sample research paper on international business

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Culture and International business research: A review and research agenda

International Business Review

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International Journal of Management Reviews

Belén González Díaz

This literature review analyzes leading international business and management journals from 2000 to 2012 in order to explore the role of national culture in international business research. Through the analysis of the 265 selected articles, the study thematically maps the field and identifies research challenges and opportunities. It reflects on avenues for future research related to both thematic and methodological issues, among them: research focused on the impact of the home/host national culture on internationalization processes (as existing literature mainly focuses on cultural distance); the role to be played by new theoretical frameworks; and the need to consider cultural positions and cultural friction rather than traditional cultural distance when analyzing internationalization decisions.

Scientometrics

José G. Vargas-Hernández

This paper is aimed to analyze some of the institutional and cultural implications on internationalization analysis of multinational firms. The analysis begins questioning what the main institutional and cultural variables are considered in the involvement of internationalization of multinational firms. To answer this question, firstly it is reviewed the literature on internationalization of multinational firms based on institutional and cultural frameworks to find the main research tendencies. Secondly, these institutional and cultural variables are analyzed to integrate findings. Considering some findings of the reviewed literature on institutionalism and culture, this paper centers the analysis on the implications of intangible capital, learning and innovation on multinational firms. This paper also explores a more dynamic and multivariable approach to organizational culture to explain the complexities of multicultural distributed teams and contextual factors on performance of multinational firms. While doing so, the paper reviews the involvement of organizational culture in internationalization processes of multinational firms centered on strategic alliances and joint ventures and the creation of a third culture of management and leadership styles. Finally, it is discussed and concluded the need to design a better institutional and cultural balance among the development of a glocal-regional transformation, convergence and governance.

nadira khaeranissa

Sustainability

Edita Leonavičienė

The research goal is to investigate whether several cross-cultural dimensions proposed in the Hofstede cultural model link international companies and their affiliations operating in Scandinavia and Baltic countries. Although cultural aspects have got much more attention in internationalisation studies over the last decade, there is still room for research focusing on such study areas. The authors start with the analysis of the literature review. Presenting the holistic approach affecting internationalisation and a list of factors necessary for internationalisation, later on, the authors present the cultural dimension of Hofstede, and then give various qualitative methods applied for studies on internationalisation. Design/Methodology/Approach: To complete the research, the authors selected the database from Nasdaq (2021), listed MNE companies from six countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The mother company is located in Scandinavia, and the daughter co...

PUTRI AZIZAH

Yingying Zhang

Purpose – This paper aims to unfold the path of how the complexity of culture issues leads to a rising pressure for paradigm changes in the research on culture in international management. In terms of academic debate about culture, the crucial paradigm shift has not yet happened. Research and writing are still dominated by a mechanistic-rational approach which does not quite know to handle cultural phenomena which by nature are mutuable, often transient and invariably context-specific. Rising pressure is observed for paradigm changes through three main trends: integration of West-East dichotomy, coexistence of convergence and divergence; and dynamic vs static perspectives. It is argued that the unresolved debate on the culture construct and its measurement, the epistemological stance by researchers and associated methodological choices in culture studies reinforce these trends pressuring for a paradigm shift. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews the knowledge based on culture studies to establish the contributions of culture studies in international business and the foundation of its knowledge base. The conceptual foundation of culture, its multi-level and multi-dimensionality and critical issues in research epistemology and methodology are analyzed to discuss emerging trends in the process of an imminent paradigm change. Findings – By unfolding the nature of abstract and high-order definition of culture, the focus is on deciphering the complex construct and multi-level and multi-dimensionality in measurement, which, in turn, interact with the epistemology of culture researchers and the choice of methodology used to carry out culture studies. Eventually the interaction of the three studied elements drives the proposed three paradigmatic changes in the evolving business environment. Research limitations/implications – The identified trends in existing culture research keep the importance of culture studies in international business management thriving as we point to their relevance for the envisaged paradigm shift. Practical implications – The three paradoxes discussed challenge researchers who aim to contribute to the knowledge base of culture in international business. In addition, the debate cannot be ignored by international business managers as culture is a key informal institutional driver that influences international business performance. Originality/value – The review of the knowledge base on culture studies in management contributes to a better understanding of the envisaged paradigmatic shift of the discipline. The debate on the complexity of culture studies is extended to three tendencies for potential paradigmatic change, with implications discussed to suggest future research.

Journal of World Business

Emmanuella Plakoyiannaki

Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management

FERNANDO ANTONIO FERNANDO ANTONIO RIBEIRO SERRA

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conduct a study on the articles published in the four top international business (IB) journals to examine how four cultural models and concepts – Hofstede’s (1980), Hall’s (1976), Trompenaars’s (1993) and Project GLOBE’s (House et al., 2004) – have been used in the extant published IB research. National cultures and cultural differences provide a crucial component of the context of IB research. Design/methodology – This is a bibliometric study on the articles published in four IB journals over the period from 1976 to 2010, examining a sample of 517 articles using citations and co-citation matrices. Findings – Examining this sample revealed interesting patterns of the connections across the studies. Hofstede’s (1980) and House et al.’s (2004) research on the cultural dimensions are the most cited and hold ties to a large variety of IB research. These findings point to a number of research avenues to deepen the understanding on how firms may h...

Journal of International Business Studies

Timothy Devinney , Brad Kirkman

Culture has been one of the most enduring components of international business (IB) and international management (IM) theorizing and empirical investigation. This paper provides an introduction to a rethinking of the theoretical and empirical bases of the study of culture.

