to cite a documentary
• APA: how to cite an afterword

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How to Cite Multiple Authors in APA

Last Updated: July 4, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Cara Barker, MA and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Cara Barker is an Assistant Professor and Research and Instruction Librarian at Hunter Library at Western Carolina University. She received her Masters in Library and Information Sciences from the University of Washington in 2014. She has over 16 years of experience working with libraries across the United States. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 160,455 times.

In many social science disciplines, you'll use the citation method of the American Psychological Association (APA) to identify the references you used in your paper. When writing a research paper, you may encounter works that have more than 1 author. To cite multiple authors in APA style, include the names of all authors unless there are more than 6.

Cite Multiple Authors in APA Template

Citing 2 to 6 Authors

• For instance, an author named Francis Leanne Montgomery would be listed as "Montgomery, F. L."
• If the author's middle name or initial is not provided, just use their first initial. For example, "Powell, J."
• Separate names of authors with commas. Check to make sure you have a comma after each last name and after each set of initials. For example: "Sunshine, S. J., Summers, P. T., & Autumnwood, S."

• Alphabetize entries in your reference list by the last name of the first author listed.

• The ampersand is always preceded by a comma. For example: "Sunshine, S. J., & Davis, T."

• For example: "Sunshine, S. J., Summers, P. T., & Autumnwood, S. (2010)."
• There is no comma between the last author's initial and the opening parenthesis.

• If the work also has a subtitle, include it after a colon. You'll also capitalize the first word of the subtitle.
• The title may be in italics, depending on the type of work you're citing. This stays the same regardless of the number of authors. For example, a book title would be italicized, but an article in a scholarly journal would not be italicized.

• For example, if you're citing a book written by 3 authors, your citation might be "Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association."

Citing 7 or More Authors

• Keep the names of the authors in the order they are listed on the title page of the book.

• Check your word processing app for an ellipsis style function – it looks like it's just a string of 3 periods, but they are spaced further apart than regular periods.

• For example: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D."
• For example: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D. (2015)."
• For instance: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D. (2015). Creating APA citations for multiple authors."

• For instance: "Sunshine, S. P., Brown, J. B., Honey, T., Smith, R., Grandin, T., Petty, L., . . . Sullivan, T.D. (2015). Creating APA citations for multiple authors. London: Johnson Publishing Group."

Writing In-Text Citations

• Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name if you are doing a parenthetical citation. If you're incorporating the authors' names into your text, you would spell out the word "and." For example: "(Sunshine, Clark, & Lane, 2010)" or "This truth is reflected in the work of Sunshine, Clark, and Lane."
• If the work has more than 5 authors, you would simply list the last name of the first author, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." For example: "(Lane et al., 2014)".

• For example, a parenthetical in-text citation might read "(Sunshine, Summers, & Autumnwood, 1984)."

• For example: "(Sunshine et al., 2010)."

• For example: "(Lane, Clark, & Winters, 2016, p. 92)."

• Use the word "and" immediately before the last author's name. Make sure you have a comma after the next-to-last authors' name as well.
• For example: "According to Sunshine, Summers, and Autumnwood (2010), pizza is a great afternoon snack."
• If there are more than 5 authors, use the first authors' name followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." when you mention them in your text, just as you would in the parenthetical citation. For example, "Sunshine et al. (2010) further described the value of pizza."

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• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_author_authors.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
• ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date
• ↑ https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/APA/journal-article-7-or-more-authors
• ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/authors
• ↑ https://research.moreheadstate.edu/c.php?g=107001&p=695202
• ↑ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext

About This Article

To cite multiple authors in APA in text, list the last names of the authors in parentheses at the end of the sentence you're sourcing, followed by the year of publication. You should also use an ampersand instead of writing out "and" before the last author's name. For example, you would write, "(Smith, Clark, & Lane, 2018)." However, if there are more than 5 authors, only list the first author's last name, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." Regardless of how many authors there are, you should use "et al." for all subsequent in-text citations. For more tips from our Librarian co-author, like how to cite multiple authors in your bibliography, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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MLA Citation Style, 9th Edition

• MLA Style, 9th Edition
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• Books - Multiple Authors
• Books - with editors, translators, etc.
• Book - Essay, Short Story, Poem, etc
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• Works Cited: Conference Proceeding/Paper
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• Report an Error / Question

Two Authors

When a work has two authors, include them in the order they appear on the work, and invert the first author's name but write out the second author's name normally.

Works Cited Format (2 authors, scholarly journal):

In-Text Citation Examples:

Author within the text, direct quote:

Authors not in the text, direct quote:

Three or More Authors

Invert the first author's name add a comma and "et al."

Works Cited Format (3 or more authors, scholarly journal):

In-text Citation Examples:

Authors within the text, direct quote:

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Answered By: Gabe Gossett Last Updated: Nov 03, 2020     Views: 290992

This depends on how you are citing them. If you are citing them in-text more than once, and you are referring to the same source each time, then you can simply reuse that same in-text reference with a single entry on your references page at the end.

If you are citing the same author, but from different sources, you may have to take a different approach. Let's say you are citing an author named Jane Doe three times. If each of her articles or books are published in different years, then you don't need to do anything different than you normally would. Let's say she published articles in 2009, 2011, and 2012. Then each entry would just be (Doe, 2009), (Doe, 2011), and (Doe, 2012).