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International Business Dissertation Topics

Published by Owen Ingram at January 4th, 2023 , Revised On April 16, 2024

Most students find it difficult to select the perfect international business dissertation topic for their dissertation project. In fact, many students end up choosing very narrow and specific topics due to the vastness of the field and the growing issues within the field of international business.

We understand that choosing a suitable international business dissertation topic may not be a straightforward task for many students, so we have compiled a list of the perfect international business issues you can explore and address as part of your research.

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International Business Dissertation Topics For 2024

MNCs’ use of a standardised approach to business strategy
Impact of the coronavirus outbreak on global business operations
Management and globalisation governance appendix
Factors affecting MNCs’ decision about their corporate political approach in emerging economies
effects of corporate globalisation on their foreign business activities
MNCs and the consequences of culture
Effects of the evolving international legal environment on MNCs
MNCs’ methods for entering emerging markets
Challenges to the global banking system’s security brought on by Toyota’s Total Quality Management
Foreign workers’ challenges and opportunities in a global strategy
The value of English as an international business language and the reasons Chinese companies win contracts in Africa
A quantitative study of the Canadian Honey Industry
the US auto industry’s expansion under the Trump Administration
fake honey’s effects on the world’s honey business
Management quality in global markets
Coronavirus and BREXIT’s effects on the world’s aviation sector
Impact of corporate privatisation on worldwide marketplaces
Branding’s function in the global tourism sector
Information technology management for global businesses
Effects of efficient human resource management in global businesses
Impact of efficient channels for corporate communication in global companies
Acceptableness of government engagement in creating CSR restrictions
Result of senior management interference in a company’s plans
When accidents are every day, can the economic model for developing driverless cars still be viable?
How social media branding gives companies a competitive edge in the age of globalisation
Value ramifications of multinationals’ cross-border expansion trends in emerging markets
How do public disclosure policies affect corporate operations management in a more globalised society?
The elements affecting the success of building firms in the United Arab Emirates
Important aspects for Carrefour to succeed in the current global market
financial options for developing small and medium-sized businesses
The impact of legislation on the marketing and production of tobacco.
Is the government gaining revenue from the war?
Companies that are successful both nationally and internationally.
It is acquiring knowledge of the global IT market and sector.
The impact of artificial intelligence on the workforce.

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Study global economic trends.
Analyze cross-border challenges.
Explore trade and market dynamics.
Research cultural influences.
Examine multinational strategies.
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International Business Dissertation Topics (28 Examples) For Research

Mark May 31, 2020 Jun 5, 2020 Business , International Business No Comments

With time, the business world has evolved, and globalisation has contributed to bringing revolutionary changes in the field of business. With the increasing internationalisation, the scope and area for research in the field of international business have increased. We have listed down some very interesting and unique international business dissertation topics to help you in […]

We have listed down some very interesting and unique international business dissertation topics to help you in choosing a workable topic. The following list of research topics on international business are developed to help students in finding the best topic for their research project.

You can also check our other business related topics posts to have further options.

Business Management Research Topics
Research Topics on Business
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List of International business dissertation topics

An analysis of global migrants studying the implications for international business and management.

An overview of the recent trends and future challenges in international business, cities, and competitiveness.

Exploring the international business in the information and digital age.

A systematic review of the issues of international entrepreneurship.

Exploring the competitive advantage strategies based on network analysis.

Studying the internationalisation of African firms based on opportunities, challenges and risks.

An investigation of the changing retail trends: emerging opportunities and challenges in Asian countries.

A review of protectionism, state discrimination, and international studies onset of the global financial crisis.

Examining the evolution of entrepreneurial finance in the last 10 years.

A study of the emergence of impacts of mobile commerce – an exploratory study.

Evaluation of the emergence and evolution of blue ocean strategy through the lens of management fashion theory.

Studying the impact of organisational performance on the emergence of Asian American leaders.

The importance of designing a closed-loop supply chain for improving the sustainability of global business practices.

A literature review of strategies for winning and competing in the global market.

Exploring the concepts of populism and the economics of globalisation.

An analysis of how effective leadership can contribute to facilitating change in the international business context.

Studying the influence of cross-cultural differences on international marketing.

Analysing the implications of domestic reforms and international relations on international businesses.

A review of the effects of globalisation on Asian international retailing taking the case of IKEA.

An analysis of technology trends and their impact on the internationalisation of businesses.

A study of emerging trends in global business and its implications for economies.

Identifying the five major trends that are dramatically changing work and the workplace in this era.

The emergence of corporate social responsibilities and its importance for international businesses.

An analysis of the trade challenges at the world trade organisations .

Analysing the strategic challenges of outsourcing innovation in the global market.

Studying the evolving global strategic trends.

Exploring the policy challenges from closer international trade and financial integration.

Why do businesses internationalise? – a review of factor influencing the decisions to internationalise.

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Post-Neoliberal Globalization: International Trade Rules for Global Prosperity

This paper analyzes frameworks for the design of the rules for international trading, assuming that it is possible to have some rule of law. In the Arrow-Debreu benchmark, where there is no economic power and political power is seemingly irrelevant, there is no need for trade agreements – free trade is the optimal policy for each country. But under even minimal deviations from that benchmark, trade agreements matter. We focus on environments in which there are market failures, technology is endogenous, and there is political power. Power dynamics play, for instance, a critical role in the design, implementation, and enforcement of agreements, with the latter being a critical difference between international agreements and domestic contracts and a key determinant of the feasibility and consequences of agreements. With endogenous technology, trade rules proscribing industrial policies may lead to lower growth and greater cross-country inequalities. Finally, we develop a framework which may be useful in the design and implementation of trade rules.

The authors would like to acknowledge the very thoughtful and constructive comments from David Vines, Simon Cowan, Giovanni Dosi, participants of seminars of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil), and The Foundations of Complex Evolving Economies Conference at Sant’ Anna School of Advanced Studies (Pisa, Italy), the excellent editorial work of Meaghan Winter, and the financial support of the Sloan and Hewlett Foundations. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Martin Guzman & Joseph E Stiglitz, 2024. " Post-neoliberal globalization: international trade rules for global prosperity, " Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol 40(2), pages 282-306.

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sample research paper on international business

60 Exceptional International Business Topics To Score High

International business is today one of the most eyed professions in the world. As businesses continue to invest globally, it becomes necessary to explore markets in other parts of the world. But i t is not easy to write a research paper for a high grade. With that in mind, we explore global business topics to help you complete your business paper in no time.

What Is International Business?

It is an academic field that gives students an understanding of globalization in the different business management practices found worldwide. International business also prepares the students for graduate careers working abroad or in organizations engaged in business on a global scale.

How To Write International Business Topics

To outsmart your peers in such a paper, following the guidelines below in choosing a top-notch topic:

Have a topic that you have an interest in Avoiding picking narrow or broad-based topics Choose one that is based on the current affairs in the world of business Explore annual reports, periodicals, and news articles for unique topic ideas Ensure that the topic has sufficient sources

The structure of your topic will also determine whether it is viable or not. Reading previous international business topics will also give you an idea of coming up with a top-rated topic. However, we have 60 impressive ideas to jumpstart your international business paper.

Captivating International Business Topics

Why do most international companies prefer candidates with a Master’s degree?
The role of digitization in enhancing international businesses
How the coronavirus has made the international business a risky venture
Considerations when choosing to invest in developing countries
How e-commerce has made international business more accessible and manageable
Market segmentation as a factor in international business ventures

International Business Research Paper Topics For College Students

The impact of off-shore business accounts in combating corruption
How terrorism affects international businesses
The role of modern technologies in enhancing international businesses
What is the implication of the stock market exchange in international business?
How to strategically manage global business ventures in the technological age
How does cultural imperialism affect the effectiveness of the business in the international arena?

International Business Research Topics For High School Students

Discuss the impact of political upheavals in international business
Discuss the ethical dilemmas in conducting businesses globally
Why is Coca-Cola making inroads in the international world of business?
Evaluate the best HR management strategies for global businesses
Legislations and policies among countries that inhibit the performance of global companies
Does the presence of international companies on social media have an impact on their market?

Business Topics For Research Paper in Digital Marketing

The role of digital marketing in flourishing international businesses
Designing business strategies for international digital marketing
The impact of search engine optimization in increasing the online presence of international businesses
What is the effectiveness of email marketing for international businesses
The rise of site, video, and game advertising in international business marketing techniques.
The aggressiveness of paid reviews or articles and hiring influencers in digital advertising

Current Topics in International Business

How are mergers and acquisitions transforming international businesses?
Supply chain management and logistics in international companies – a case study of the risks involved
Training and development strategies in developing economies
Risks associated with global banking systems
How are regional trade blocks instrumental in international businesses?
How the World Bank and IMF are essential in facilitating international business ventures

International Business Research Papers For Master’s Students

How organizational culture is essential in innovation management
Impacts of employee turnover and measures of addressing them
How intercultural differences affect consumption patterns
How emerging small and medium business enterprises can get funding
Analysis of the Coca-Cola marketing strategy
The running of international non-governmental organizations: A case study of Red Cross

International Business Topics For Projects

Marketing strategies that have made KFC a global brand
The role of corporate leadership in international companies
How governments impact international trade
Impact of pandemics on international businesses
Effects of corruption on global business ventures
The success of Amazon as a global internet company

Hot Global Business Topics

Penetration of Chinese investors in Africa
An overview of the horticulture Industry
The rise of mask production companies
Impacts of crypto-currencies on international businesses
Who assesses the quality of products in the international markets?
The effect of BREXIT on global markets

International Business Research Topics List

Impact of war on global businesses
Economic consequences of Trump’s administration
How does artificial intelligence take part in the global market
A case analysis of companies that have succeeded and failed in the global arena
How labeling the country of origin on products affects its sales
Impacts of legislation on tobacco and marijuana globally

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International Business, Globalization and multinational corporations

Before speaking about the AT&T Corporation and the peculiarities of its global business it is necessary to take a closer look at the process of globalization. Globalization is a general meaning of the complex of relations between people, businesses, institutions and markets that appears in widening of production lines, technologies and financial instruments, in inevitable growth and strengthening of influence of international institutions, in global activity of international corporations, in considerably widening of size of the communicational and informational resources via Internet. Also the term globalization can be implied as the stable transformation of world space into one unified zone, where capital, goods and services can move without any obstruction. Hence, globalization implies formation of international political, scientific, economical and cultural space, so-called âglobal economyâ.

Generally speaking there is nothing unusual about globalization. This term appeared in common usage since the 1980s to show technological progress that has made international transactions easier and faster, both in the field of trade and finance. It has opened national borders of many different countries that were closed for centuries; it has made it easier and more efficient to communicate between cities, countries and continents. With the help of globalization markets became more effective, because globalization also promotes free competition which makes the producers of goods and services provide consumers with better quality of their products in order to attract them. Competition is also one of the moving forces of technological progress. Creating united economical space globalization helps people to get a wider choice of import and export markets to use. There are three resources of globalization. The first resource is technological progress that led to rapid reduction of transport and communication expenses and considerable reduction of expenses of processing, storage and usage of information. Informational services are directly connected with the progress in electronics and invention of electronic mail (email). The second resource of globalization is liberalization of trade that caused the limitation of policy of protectionism and made global trade freer. As the result of it a lot of taxes and rates have been reduced, and a lot of trade barriers have been eliminated at the markets of goods and services. Other means of liberalization led to faster flow of capital and other factors of production. The third resource of the process of globalization is the creation of international companies and corporations in which the level of production, consumption, export, import and income of a country depends on the decision of international centers situated beyond the certain countryâs borders.