If, on the other hand, all of her articles were published in the same year, then you would need to add letters to differentiate between them. Let's say they were all published in 2009. So then it would be (Doe, 2009a), (Doe, 2009b), and (Doe, 2009c). In your reference list you should then add the corresponding letters. 

For more information, see section 8.18 on page 267 and sections 9.46-9.48 pages 304-305 of the APA Manual (7th Edition).

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Comments (51)

• Did you get the name "Jane Doe" off of the movie "The Autopsy of Jane Doe"? Great explanation, by the way! by Ripper Tachibana on Aug 28, 2020
• @Ripper: No, we just used it as a convenient non-specific name :) by Gabe Gossett on Aug 31, 2020
• So in the reference list would we need to cite each time we used the same author and book year? would we then add the page number or subtle of the chapter? by suzien on Nov 02, 2020
• @Suzien: You should only list each source in your reference list once, no matter how often you cite it. With the example here, it only applies when the same author (or authors with the same last name) has multiple sources you are citing that were published in the same year. That's when you use the convention of (Doe, 2020a), (Doe, 2020b), etc. In your reference list make sure to add the letters to the years as well. The idea is to make it easy for your reader to know which in-text citation is associated with which reference list entry. by Gabe Gossett on Nov 03, 2020
• Question: If I am writing a paper and I am citing Elegy Written in a Country Courtyard (poem), should I include his name/publishing year after every time I cite a verse, or should I just do it every so often? This is the only source I am using for my paper. Thanks in advance for any help. by Bree on Feb 12, 2021
• @Bree: If you are quoting verse then make sure to include the author, date, and page numbers for each quote. If you are paraphrasing, you do not need to recite the source so long as it is clear to your reader what source you are drawing on. Only cite again when it might be ambiguous. Section 8.1 of the APA Manual has more advice on this, if you have that handy. by Gabe Gossett on Feb 12, 2021
• Hello. I used the same author in two different paragraphs. In the first paragraph the first author (Osterburg) had two other co-authors and no date was mentioned and in the 2nd paragraph, the same first author (Osterburg) was the sole author and the source was a different article on a different platform and a date was mentioned. How do I cite in-text and on the reference page? Thank you in advance. by Joyce on Apr 09, 2021
• @Joyce: You would treat them as two separate sources in both in-text citations and your reference list. For in-text, the last name goes in the paragraph with the date: (Osterburg, 2021). If you are directly quoting, you will need the page numbers: (Osterburg, 2021, P. 42) or (Osterburg, 2021, pp. 42-43) if the quote is on more than one page. On the reference list, you list both source separately. APA reference lists are alphabetical, so you would like the article where Osterburg was the single author first. You can find more info on APA citations at our APA Citation guide: http://libweb1.library.wwu.edu/elearning/documents/APAquickguide_july2020.pdf by Elizabeth Stephan on Apr 09, 2021
• Hi. I used the same author and work for 3 consecutive paraphrased sentences. Do I still have to end each sentence with (Author, Year)? Or can I cite the last 2 sentences with (Year) because they are all from the same work? In another part of my paper, within one paragraph, I paraphrased 3 sentences from the same author and work but the sentences in between are from me. Do I have to end each paraphrased sentence with (Author, Year)? Or could I cite the last 2 paraphrased sentences with (Year) because I haven't switched to another work? by Mi on Apr 16, 2021
• @Mi: Only cite it in the first sentence where you are drawing upon the work. According to the APA 7th edition, on page 254, "it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed." So generally, as long as the reader can tell which source you are drawing on or responding to, you don't need to keep adding citations. by Gabe Gossett on Apr 16, 2021
• Hi, I'm using the same exact source for two different quotes in two totally different areas of a thesis.(page 23 and then 46) How do I in-text cite it? AND how do I list it in the reference list? Thank you! by karn on Apr 27, 2021
• @karn, It sounds like in your situation you should do a complete in-text citation each time, with author, date, and page number where you got the quote for each usage. They are far enough apart that you'll need to do that for your reader. With your reference list you only need to cite it once, unless you have separate reference lists for each section. by Gabe Gossett on Apr 29, 2021
• Hi! I am writing a summary for an article and I have used around 3 in-text citations for the same author and the same publication.. Should I reference them 3 distinct times in my reference list like you suggested with the letters a,b,c or should I just reference one time? by Melissa on May 15, 2021
• @Melissa: If it is the same publication, then you should cite it in your reference list only once. Also, please note that the convention using the a, b, c, etc. should only be used when it is the same author(s) and year, but different publications. For the same source used multiple times you only need to cite it again if you are using a quote or if it is unclear to your reader which source you are referring to. Often, you will see a source cited only once in a paragraph, even if other parts of the narrative are associated with that source. by Gabe Gossett on May 17, 2021
• Hello... If I am citing phrases from the same book but from 3 different sources.... can I use sub-scripts (numbers 1, 2, 3) for the same book-author followed by the three sources (in successive rows)? Thanks. by Pooja on Jun 14, 2021
• @Pooja: You shouldn't use subscripts, just lower-case letters. If all of the sources are coming from the same book, then you only need to include the book in your reference list once. However, if it is an edited book with different authors for the chapters, then you would want to use the chapter author names and the formatting for chapter citations. by Gabe Gossett on Jun 14, 2021
• Hi. If I am using direct quotations from a novel from the same author throughout the chapter I am writing for my thesis, should I always repeat (Author, Year, page) after every quotation in various paragraphs? ( this novel is all that I am referring to in my chapter and no other sources) How should I cite each time? by Supuni on Jun 27, 2021
• @Supuni: I certainly see your dilemma. Unfortunately, for APA style you should include all the in-text citation elements. That can get a little unwieldily when quoting often, but there are a few things you can do to help make the reading flow well. You can use narrative citations, where you refer to the author by name in your writing, followed by the year in parentheses, and then add a page number. So long as it is clear to your reader within the paragraph that you are still referring to the same source you can then use just the page numbers after quotes. For example: In Smith's (2021) novel Bread they state that, "bread is best fresh from the oven" (p.32). However, in other places in the novel they devise surreal scenarios for other ways bread can be appreciated too, including the bizarre statement, "Perhaps my favorite bread was the baguette I ate on the international space station" (p. 136). by Gabe Gossett on Jun 28, 2021