There are many different opinions on the matter of globalization. Some people view it as a favorable process that will lead to high economical development of all countries. Other people treat it with animosity and fright. They think that globalization will increase inequality between countries making some countries extremely poor and some extremely rich. The process of globalization gives us wide range of opportunities for the development of the world in a whole, but the process of development is uneven in different countries. Some countries join the global economy and integrate more quickly than other ones do. Countries that have been able to integrate into global economy display faster economical growth with decreased level of poverty, while the others are still trying to struggle against the burning problems: poverty, low standard of living, corruption, environmental pollution and others.

As it has been mentioned above, the process of globalization is always followed by the creation of powerful multinational corporations, which tend to have headquarters in such developed countries as the USA, Canada, Germany and others, and place subsidiaries all over the world. Nowadays the creation of large corporations has caused the debates, which âoften expressed in terms of concerns about the undermining of national sovereignty and the alleged excessive power of multinational corporationsâ [4]. Multinational corporations are core constituents of economic integration and international production. A company becomes a multinational corporation, when it starts to invest in âvalue-adding activities outside its domestic market or starts to exercise control over such activities outside its domestic marketâ [4]. The United Nations Organization gave the following definition of international corporations – âenterprises which own or control production or service facilities outside the country in which they are basedâ (The United Nations Organization).

Speaking about the USA, there are a lot of multinational corporations in the United States, however, this study will focus only on one of the â AT&T. American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) is the largest corporation in the USA working in the sphere of telecommunications. AT&T is considered to be a worldwide leader in information technology. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was established as a âsubsidiary of then-parent American Bell Telephone Company, with a charter to build and operate the original long distance networkâ [3]. The main areas of business in which AT&T operates include âlong-distance telephone service; integrated communications and computer solutions; telephone network switching and transmission equipment; and customer premises equipmentâ [2]. In 1925 the AT&Tâs President Walter Gifford announced the major goal of the company to create a universal telephone service in the USA, however, by that time the company had already established a worldwide manufacturing subsidiary called International Western Electric Company, which operated in London, Merlin, Vienna, Paris, Milan, Tokyo and other biggest cities of the world. Though AT&T has been already operating on the market more for more than a century it still remains the leader in the USA, possessing more than 30 million customers.

As for the international business of AT&T it is necessary to mention that the AT&T Corporation went globally more than 20 years ago by forming several joint ventures with German, Italian, French, Japanese and other companies. The usual way in which AT&T entered international business was partnership in a form of joint venture. There are several reasons why different companies decided to form a partnership. The first and most obvious reason is the opportunity to share possible risks and high costs between companies rather than handling everything alone. All forms of partnership âenable companies to leverage the assets, skills and experiences of their partners for the purpose of enhancing competitive advantageâ [4]. Because AT&T formed several joint ventures it is necessary to discuss what a joint venture is and what benefits it brings to the companies in the international business. âA joint venture is a long-term alliance in which each member has an equity stake and exercises control and influence over decision-makingâ [4]. When two or more companies form a joint venture they establish a united corporate entity by combining the assets of all partners. Usually joint ventures are created in order to achieve certain goals, thus, the structure and membership of the joint venture depends on the objectives set. The members of this kind of partnership may be equal or one partner may have the majority of shares. Generally speaking, joint ventures are established in order to give the partners an opportunity to achieve the goals which they are not able to achieve singly. Among the most attractive advantages of the joint venture is the opportunity of âmore rapid and successful entry into a new location than trying to enter it aloneâ [4]. Sometimes a foreign company is forbidden to apply foreign direct investment (FDI), and for this reason it chooses the formation of the joint venture, which also benefits a local firm forming a joint venture by gaining of new progressive technologies or management skills from a foreign partner. Other benefits of joint venture include the development of innovative technologies and the economic growth of all partners. However, in order to reach success, the partners should develop a long-term strategic plan, which would meet the objectives of all partners. To do this the members of the partnership âmust be clear about the type and quantity of resources each brings to the project; the organization and breakdown of responsibilities and the distribution of benefitsâ [4]. While forming a joint venture or any other international partnership it is necessary to take care of cultural differences, which may occur, because employees possess different corporate culture in different countries. Very often differences in cultures prevent companies from forming a successful partnership. It is very important to develop a correct strategy of management the cultural diversity inside the partnership as well as outside while entering a foreign market. Besides language barriers that may cause difficulties in, for example, advertising. It is also important to pay attention to cultural peculiarities, meaning that certain pictures or music used in advertising may be very effective in one country, but a total failure in the other one. Human resource management inside the partnership is one of keys leading to the success. While forming a joint venture, it is necessary to decide which operations will be managed by the host company and which operations will be managed by the home one. It is also necessary to consider the relationship of managers and workers of both home and host companies. Religion as a constituent of culture also should be considered while entering a foreign market. So, in order to reach success and form a productive joint venture it is necessary: 1) to observe the main principles of the Declaration of Human Rights, a violation of which will definitely lead to a failure; 2) to observe the international labour laws (to avoid child labour and force labour; 3) to pay attention to the protection of natural environment; and 4) according to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Law, US companies are forbidden to pay any additional money to the foreign companies, though it might be acceptable abroad.

In 1983 AT&T formed a joint venture with German company N.V. Philips. This joint venture was equally owned and placed in Netherlands in order to produce and sell the equipment for the telephone network. The joint venture was called APT. However, it appeared to be not very successful. Thatâs why AT&T bought the major share and reorganized it into AT&T Network Systems International. The following partnership was formed by AT&T and Italian company Italyâs Ing C. In 1987 AT&T entered Spanish market by forming a joint venture with Telefonica. Eighty percent of shares were owned by AT&T and only twenty percent by Telefonica, which was Spainâs national telephone company at that time. Later the American Telephone and Telegraph Company entered Pacific markets by establishing joint ventures. âIt formed two separate operations in Korea with Lucky-Goldstar to manufacture fibre-optic cable and switching equipment and market AT&T transmission equipment and microcircuitsâ [2]. Further AT&Tâs emergence to the Pacific market was marked by the formation of joint ventures in Taiwan and Japan. A great success was reached by the company in 1989, when âItaly chose AT&T as partner for the state-owned manufacturer Italtel as part of that nationâs estimated $30 billion dollar planned upgrade of its telephone networkâ [2].

There are also other ways to enter foreign markets, such acquisitions, mergers and foreign direct investment. Entrepreneursâ motivations for engaging into foreign direct investment (FDI) include âresource seeking; market seeking; efficiency seeking; and strategic asset seekingâ [4]. About 20 percent of world FDI inflows were directed to the developing countries, while the outflows were less than 10 percent. Speaking about the advantages of FDI, it is necessary to mention that one of the most obvious advantages of it is the stimulation of national economies of the countries to which the FDI is directed. At the national level FDI stimulates export activities and contributes to the reimbursement of national debts. Among other types of investment FDI appears to be less affected by the fluctuation of exchange rates. FDI has a positive impact on the development of new businesses as it promotes product diversification. While FDI stimulates the expansion of business, it also affects the rate of employment, which usually increases due to the growth of wages. FDI sometimes helps to replace declining market sectors. Foreign direct investment may also influence cultural and social life of people if it is done by means of non-traditional goods. For example, âif financial resources are diverted away from food and subsistence production towards more sophisticated products and encouraging a culture of consumerism can also have negative environmental impactsâ [1]. Investment directed from the home country to the host one promotes research and development, implementation of innovation and new progressive technologies there. Though FDI seems to be an effective method of improvement of economic situation for any country, it still concentrated in certain regions of the world, mainly in the developed countries. âThe vast proportions of FDI flows go to other developed countries, especially the âTriadâ of USA, UK, Japan, but also countries such as Germany, France, Canada, and Netherlandsâ[1].

The process of globalization is closely bound up with the integration of financial markets. In contrast to other markets (labour market or commodities market) financial market is the most integrated nowadays. The integration of financial markets will consequently lead to further development of the global economy; it will increase the interrelations of all countries and stimulate economic growth. As all countries possess different currencies, there is a question of creation of a single currency to operate worldwide. In 1970 due to several reforms implemented in the USA American banks received an opportunity to operate abroad, while certain foreign banks could enter the US banking market. Further reforms allowed banks to render a greater variety of services worldwide. In Europe a special banking system was created giving an opportunity for all banks to operate inside the European Union without any obstacles. All these changes and reforms shaped international capital movements greatly, creating a world financial system, which allows transferring capital around the world just for seconds. Though, there are certain barriers preventing from immediate financial transactions, it is obvious that very soon such financial system will be created. The integration of financial markets has lead to the âweakening of the link between currencies and their traditional locations – the nation state – and the multiplication of the forms of moneyâ [4]. This is especially noticeable with the US dollar, which has become a popular currency used in many countries in Latin America and other regions. It is interesting to note that âthere are currently as many dollars in circulation outside as inside the United Statesâ [4]. The creation of such European currency as Euro also evidences that national currencies are not important any more, and circulation of one single currency is more comfortable than having marks, francs and etc. However, different currencies still exist, and thatâs why it is important to âenable states to value and exchange currenciesâ [4]. The last paragraph of the current study will be dedicated to the pros and cons of the process of globalization, which has large impact on not only world economy or business, but also on cultural and social life of people. At first it is necessary to speak about the advantages:

International trade has increased greatly between countries due to the liberalization of world market. Some of the trade barriers were reduced which resulted into world growth in goods and services. This process has increased profit and has raised the standard of living in many countries.
A lot of international corporations have been created and made it easier to operate the market across the borders.
Internet and Mass Media gave the world an opportunity to communicate without any time limits and at low costs.
Globalization made the process of exchanging goods and services faster; now it is possible to sell and buy goods from home by using computer and the Internet.
It also helped democracy to be spread all over the world.
Nations became more interdependent with each other.
Cultural barriers were put down, which helped different countries to find common language.
Globalization created healthy atmosphere for developing of free competition which increased the quality of goods and helped to keep prices at the same level to protect from the inflation.
More attention is now paid to the protection of the natural environment from being polluted.
Globalization helps to provide peace between developed countries.

However, as any other process globalization has its disadvantages:

Globalization caused non-equal development of countries, because some of them could integrate faster than others.
The level of unemployment has increased in developing countries, because people that donât have proper education cannot find a job.
Mass Media plays a great role in life of everyone, while culture has been put aside.
Globalization opened cultural barriers and is now making all cultures mixed up together into one unified culture, which ruins the historical and cultural heritage of different countries.
Due to the ability of easy traveling nowadays some diseases can as easily travel the world as people.
While globalization promotes peace among developed countries it may also cause war among developing countries.
Millions of people have lost their jobs due to the cheaper import provided from abroad. The result is the increasing level of unemployment in developing countries.
As some of the international organizations were created it caused the interference in national and individual sovereignty.