• How do you do an in-text citation with the (author, date, page) when the article's table of contents says the quote is from page 30, but when you are viewing the pdf on a url and scroll down, it says you are actually on page 33? by Kim on Jul 18, 2021
• @Kim: Sometimes with PDF or eBooks the number on the page (e.g., page 30) is different than the page number of the PDF (e.g., page 33). This happens because there are often unnumbered pages (title page, copyright page, table of contents) of a book, so while the content of the book starts on page 1, it's page 3 of the PDF. In this case, use the page number on the book (page 30). In your reference list, use the eBook version of the book citation (APA Manual, 7th edition, pp 321-322). If there is a mistake in the book the quote is page 33 of the book (not page 33 of the PDF), reference page 33. by Elizabeth Stephan on Jul 19, 2021
• If I cite several authors in-text in the same brackets and one author (+ et al.; the other group members differ) is mentioned twice within that, is this citation correct: (Herzog et al., 1997, 2002)? by Yara on Aug 06, 2021
• Hi Yara: I may be misunderstanding the question, but if you are citing two different sources, even if they are by the same author, you need to cite them separately by using a semicolon. So in stead of the way you had it I would recommend (Herzog et al. 1997; Herzog et al., 2002). That will make it clear to the reader that there are two sources. by Gabe Gossett on Aug 16, 2021
• Hi, I'm referencing my uni online module website pages for an end of year project. IfI have more than 26 references with the same name and year, what do I do when I get past z? Thanks by Melissa on Sep 02, 2021
• @Melissa, that's an interesting question that the APA Manual doesn't provide guidance for. The most important thing, however, is to make it clear for your reader. In that spirit, I think you could format the ones following Z as "aa, ab, ac, ad" or "a1, a2, a3" and make sure that aligns with your reference list. Whatever approach you take, if it is a graded project making sure it works for your instructor is probably a good idea. by Gabe Gossett on Sep 02, 2021
• Thanks, Gabe. That's good advice :) by Melissa on Sep 03, 2021
• What if I cite the same author and date for example, Thomas, 1999a, Thomas, 1999b etc, but there are more than 26 entries past Thomas, 1999z... What then by Mike on Sep 19, 2021
• @Mike, please see my comment above in response to Melissa. The APA Manual does not give guidance on this, so using a convention of your own devising that is accurate between your in-text citations and reference list is the most important thing to make sure to do. by Gabe Gossett on Sep 24, 2021
• Hello, I believe you covered this in the above comments but i'd like to make sure. When referencing journals/scholarly articles in APA7, I am required to use page numbers, however, if I use the same source and cite different parts multiple times would the reference list look something like this? Moody, M. S. (2019). If instructional coaching really works, why isn't it working? Educational Leadership, 77(3), 30–35, 47, 69-70. or would each set of pages be its own entry in the reference list? (pages 30-35 is one entry, page 47 is another, etc...). Also, what do the numbers before the page numbers eg: '77(3)' refer to? I can't find any clear explanation for them and I'm a tad confused. Thanks for your help! by Lola on Sep 28, 2021
• @Lola: You should cite the entire source once. If the author has multiple articles in the journal issue, then they should be distinguished by their distinct (hopefully!) titles. Then you would also want to make sure to use the lettering convention mentioned in this FAQ (Moody, 2019a; Moody, 2019b). If I am misunderstanding the question, and what you are actually asking about is about how to cite a single article with non-contiguous page numbers, then what you included in your comment with the page number ranges separated by commas would be correct. by Gabe Gossett on Sep 29, 2021
• If I am writing a paper in APA format about a single book, do I have to put the author's name and publication year after each in-text citation? by A on Oct 06, 2021
• @A: This is something that lots of folx struggle with. If you are quoting, then you will want to make sure you have an in-text citation so others can locate the quote. However, APA encourages paraphrasing for readability, and it is not necessary to cite the same source repeatedly if it would be clear to the reader that the topic and source have not changed. In those cases, use a citation the first sentence where you refer to the source and avoid repeated citations. If you have a manual handy, there is more detail on this on page 254 in the description of over-citation. by Gabe Gossett on Oct 11, 2021
• Hi Gabe, I need your advice on this: I used many different chapters and pages from the one book. I will still cite it in-text as the authors name followed by year after each mention, but how do I reference the different sections, such as at the end of the reference when I am adding the pages, do I say, 11-302? Even though I used pg 11-24 and then 289-302. Do you know what I mean? by Ciara on Oct 28, 2021
• @Ciara: I think I know what you mean! It depends on the authorship of the book and chapters. If the book is composed of chapters or sections that are authored by different people, then you should format that according the guidance here: https://askus.library.wwu.edu/faq/116660 If the book has one author or authors, just cite the entire book each time. by Gabe Gossett on Oct 28, 2021
• Hi, I am writing a detailed analysis of the text structure of a children's book and have to provide examples from the book to showcase my understanding. I have two sentences, one after another, that directly quote 8 different words from the book. Currently, I have referenced them as such: We learn of various “loud sounds” (Author, year, p. 8) such as “horns”, “sirens”, and “drill[s]” (p. 11) and the setting is one of darkness and fear to begin with. However, the atmosphere develops into one of safety and warmth as the child recalls scents of “summer” (p. 20), “nice” (p. 22) people and musical sounds of “piano” and “choir” (p. 25) singing. Am I supposed to reference them in a different way? I understand the issue with over-citing but I am required to provide examples and the exact words used within the children's book are most suited, rather than paraphrasing. But also, the number of page numbers visible seem a bit intense and ruin the flow for the reader. by Niamh on Nov 24, 2021
• @Niamh, I think I understand your struggle here! It sounds like you have expectations from an instructor, or other person, regarding your writing that don't completely align with APA guidance. In these cases, where there is a reader who is grading, or otherwise in a position of authority, with the writing you are working on, it makes sense to meet their expectations as a priority. Since you are required to provide exact word examples, I think your approach makes sense, even if it reads awkwardly, since you are demonstrating where you are using those exact words from. In most other cases, it would make sense to omit the quotes, given that single words or two word phrases do not usually need to be quoted, and simply cite the source once. by Gabe Gossett on Nov 24, 2021
• Hello. I am writing a research paper and Ive cited a couple books. in one of my paragraphs, if I'm only using multiple evidence from only one book, how many times do I have to cite, and how would I cite APA style? For instance: She reveals how one well-known social media outlet, Facebook, utilized "micro-targeting" techniques to locate voters based on race, and the false concept that undocumented persons were committing "voter fraud" was rampant" (Burzynsik, 2020). ->> would I have to do that for all my evidence throughout my paragraph, or only the beginning? by Boblee on Dec 02, 2021
• @Boblee: You should only cite it as often as is needed for your reader to clearly understand when you are drawing upon a source. When you are paraphrasing a source, as APA encourages, you only have to cite the source once, so long as it would be clear to your reader that you are still referring to the same source. When quoting, you should always include a citation. by Gabe Gossett on Dec 05, 2021
• Hi, I'm citing the same article on my paper but using parts of it in different chapters of my study (used in chapter 1, and in chapter 2). Is it correct that I will be listing it in my reference list on both chapters? We are required by our professor to list every article cited after every chapter. Thanks in advance. by Shay on Jan 31, 2022
• @Shay: Yes, make sure to include it in each chapter where you have a reference list and it is used in-text. With a few exceptions, anything cited in-text should be in your reference list, and vice-versa. by Gabe Gossett on Jan 31, 2022
• Hi - I have a sentence that has three quotes from the same source, but from different pages. Using APA, should the citation be (Smith, 2020, p. 12, p. 14, p. 16) or (Smith, 2020, pp. 12, 14, 16) ? Thank you, I have looked everywhere and cannot see a specific answer. (8.25 is close but the quotes are discrete, not on discontinuous pages) by Hunter on Mar 15, 2022
• Hunter, I recommend making sure that the page number always follows the quoted portion of text. If you are quoting multiple parts within the same paragraph, and it would be clear to your reader from your narrative that it is the same source, you should be able to do that with just the page number and without the author name and date. If it might be unclear, then it is best to do a full in-text citation. by Gabe Gossett on Mar 15, 2022
• Hi - I have a sentence where the following happens: "Author (year) defines x as "(...)" (p.21) and y as "...) (p.45). It's because it's from the same book/glossary and I am wondering if it can be done this way or not. by Rita on Mar 23, 2022
• Rita, that should be fine. The important thing is that your reader would be able to clearly understand where the origin of the quote comes from. In the example you gave, I think it meets that mark! by Gabe Gossett on Mar 23, 2022
• asking if i am referencing the same author but with different pages do i have to repeat the whole referencing details or can just do with the pages by Agnes on May 08, 2022
• Agnes, I'd recommend including the entire in-text citation if you are using page numbers in order to avoid ambiguity. The APA Manual does provide guidance on avoiding over-citation, but that would be more appropriate when paraphrasing the same source in a given paragraph. The objective should be to make sure there is no potential for ambiguity to your reader. by Gabe Gossett on May 09, 2022
• If I'm quoting the same author on two different topics in the same article, is that overcitation? If not, how would I do so? by Beau on Oct 16, 2022
• @Beau: It's probably not over-citation, but it always depends on context. If you are building off, borrowing, or otherwise connecting to ideas in the literature you are using adding a citation will always be a good practice. If you have already cited them in the paragraph and will do so again, you might consider whether that is necessary. If it is clear in the context of the narrative text that you are referring to the same source, it should be fine to cite them once. If you are quoting the source, you will always want to cite it as part of indicating where in the source the quote came from. When it makes sense to cite a source more than once, it should be done the same way for each in APA. by Gabe Gossett on Oct 19, 2022
• Hello, I'm critiquing a journal article, so when I cite from the article throughout the paper, I will put the same in-text citation all times? And in the references page, I will place the same reference however many times I use it? Or do I only put the reference once? Or do I put "ibid" or something? by Maggie on Jul 06, 2023
• @Maggie: I'll start with the easiest part to answer and that is that you only need to list an item in a reference list once in APA. Terms like ibid are used for other citation styles, like Chicago, but not APA. The most important function is that it is clear to your reader which source in the reference list an in-text citation connects to, which is done with author last names and years for APA style. In regards to your first question, your conventions with in-text citation frequency can vary depending on the writing, whether it is a quote being cited, and any parameters that may come from an assignment (assuming it is an assignment). Whenever you have a quote, those should always be cited in-text, including a page or paragraph number, where possible. When paraphrasing or borrowing an idea from a source, you don't necessary need to continue citing the source repeatedly when it is clear to your reader based on the narrative text what source you are referencing. It might be clear to your reader that everything is related to the one source for an article critique. However, to be on the safe side, I'd recommend re-citing the source in-text for any new paragraph or any other place where it might be unclear that the source is being referred to with a claim or idea in your writing. by Gabe Gossett on Jul 06, 2023
• Hello, I am writing a literature review and I am using paraphrased information from the same source in a couple of different paragraphs. Do I have to introduce the author and the year in every paragraph or just the first mention? by Vanesa on Nov 08, 2023
• @Vanesa: I would generally recommend having it in each paragraph to make clear the source the ideas are coming from. If you feel like your narrative is already really clear from each paragraph which source is being referred to, you might consider omitting it. However, I think in most cases it is going to make sense to cite in each paragraph. To enhance readability by using a narrative citation rather than a full in-text citation. For example, that could look like the following: Vanesa (2023) has asked questions about how APA citations should work for the same source in different paragraphs. Versus this kind of citation: Some writers have asked questions about how APA citations should work for the same source in different paragraphs (Vanesa, 2023). by Gabe Gossett on Nov 08, 2023