Having spoken about interrelation of international business and the process of globalization it is necessary to make a conclusion. Though the term âglobalizationâ appeared not so long ago â in 1980s, the impact of this process is rather large. Globalization has touched all spheres of modern life. But the sphere of life that is the most influenced by the globalization is international business, which is nowadays characterized with the rapid integration of financial, labor and commodities markets. Creation of large multinational corporations is also a distinguishing feature of modern international business. Though certain companies were established in one country (like AT&T, which was established in the USA and first operated there), later they decided to go globally, and thus, enter foreign markets by creating partnerships or mergers. Such company as AT&T, which started to operate in the end of 19th century, remains a world leader in providing people with long distance calls and other communication services.

Bibliography

1. Gardiner, Rosalie âForeign Direct Investment: A Lead Driver for Sustainable Development?â www.unedforum.org/policy/economic/fdi.pdf 2. Hochheiser, Sheldon. âThe American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)â. AT&T Archives. 1989 3. History of AT&T http://www.thocp.net/companies/att/att_company.htm 4. Johnson, Debra; Turner, Colin. âInternational Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economyâ. Routledge, 2003 5. Sassen, Saskia. âGlobalization and Its Discontentsâ New York, New Press, 1998

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Published: 11 June 2024

The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) and international astronaut biobank

Eliah G. Overbey ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2866-8294 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
JangKeun Kim ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-9925 1 , 2 ,
Braden T. Tierney ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7533-8802 1 , 2 ,
Jiwoon Park ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0045-1429 1 , 2 ,
Nadia Houerbi 1 , 2 ,
Alexander G. Lucaci 1 , 2 ,
Sebastian Garcia Medina 1 , 2 ,
Namita Damle 1 ,
Deena Najjar ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0009-7950-2866 5 ,
Kirill Grigorev 1 , 2 ,
Evan E. Afshin 1 , 2 ,
Krista A. Ryon 1 ,
Karolina Sienkiewicz 2 , 6 ,
Laura Patras 7 , 8 ,
Remi Klotz ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2100-0635 9 ,
Veronica Ortiz 9 ,
Matthew MacKay 6 ,
Annalise Schweickart ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-3741 2 , 6 ,
Christopher R. Chin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2140-3197 1 ,
Maria A. Sierra 6 ,
Matias F. Valenzuela 10 ,
Ezequiel Dantas ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-4632 11 , 12 ,
Theodore M. Nelson ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-0444 13 ,
Egle Cekanaviciute ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-1806 14 ,
Gabriel Deards 6 ,
Jonathan Foox 1 , 2 ,
S. Anand Narayanan 15 ,
Caleb M. Schmidt 16 , 17 , 18 ,
Michael A. Schmidt 16 , 17 ,
Julian C. Schmidt 16 , 17 ,
Sean Mullane 19 ,
Seth Stravers Tigchelaar 19 ,
Steven Levitte 19 , 20 ,
Craig Westover 1 ,
Chandrima Bhattacharya 6 ,
Serena Lucotti 7 ,
Jeremy Wain Hirschberg 1 ,
Jacqueline Proszynski 1 ,
Marissa Burke ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-3358 1 ,
Ashley Kleinman 1 ,
Daniel J. Butler 1 ,
Conor Loy 21 ,
Omary Mzava 21 ,
Joan Lenz 21 ,
Doru Paul 22 ,
Christopher Mozsary 1 ,
Lauren M. Sanders 14 ,
Lynn E. Taylor 23 ,
Chintan O. Patel 24 ,
Sharib A. Khan 24 ,
Mir Suhail 24 ,
Syed G. Byhaqui 24 ,
Burhan Aslam 24 ,
Aaron S. Gajadhar 25 ,
Lucy Williamson 25 ,
Purvi Tandel 25 ,
Qiu Yang 25 ,
Jessica Chu 25 ,
Ryan W. Benz 25 ,
Asim Siddiqui 25 ,
Daniel Hornburg ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6618-7774 25 ,
Kelly Blease 26 ,
Juan Moreno 26 ,
Andrew Boddicker ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-8283 26 ,
Junhua Zhao ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0006-7672-1084 26 ,
Bryan Lajoie 26 ,
Ryan T. Scott ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0654-5661 27 ,
Rachel R. Gilbert 27 ,
San-huei Lai Polo 27 ,
Andrew Altomare 26 ,
Semyon Kruglyak 26 ,
Shawn Levy 26 ,
Ishara Ariyapala 28 ,
Joanne Beer ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-8467 28 ,
Bingqing Zhang 28 ,
Briana M. Hudson 29 ,
Aric Rininger 29 ,
Sarah E. Church ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7194-4282 29 ,
Afshin Beheshti ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-531X 30 , 31 ,
George M. Church ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6232-9969 32 ,
Scott M. Smith ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9313-7900 33 ,
Brian E. Crucian 33 ,
Sara R. Zwart ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-0180 34 ,
Irina Matei ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5712-8430 7 , 12 ,
David C. Lyden ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-4131 7 , 12 ,
Francine Garrett-Bakelman 35 , 36 ,
Jan Krumsiek ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-3791 1 , 2 , 6 ,
Qiuying Chen 37 ,
Dawson Miller 37 ,
Joe Shuga 38 ,
Stephen Williams 38 ,
Corey Nemec ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-1753 38 ,
Guy Trudel ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-4294 39 , 40 , 41 ,
Martin Pelchat 42 ,
Odette Laneuville ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-3892 43 ,
Iwijn De Vlaminck ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6085-7311 21 ,
Steven Gross 37 ,
Kelly L. Bolton 44 ,
Susan M. Bailey ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-9364 23 , 45 ,
Richard Granstein 46 ,
David Furman ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-9519 10 , 47 , 48 , 49 ,
Ari M. Melnick ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-2287 12 , 22 ,
Sylvain V. Costes ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-2389 14 ,
Bader Shirah ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6493-2155 50 ,
Anil S. Menon ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-3553 34 ,
Jaime Mateus 19 ,
Cem Meydan ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-6216 1 , 2 , 22 &
Christopher E. Mason ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-1642 1 , 2 , 3 , 51 , 52