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How to cite a chapter written by someone other than the book’s authors

Unlike an edited book, where each chapter has unique authors, usually you expect an authored book to have the same author(s) throughout. Thus, citing a chapter of an edited book is common, but as a general rule, citing chapters from authored books is not. For authored books, the whole book is referenced , with specific chapters included in the in-text citation as needed. This is true whether the chapters were written by the book’s authors or an outside contributor who isn’t given cover credit.

When a chapter in an authored book was written by someone other than the book’s authors, your instincts might tell you to cite it as if it were from an edited book—that is, citing the chapter authors in the author position and the book authors in the editor position without “Eds.” in parentheses. Doing so could cause confusion given that authored books with chapters written by outside contributors are very uncommon. APA Style readers are so accustomed to the format for citing a chapter in an edited book that they might mistakenly believe that you are in fact referencing an edited book and simply forgot to include the “Eds.” component. Also, if you are using a reference manager, it may not allow you to omit the “Editor” label from the reference.

To avoid potential confusion, the simplest solution is to cite the book as you would any other authored book, which is a reference format that readers can immediately recognize, but to add any additional information in the text.

For example, here are example references and in-text citations for two authored books that include chapters written by outside contributors:

DeMarco, R. F., & Healey-Walsh, J. (2020). Community and public health nursing: Evidence for practice (3rd ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2023). Theoretical basis for nursing (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

• Parenthetical citations: (DeMarco & Healey-Walsh, 2020; McEwen & Wills, 2023)
• Narrative citations: DeMarco and Healey-Walsh (2020) and McEwen and Wills (2023)

In the text you can clarify the unique nature of your source by crediting the chapter author(s) in your narrative and identifying the chapter number as part of your in-text citation. Here are example citations of a direct quotation and paraphrased text from a chapter in an authored book written by an outside contributor:

Direct quotation: Melinda Oberleitner distinguished between two different types of leaders: “Formal leaders are appointed by official or legislative authority. Informal leaders derive power through influence and, in reality, may be more important to staff or groups than the formal, appointed, or designated leaders” (McEwen & Wills, 2023, Chapter 16, p. 369).

Paraphrased text: Melinda Oberleitner pointed out that informal leaders, even if they have not been officially assigned to leadership positions, may serve a more significant role in influencing their coworkers than formal leaders (McEwen & Wills, 2023, Chapter 16).

The same principles apply if a contributor is credited as writing a smaller portion of a book, such as a text box, rather than an entire chapter. You would simply include the box number instead of the chapter number in your citation.

Sometimes outside contributors (particularly foreword authors) are given cover credit, typically as part of a “with” statement below the main authors’ names. In this case, the contributors are credited parenthetically in the reference. However, as with the previous examples, they are not listed among the authors in corresponding in-text citations.

Here are example references and citations for two authored books in which outside contributors are given cover credit:

Blume, M., & Lust, B. C. (with Chien, Y., Dye, C. D., Foley, C. A., & Kedar, Y.). (2017). Research methods in language acquisition: Principles, procedures, and practices . De Gruyter Mouton; American Psychological Association.

Christie, A. (with Todd, C.). (2013). Hercule Poirot: The complete short stories . HarperCollins.

• Parenthetical citations: (Blume & Lust, 2017; Christie, 2013)
• Narrative citations: Blume and Lust (2017) and Christie (2013)

If you are citing a portion of the book that was written by the outside contributor(s), you can mention them in text, as shown in these examples:

In his foreword, Charles Todd noted that the famous detective Hercule Poirot has no clear origin story and is therefore as mysterious as the cases he is tasked with solving (Christie, 2013).

Yarden Chen described “the high-amplitude sucking (HAS) technique, which is based on measuring variations in infants’ sucking rate and strength in response to different acoustic stimuli” (Blume & Lust, 2017, Chapter 13, p. 252) as one common method for measuring how infants respond to spoken language.

Chapters in authored books that are written by outside contributors are so rare that it can be confusing to know how to cite them properly, but hopefully this post will help you. If you ever find yourself in that situation and there’s something you’re not sure about, feel free to leave a comment below.

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How to introduce multiple authors of a research paper in content?

I want to introduce the findings of a case study in my report, but it has four authors and I would like name them in when introducing it.

What would be the best way to do this, or is the below perfectly acceptable?

Andria A, Paul S, Derek B and Howard C provide an interesting insight in their case study...

• 1 First one, et al. (2014) provide an interesting insight in their case study... –  enthu Nov 8, 2014 at 18:28
• 1 Or First one et al. [APDH14] –  yo' Nov 8, 2014 at 18:30
• 4 More accurately: "Andria \emph{et al.}~\cite{APDH14}" –  JeffE Nov 8, 2014 at 20:19
• 2 Even better, \textcite{APDH14} will just take care of everything according to the file style. –  user9646 Nov 9, 2014 at 19:57
• 3 @JeffE I'm pretty sure a specific markup language's code for something is pretty situational form of "more accurately". –  Fomite Nov 9, 2015 at 3:29

4 Answers 4

How to handle this depends on your field. If your field has a notion of first author, then "[name of first author] et al." is appropriate. In fields like math that use alphabetical ordering, I'd strongly recommend naming all the authors, since "et al." could be read as diminishing the credit later authors get. I would not be happy if my name disappeared into an "et al."

The sentence "[last name of author 1], [last name of author 2], [last name of author 3] and [last name of author 4] provide an interesting insight in their case study..." sounds fine to me. (I.e., the same sentence as in the question, except that I assume "Andria A, Paul S, Derek B and Howard C" are just stand-ins for the actual names, and not actually a proposal for how to format the names.)

• Sorry, but I think that "Andria A, Paul S, Derek B and Howard C provide..." is actually not that great, and I would certainly suggest it be reworded if I were editing a paper in which it appeared. –  GeneMachine Nov 8, 2014 at 20:56
• 2 "Provide an interesting insight" isn't how I'd phrase things, but I don't see anything wrong with it. Aside from that, is your objection to the list of names? First names and initials sound funny, but I'm assuming they are just a placeholder for real names (not that anyone is proposing actually referring to people that way). –  Anonymous Mathematician Nov 8, 2014 at 21:27
• 1 Having a long list of names (especially with initials, as you propose) is unusual, unwieldy, and inelegant - in my opinion. –  GeneMachine Nov 9, 2014 at 1:38
• Don't know why you are being down voted. In math it would be frowned upon to put et al for any paper that was 4 authors or less. In other fields et al will be acceptable. –  WetlabStudent Nov 9, 2015 at 5:56

This is completely dependent on your citation style. Two examples:

For APA, if there are only two authors, cite both each time; if there are between three and five, cite them all the first time then cite as "First et al., 2014" in subsequent citations; if there are six or more, use "et al." every time.

For IEEE, use of "et al." begins at three authors, and you use "et al.".

As you can see there are wild variations. Check which style you're supposed to use, and check how multiple authors should be cited with that style. As a general rule of thumb, maybe use "et al." when there are too many authors.

As another user pointed out it's also dependent on your field, and it's even possible that author names shouldn't be cited in every reference (just a numeric reference like [42]) -- I just checked a math journal at random and this was like that.

PS: If you're writing something in LaTeX and are using biblatex, I want to advertise the commands \textcite , \parencite and \footcite . They are able to automate most of this (for example with the APA style, they correctly detect which citation is the first).

• 3 I don't read this as a question about citation style, but rather about how to name/talk about authors independently of the formal reference to the bibliography. I.e., even if your citation style is "Smith et al. 2014", you could write something like "Smith, Chen, and Jones discovered that blah blah blah (Smith et al. 2014)", where only the latter part is the citation of the specific paper as specified by the citation style. –  Anonymous Mathematician Nov 9, 2014 at 21:01
• @AnonymousMathematician Without other guidelines, the citation style is as good as anything else to go by. Besides, the citation is supposed to be able to be used as a subject, as far as I'm aware, so that you could write "(Smith et al., 2014) discovered that blablabla". –  user9646 Nov 10, 2014 at 7:32

For more than two authors, it's generally the norm to say something like "As Andria, et al . (2014) discuss, ..."

• 5 it's not good style to start a sentence with name(s) of author(s) — What is this I don't even –  JeffE Nov 8, 2014 at 20:20

The question is not about citation, as with a works cited page, but whether or not it is appropriate to introduce all authors when first stating the title of the work. ie "In such and such article by author A, B, C, and D...." I believe the question is: Must all authors A-D be noted or is it acceptable with less? In this case I'd say yes it is just fine as is.