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Medical research
Molecular biology

Spaceflight induces molecular, cellular, and physiological shifts in astronauts and poses myriad biomedical challenges to the human body, which are becoming increasingly relevant as more humans venture into space 1-6 . Yet, current frameworks for aerospace medicine are nascent and lag far behind advancements in precision medicine on Earth, underscoring the need for rapid development of space medicine databases, tools, and protocols. Here, we present the Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA), an integrated data and sample repository for clinical, cellular, and multi-omic research profiles from a diverse range of missions, including the NASA Twins Study 7 , JAXA CFE study 8,9 , SpaceX Inspiration4 crew 10-12 , plus Axiom and Polaris. The SOMA resource represents a >10-fold increase in publicly available human space omics data, with matched samples available from the Cornell Aerospace Medicine Biobank. The Atlas includes extensive molecular and physiological profiles encompassing genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome data sets, which reveal some consistent features across missions, including cytokine shifts, telomere elongation, and gene expression changes, as well as mission-specific molecular responses and links to orthologous, tissue-specific murine data sets. Leveraging the datasets, tools, and resources in SOMA can help accelerate precision aerospace medicine, bringing needed health monitoring, risk mitigation, and countermeasures data for upcoming lunar, Mars, and exploration-class missions.

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A Second Space Age Spanning Omics, Platforms, and Medicine Across Orbits

Single-cell multi-ome and immune profiles of the Inspiration4 crew reveal conserved, cell-type, and sex-specific responses to spaceflight

Collection of biospecimens from the inspiration4 mission establishes the standards for the space omics and medical atlas (SOMA)

Author information, authors and affiliations.

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Braden T. Tierney, Jiwoon Park, Nadia Houerbi, Alexander G. Lucaci, Sebastian Garcia Medina, Namita Damle, Kirill Grigorev, Evan E. Afshin, Krista A. Ryon, Christopher R. Chin, Jonathan Foox, Craig Westover, Jeremy Wain Hirschberg, Jacqueline Proszynski, Marissa Burke, Ashley Kleinman, Daniel J. Butler, Christopher Mozsary, Jan Krumsiek, Cem Meydan & Christopher E. Mason

The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey, JangKeun Kim, Braden T. Tierney, Jiwoon Park, Nadia Houerbi, Alexander G. Lucaci, Sebastian Garcia Medina, Kirill Grigorev, Evan E. Afshin, Karolina Sienkiewicz, Annalise Schweickart, Jonathan Foox, Jan Krumsiek, Cem Meydan & Christopher E. Mason

BioAstra, Inc, New York, NY, USA

Eliah G. Overbey & Christopher E. Mason

Center for STEM, University of Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Eliah G. Overbey

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

Deena Najjar

Tri-Institutional Biology and Medicine program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Karolina Sienkiewicz, Matthew MacKay, Annalise Schweickart, Maria A. Sierra, Gabriel Deards, Chandrima Bhattacharya & Jan Krumsiek

Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Laura Patras, Serena Lucotti, Irina Matei & David C. Lyden

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Laura Patras

Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Remi Klotz, Veronica Ortiz & Min Yu

Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA

Matias F. Valenzuela & David Furman

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Ezequiel Dantas

Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Ezequiel Dantas, Irina Matei, David C. Lyden & Ari M. Melnick

Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Theodore M. Nelson

Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Egle Cekanaviciute, Lauren M. Sanders & Sylvain V. Costes

Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

S. Anand Narayanan

Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Caleb M. Schmidt, Michael A. Schmidt & Julian C. Schmidt

Advanced Pattern Analysis and Human Performance Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Caleb M. Schmidt

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), Hawthorne, CA, USA

Sean Mullane, Seth Stravers Tigchelaar, Steven Levitte & Jaime Mateus

Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Steven Levitte

Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

Conor Loy, Omary Mzava, Joan Lenz & Iwijn De Vlaminck

Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Doru Paul, Ari M. Melnick & Cem Meydan

Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Lynn E. Taylor & Susan M. Bailey

TrialX Inc., New York, NY, USA

Chintan O. Patel, Sharib A. Khan, Mir Suhail, Syed G. Byhaqui & Burhan Aslam

Seer, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA

Aaron S. Gajadhar, Lucy Williamson, Purvi Tandel, Qiu Yang, Jessica Chu, Ryan W. Benz, Asim Siddiqui & Daniel Hornburg

Element Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA

Kelly Blease, Juan Moreno, Andrew Boddicker, Junhua Zhao, Bryan Lajoie, Andrew Altomare, Semyon Kruglyak & Shawn Levy

KBR; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Ryan T. Scott, Rachel R. Gilbert & San-huei Lai Polo

Alamar Biosciences, Inc, 47071 Bayside Parkway, Fremont, CA, USA

Ishara Ariyapala, Joanne Beer & Bingqing Zhang

NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA

Briana M. Hudson, Aric Rininger & Sarah E. Church

Blue Marble Space Institute of Science; Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

Afshin Beheshti

Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Medical School and the Wyss Institute, Boston, MA, USA