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MLA 9 Citation Style: Work in an Anthology or Edited Book

• Textbook With One Author
• Textbook With Two Authors
• Textbook With Three or More Authors
• Textbook as an Anthology or Edited Book
• Textbook Work Within an Anthology or Edited Book
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• Database Previously Published Scholarly Article (Blooms, MasterPlots, Literary Reference Center)
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MLA Citation -- Work in an Anthology or Edited Book

Works Cited Format

Last name of author, First name of author. “Title of the Part of the Book Being Cited.” Title of Anthology .

     Edited by First and Last Names, edition * (if any), Publisher, Date, Page(s).

In-Text Citation Format 

(Editor’s Last Name p. # * )

* Please note, the in-text citation should be just the number itself and should not include the p., as in the example below.

Works Cited Example

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. “The Yellow Wallpaper.” Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing . Edited by Laurie G.

     Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell, Compact 9 th ed. * , Cengage Learning, 2017, pp. 379-391.

In-Text Citation Example 

(Gilman 381)

*Sometimes the edition may include a qualifier, such as shorter edition or portable edition . When citing an anthology itself, you should include the qualifier before the edition number. For example: Compact 9 th ed.

A Word About Punctuation

The punctuation in your citations does matter.  Make sure you pay attention to where the periods and commas are in the examples. 

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• Last Updated: Mar 7, 2024 10:33 AM
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Stuck in a Starter Home

Squeezed by high interest rates and record prices, homeowners are frozen in place. They can’t sell. So first-time buyers can’t buy.

Chris and Alison Wentland’s children share a small bedroom in Chicago. Trading up to a home with one extra room has proved elusive in their neighborhood. Credit... Michelle Litvin for The New York Times

Supported by

By Rukmini Callimachi

To report this story, Rukmini Callimachi spoke with eight economists, as well as homeowners, real estate agents and academics.

• Published June 2, 2024 Updated June 3, 2024

If buying a home is an inexorable part of the American dream, so is the next step: eventually selling that home and using the equity to trade up to something bigger.

But over the past two years, this upward mobility has stalled as buyers and sellers have been pummeled by three colliding forces: the highest borrowing rates in nearly two decades, a crippling shortage of inventory, and a surge in home prices to a median of $434,000, the highest on record , according to Redfin.

People who bought their starter home a few years ago are finding themselves frozen in place by what is known as the “rate-lock effect” — they bought when interest rates were historically low, and trading up would mean a doubling or tripling of their monthly interest payments.

They are locked in, and as a result, families hoping to buy their first homes are locked out.

“Home affordability is the worst I’ve ever seen it,” said Daryl Fairweather, Redfin’s chief economist.

A year ago, Chris and Alison Wentland were eager to sell their townhouse in the coveted Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago, so they hired a real estate agent who sent a photographer to take slick photos of the house, including a 3-D video that panned from room to room.

Starter Homes Rising Faster

Starter homes

20-year change

in home prices

Lower priced

Higher priced

Highest priced

Home price ranges

Starter homes:

Up to 75% of the median price

Lower priced:

75% of and up to the median

Higher priced:

Higher than and up to 125% of the median

Highest priced:

Higher than 125% of the median

20-year change in home prices

Up to 75 percent of the median price

75 percent of and up to the median price

Higher than and up to 125 percent of the median price

Higher than 125 percent of the median

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JSmol Viewer

Extracellular vesicular mirna in pancreatic cancer: from lab to therapy.

Simple Summary

1. introduction, 2. extracellular vesicle (evs), biogenesis of exosomes, 3. application of ev-mirnas in pancreatic cancer, 3.1. role of exosome-mirnas in progression of pdac, 3.2. role of exosome-mirnas in migration, invasion, and metastasis in pdac, 3.3. role of exosome-mirnas in proliferation and angiogenesis of pdac, 3.4. role of exosome-mirnas in immune escape in pdac, 3.5. role of exosome-mirnas in pdac as diagnosis biomarker, 3.6. the role of exosome-mirnas in drug resistance of pdac, 3.7. role of exosome-mirnas in overcome drug resistance, 3.8. role of exosome-mirnas in pdac treatment, 3.9. immune checkpoint blockade therapy in pdac, 4. exosome-based delivery systems of mirna, 5. conclusions, author contributions, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Tiwari, P.K.; Shanmugam, P.; Karn, V.; Gupta, S.; Mishra, R.; Rustagi, S.; Chouhan, M.; Verma, D.; Jha, N.K.; Kumar, S. Extracellular Vesicular miRNA in Pancreatic Cancer: From Lab to Therapy. Cancers 2024 , 16 , 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16122179

Tiwari PK, Shanmugam P, Karn V, Gupta S, Mishra R, Rustagi S, Chouhan M, Verma D, Jha NK, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicular miRNA in Pancreatic Cancer: From Lab to Therapy. Cancers . 2024; 16(12):2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16122179

Tiwari, Prashant Kumar, Poojhaa Shanmugam, Vamika Karn, Saurabh Gupta, Richa Mishra, Sarvesh Rustagi, Mandeep Chouhan, Devvret Verma, Niraj Kumar Jha, and Sanjay Kumar. 2024. "Extracellular Vesicular miRNA in Pancreatic Cancer: From Lab to Therapy" Cancers 16, no. 12: 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16122179

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Chicago Author-Date Style | A Complete Guide to Citing Sources

Published on March 21, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on April 9, 2024.

The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for two styles of source citation: notes and bibliography and author-date. Author-date style is the preferred option in the sciences and social sciences.

In author-date style, an in-text citation consists of the author’s name, the publication year, and (if relevant) a page number. Each citation must correspond to an entry in the reference list at the end of your paper, where you give full details of the source.

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Using author-date in-text citations, creating a reference list, format of reference list entries, variations on the format of chicago author-date citations, frequently asked questions about chicago author-date style.

In Chicago author-date style, you cite sources in parentheses in the text. The citation includes the author’s last name followed by the year of publication, with no punctuation in between:

(Smith 2012)

If you refer to a specific part of the text (particularly when quoting or paraphrasing ), you should also add a page number or page range to direct the reader to the relevant passage. The page number appears after a comma and the first and last page are separated by an en dash .

(Smith 2012, 21–22)

Placement of in-text citations

A citation usually appears at the end of the relevant clause, sentence or quotation, before any concluding punctuation. If multiple citations are needed at the same point, they should appear in the same set of parentheses separated by a semicolon :

Previous researchers have argued that the evidence is insufficient to confirm a correlation (Smith 2012; Johnson 2015) , but new evidence suggests this consensus may be mistaken (McDonald 2018).

If the researcher’s name is already mentioned in the text, the citation should appear straight after it and include only the date. If quoting, add a page number directly after the quote:

Smith (2012) argues that there is reason to believe this method has “great potential” (31) . However, Johnson’s (2015) experiment fails to bear out this assertion.

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The reference list appears at the end of your paper, and provides more detailed information about the sources you cited.

Each entry in the reference list also begins with the author’s last name and the publication date, so that your reader can easily find any source they encounter in the text:

Smith, James. 2012. Example Book . New York: Norton.

Your reference list is usually titled “References” or “Works Cited.” It is alphabetized by author last name. It is single-spaced, unlike the main text , but a blank line is left between entries.

Entries which extend onto more than one line have a “ hanging indent ,” which means the second and any subsequent lines are indented:

Garcia Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera . Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.

Below is an example of what a typical reference list looks like:

The format of the entry varies somewhat according to what type of source you’re citing. Examples for various source types are given below.

Book citation

Book citations include the title in italics, the place of publication and the publisher. If the book gives an edition on the title page, include this. Add the names of any editors and translators, and add a URL, DOI or e-book format if you consulted a digital version.

Book chapter citation

To cite a chapter from an edited collection, include the chapter title in quotation marks , the page range where the chapter appears, and the editor(s) of the book.

Journal article citation

Journal article entries include the volume and issue number, as well as a more specific publication date and a page range showing where the article appears in the journal. If accessed online, add a digital object identifier (DOI) or a URL.

Website citation

For web pages and online articles, put the page or article title in quotation marks, followed by the name of the website. If there is no publication date, replace the year with “n.d.” and give the date on which you accessed the page.

The format of in-text citations and reference list entries can vary to accommodate circumstances like multiple authors, multiple publications by the same author in one year, and missing information.

Citing a source with multiple authors

When there are multiple authors, list their names in the same order as they appear in the source.

When a source has two or three authors, include the names of all the authors in your in-text citation. For sources with four or more authors, use the name of the first author followed by “ et al. ”

In the reference list, up to ten authors are listed. Alphabetize based on the first author’s last name. The other names are not inverted:

Gmuca, Natalia V., Linnea E. Pearson, Jennifer M. Burns, and Heather E. M. Liwanag. 2015. “The Fat and the Furriest: Morphological Changes in Harp Seal Fur with Ontogeny.” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, no. 2 (March/April): 158–66.

In the case of a source with eleven or more authors, list the first seven in the reference list, followed by “ et al. ”

Citing multiple sources with the same author and year

If you cite multiple sources by the same author that were published in the same year, it’s important to use another identifier to distinguish between them in the text.

In cases like this, list the sources in alphabetical order by title in your reference list, and add a letter after the year of each one: a, b, c, et cetera.

List the same letters after the in-text citations—which may appear in the text in a different order:

(Smith 2012b)

(Smith 2012a)

Citing sources with missing information

Sometimes not all the information required for a citation will be available.

If you need to cite a source with no publication date, write “n.d.” (“no date”) in place of the date in your in-text citation and in your reference list:

(Smith n.d.)

Smith, James. n.d. Example Book . New York: Norton.

If you need to cite a source with no author, there are a couple of scenarios. If you’re dealing with a source issued by an organization without a specific author listed (for example, a press release or pamphlet), you can list the organization as the author:

(University of Glasgow 2019)

University of Glasgow. 2019. “Colombian River Guardians Rally Support in Scotland.” October 14, 2019. https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/headline_678538_en.html.

If this doesn’t work for your source, begin your reference list entry with the title instead, alphabetized according to the first word of the title (ignoring articles ):

The Example Book: A Book of Examples . 2012. New York: Norton.

Here the entry would be alphabetized under “E”, not “T”, because the article is ignored for alphabetization.

For an in-text citation, use the title. If the title is longer than four words, use a shortened version of it starting with the first word (excluding articles):

( Example Book 2012)

Note that if a source is explicitly attributed to “Anonymous,” this word should simply be used as a name:

(Anonymous 2011)

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

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Caulfield, J. (2024, April 09). Chicago Author-Date Style | A Complete Guide to Citing Sources. Scribbr. Retrieved June 7, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/author-date/

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