George M. Church

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Human Health and Performance Directorate, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Houston, TX, USA

Scott M. Smith & Brian E. Crucian

University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Sara R. Zwart & Anil S. Menon

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Francine Garrett-Bakelman

Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Qiuying Chen, Dawson Miller & Steven Gross

10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA

Joe Shuga, Stephen Williams & Corey Nemec

Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Department of Medicine, Division of Physiatry, The Ottawa Hospital, Room 2505G, 505 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 1321, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Roger Guindon Hall, Room 4111A, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Martin Pelchat

Department of Biology, Gendron Hall Room 3-372, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Odette Laneuville

Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA

Kelly L. Bolton

Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Susan M. Bailey

Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Richard Granstein

Cosmica Biosciences Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA

David Furman

Stanford 1000 Immunomes Project, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Institute for Research in Translational Medicine, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Bader Shirah

The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA

Christopher E. Mason

WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Eliah G. Overbey , Cem Meydan or Christopher E. Mason .

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-3, Supplementary Tables 4 and 9, Supplementary Note 1 and additional references.

Reporting Summary

Supplementary table 1.

Sample Information. Comprehensive list of samples collected from each crew member, at each timepoint, for each assay. Tab 1 is an overview of which samples are present at each timepoint. Tab 2 is an itemized list of each sample, including the number of sequenced DNA/RNA molecules for sequencing assays.

Supplementary Table 2

OSDR Studies. Comprehensive list of prior studies in OSDR for previous assays on human, metagenomic, and metatranscriptomic samples.

Supplementary Table 3

Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry Stats Tables. Sequencing and mass spectrometry statistics for multiome, TCR, BCR, cfRNA, dRNA, and proteomics assays.

Supplementary Table 5

cfRNA Calculations. Tissue of origin analysis from cfRNA sequencing. Tab 1 contains fractions of cell type specific RNA enrichment. Tab 2 contains comparisons between timepoints.

Supplementary Table 6

Recovery Profile Pathways. Overrepresented KEGG pathways during recovery from spaceflight in PBMCs. Tabs are split for CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD14+ monocyte and CD16+ monocytes.

Supplementary Table 7

Metagenome and Metatranscriptome CVs. Species-level CV calculations across crew members for metagenomic and metatranscriptomic samples from oral, nasal, and skin swab samples.

Supplementary Table 8

Human Omics CVs. Gene/analyte-level CV calculations across crew members for NULISAseq, EVP proteomic, plasma proteomic, metabolomic, dRNA-seq and short read RNA-seq assays. GSEA pathway enrichment is calculated for pre-flight, post-flight (R+1), and recovery time intervals.

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Overbey, E.G., Kim, J., Tierney, B.T. et al. The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) and international astronaut biobank. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y

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Qualitative research for international business

Perspective
Published: 15 June 2011
Volume 42 , pages 582–590, ( 2011 )

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Yves Doz 1

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Qualitative research in international business has been rare, the main research streams of the field relying more on quantitative methods. This paper first outlines why qualitative research has been scant. It then presents areas, such as theory building, where qualitative research could make a substantial contribution. Third, it reviews approaches to high standards of qualitative research and criteria for evaluating qualitative research. Finally, some possible research areas where qualitative research might prove fruitful are suggested.

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Putting qualitative international business research in context(s)

A Reviewer’s Perspective: Which Mistakes Do Authors Often Make in Qualitative International Business Research?

Something borrowed, something new: Challenges in using qualitative methods to study under-researched international business phenomena

A parallel may be drawn here with the transitory role of the “International Division” in US multinational companies: when the attention of the business divisions was primarily home-centric (US-centric) international divisions provided a countervailing power, bringing management attention to international markets. Once a company internationalized, international divisions were disbanded, business divisions became “global”, but attention often remained or reverted to being home-centric.

Of course, the boundaries between qualitative and quantitative research can at times be fuzzy, for instance around text analysis or in quantitative analysis of case data, such as in the chronology of events.

Christopher Bartlett is one of the very few researchers in IB to have explicitly combined the development of research cases and teaching cases in a joint effort. For instance, cumulatively, the whole stream of cases on Procter and Gamble he wrote over a number of years constitutes a set of very insightful snapshots of the internationalization process of a major multinational (P&G, Vizir, Ariel Ultra, SKII). Together with Sumantra Ghoshal, who was the theory builder where Bartlett was the empiricist, they contributed significantly to our understanding of multinational companies.

The risk of communicating evidence via teaching cases is obvious: under the appearance of a story a teaching case usually contains a strong theoretical or conceptual hidden structure it is designed to surface, illustrate and communicate in a pedagogical process.

One cannot help but recall a revealing anecdote. American researchers studying the aircraft industry had a long day of hard research interviews in a windowless meeting room at Boeing, surviving on coffee and snacks. The same research team, upon flying to Toulouse, France, to meet Airbus management, was taken directly to a three star restaurant around noon and treated to a lavish lunch. Finally, around four in the afternoon, one of the researchers asked the seniormost Airbus executive about going to his office and having the interview, to which the befuddled executives retorted “Oh, we had quite a long interview over lunch, didn't we? Let me take you back to the airport”. At that point the researchers deeply regretted having exchanged opening their note pads for several glasses of wine! Their memory was blurry.

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Accepted by Rosalie Tung, Area Editor, 24 February 2011. This paper was single-blind reviewed. It has been with the author for one revision .

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Doz, Y. Qualitative research for international business. J Int Bus Stud 42 , 582–590 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2011.18

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Received : 29 October 2010

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Accepted : 24 February 2011

Published : 15 June 2011

Issue Date : 01 June 2011

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2011.18

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