class 8 civics chapter 2 case study questions and answers

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism in Hindi and English Medium (Unit 1 of Social and Political Life – III) revised for CBSE Session 2024-25. The solutions of class VIII Political Science chapter 2 is modified and updated according to rationalised NCERT books issued for 2024-25 exams.

8th Civics Chapter 2 Question Answers

• Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 NCERT Solutions
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CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism for session 2024-25. Download all the digital contents for offline use. Ask your doubts through Discussion Forum and share your views with the others.

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Extra Questions on 8th Civics Chapter 2

Why is it important to separate religion from the state.

This is important for a country to function democratically. Almost all countries of the world will have more than one religious group living in them. If this majority religious group has access to State power, then it could quite easily use this power and financial resources to discriminate against and persecute persons of other religions. This tyranny of the majority could result in the discrimination, coercion and at times even the killing of religious minorities. Therefore, the tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights that can result is one reason why it is important to separate the State and religion in democratic societies. Another reason that it is important to separate religion from the State in democratic societies is because we also need to protect the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion or have the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

What is Secularism?

The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. In keeping with this idea of religious freedom for all, India also adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State.

What is Indian Secularism?

The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. According to the Constitution, only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure the following: 1. One religious community does not dominate another. 2. Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community. 3. The State does not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.

In February 2004, France passed a law banning students from wearing any conspicuous religious or political signs or symbols such as the Islamic headscarf, the Jewish skullcap, or large Christian crosses.

In the 1960s, France had faced a shortage of workers and therefore, had provided visas for these immigrants to come and work in the country. The daughters of these immigrants often wear headscarves while attending school.

Important Questions on 8th Civics Chapter 2

List the different types of religious practice that you find in your neighbourhood. this could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing etc. does this indicate freedom of religious practice.

The different types of religious practices found in my neighborhood strongly indicate freedom of religious practice. The various forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites and different kinds of religious music found in my locality are of Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jews and the Baha’is. The Christians sing hymns, the Hindus Bhajans, while the Muslims offers Namaaz five times a day. The Baha’is believe in world unity and peace.

Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.

The government in any democratic nation would intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide because this tradition goes against the Fundamental Right to Life. It involves the killing of an innocent and is, hence, unacceptable. The government, in this case, interferes by coercion. However, sometimes, the government may also intervene via support. For example, Sikhs in Delhi are excused from wearing helmets on two-wheelers because their religion demands them to wear a turban-a sacred tradition for them.

Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religions? What does this indicate?

Many holidays on a school’s annual calendar pertain to different religions. This indicates that India is a secular country where religious freedom is granted to its citizens and all religions are equally respected.

Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.

Many religions are further segregated into groups and communities that hold differing ideological opinions. One of these is the rift between the Shias and Sunnis – both followers of Islam. The division between Shias and Sunnis dates back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad and to the question of who was to take over the leadership after the Prophet. Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet’s companions, that the new leader should be elected from among those capable for the job. This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad’s close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, became the first Caliph of the Islamic nation. The word “Sunni” in Arabic comes from a word meaning “one who follows the traditions of the Prophet. On the other hand, some Muslims share the belief that leadership should have stayed within the Prophet’s own family, among those specifically appointed by him, or among Imams appointed by God Himself. The Shia Muslims believe that following the Prophet Muhammad’s death, leadership should have passed directly to his cousin/son-in-law, Ali. Throughout history, Shia Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders, choosing instead to follow a line of Imams which they believe have been appointed by the Prophet Muhammad or God Himself. The word “Shia” in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. The commonly-known term is shortened from the historical “Shia-t-Ali,” or “the Party of Ali.” They are also known as followers of “Ahl-al-Bayt” or “People of the Household” (of the Prophet).

The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.

The Indian State keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea is quite confusing. It allows Sikh citizens to wear turbans and thereby be exempt from the use of helmets but it also disallows government schools from celebrating any particular religious festival. Annual holidays are given with regard to all religions and not any specific ones.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism

Ncert solutions for class 8 civics chapter 2 - understanding secularism are provided here for free pdf download. you will get here the simplest answers with the best explanations..

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism are very important to understand the concepts discussed in the chapter. We have provided here accurate and comprehensive answers to all the questions given in chapter 2 of the latest NCERT Civics Book of Class 8 . These answers will help you in easy and active learning of the concepts thereby helping you perform well in this subject. All the answers are also available here for download in PDF format.

Check NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism

1. List the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practice?

• The different types of religious practices that we can see in our neighbourhood are as follows:
• Hindus visit Temple. They perform puja and worship the idols of their Gods and Goddesses.
• Muslims visit mosque and worship their sacred book the Quran. They offer namaaz.
• Sikhs visit Gurudwara, worship their sacred book Guru Granth Sahib by offering prayers and listening to shabad-kirtan.
• Christians visit Church and worship Jesus Christ.

Yes, this indicates freedom of religious practice as the people in India have the freedom to practice the religion of their choice while living together in peace and harmony.

2. Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer: 

Yes, the Government will definitely intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide. Infanticide involves the killing of an infant (a small child) which is clearly a cruel crime. This practice violates the human right ' Right to Life'. Also it creates a threat to social harmony.

Also check other NCERT articles for Class 8:

NCERT Textbook for Class 8 Maths

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths

NCERT Textbook for Class 8 Science

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science

4. Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religions? What does this indicate?

Answer:  

• Hindu festivals: Diwali, Holi, Dussehra, Shivratri, Ram Navmi
• Muslim festivals: Id-ul-zuha, Id-ul-fitar, Muharram
• Sikh festivals: Guru Nanak Jayanti, Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti, Vaisakhi, Lohri
• Christian festivals: Christmas, Good Friday

 This clearly proves that India is a secular country and here all the religions are equally respected.

5. Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.

• Muslims are divided into Shias and Sunnis.
• Jains are divided into Shwetambar and Digambar.
• Buddhist followers are divided into Mahayana and Hinayana.
• In Hindu religion also, there are hundreds of gods and goddesses that are worshipped by different groups of people.

6. The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.

The Indian state both keeps away from religion, as well as intervenes in religion. The centeral as well as state governments declare holidays on the occasions of festivals belonging to different religions, but no religious function is celebrated by any of the governments. People of the country are free to celebrate these religious festivals in their own way. However, the Indian state comes to intervene only if any religious practice disturbs the harmony of the country. If a section of the people belonging to the same religion are denied the right to enter their place of worship then the state can intervene to resolve the issue and help the deprived section regain its rights.  

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Case Study Questions for Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

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Table of Contents

Here we are providing case study questions for class 8 social science Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism.

Case Study Question 1:

Read the following passage and answer the questions:

Over the years, India has developed its own unique concept of secularism that is fundamentally different from the parallel western concept of secularism. In India, it basically connotes tolerance towards all religions, while in the West it emphasizes a strict separation of religion and the State. Indian secularism allows the idea of state-supported religious reform where the Indian Constitution bans practices such as child marriage, religious taboos and untouchability. Secularism in India refers to the equal treatment of religions by the state. On the other hand, secularism in other democratic countries refers to the complete separation of religion and state.

Choose the appropriate answer:

Q.1. Indian Secularism is different from other democratic countries, as: (a) The Indian states can intervene in religious affairs. (b) The Indian states cannot intervene in religious affairs. (c) India is the only secular country in the world. (d) None of these

Ans. Option (a) is correct.

Q.2. Does Indian Secularism support religious tyranny? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Sometimes (d) None of these

Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Indian Secularism does not support religious tyranny.

Q.3. Which of the following statements is true regarding Indian Secularism? (a) Indian Secularism is anti-religious. (b) India has promoted religious freedom and equality. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Ans. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: Indian Secularism is not anti-religious. It has promoted religious freedom and equality, it protects religious identity, rather than threatening it.

Q.4. What is the purpose of Secularism? (a) To promote justice (b) To promote freedom (c) To promote equality (d) All of the above

Ans. Option (d) is correct. Explanation: The purpose of Secularism is to promote justice, freedom and equality for human beings and educate society.

Q. 5. Which of the following is associated with Secularism in India? (a) Seeks to promote equality (b) Prevents undue domination (c) Prevents discrimination (d) All of the above

Ans. Option (d) is correct. Explanation: Secularism is the most powerful philosophy which seeks to promote equality and prevents undue domination, discrimination and exploitation.

Learning Outcomes

• Students will be able to understand the fundamental right of religious freedom.
• Meaning of Secularism.
• Develop an appreciation of human rights guaranteed in the Constitution.
• Understand the Constitution as the primary source of all our laws.
• Familiarise with the values of Secularism.
• Understand the vision and values of the Indian Constitution.

Important Keywords

• Secularism: This refers to separation of religion from the state.
• Coercion: Forcing someone to do something. In context of this chapter, it refers to the force exercised by a legal authority such as the state.
• Intervene: In this chapter, the term refers to the state’s efforts to influence some matters according to the principles of the Constitution.
• Freedom to interpret: This refers to freedom that all the individuals may interpret things in their own way. In this chapter, it refers to the liberty of the individuals to develop their own understanding and meaning of the religion they practice.

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Case study questions typically present a specific scenario or case related to a historical event, geographical issue, or social problem. Students are expected to read and understand the details of the case and then answer a set of questions based on their understanding and knowledge of the subject matter.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 8 Social Science Civics

Ncert solutions for class 8 civics (political science) chapter-2.

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Jun 16, 2020, 16:45 IST

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2: Understanding Secularism

This Page consist of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2: Understanding Secularism  all questions are explained in detail. Refer our  NCERT solutions  to score good marks in class 8. Do follow  NCERT Solutions for class 8 Maths   and  NCERT solutions for class 8 Science  prepared by Expert Teacher. 

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

Q.1. List the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing, etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practices?

Ans. The different types of practices that we find in our neighbourhood are:

a. Going to temples and Gurudwaras.

b. Performing yajna.

c. Satsang. (Reciting Hymns).

d. Reading Namaaz (Muslim prayers).

e. Worshipping idols.

f. Saying prayers.

g. Reading epics.

All these things indicate that India is a secular country and the Constitution of India grants religious freedom and equality. State does not promote any religion. Everybody is free to worship any god in any manner he or she likes.

Q.2. Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allow them to practice infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. Yes the government will intervene if some religious group says that their religion allow then to practice infanticide. We can give the following reasons for our answer:

a. No religion of the world allows anyone the murder of an infant. All the religions promote non-violence.

b. System of sacrifice ws promoted by superstitions and selfish religious leaders in ancient or medieval times. No righteous man will support it.

Q.3. Complete the following table:

a. One religious community does not dominate another because everyone should honour country’s constitution which grants right to equality and right to freedom to all. Religious equality is important because it promotes brotherhood, harmony and mutual co-operation.

Example: In the United States of America most children in the government schools have to begin their school day by reciting the ‘Pledge of Allegiance’. This pledge includes the word ’under God’.

b. This is important for secular state. The constitution provides the religious freedom as a fundamental right. Human rights also favour religious freedom.

Example: In an Islamic country such as Saudi Arabia religious freedom is not provided.

c. It is important to establish equality among the people of different cast and economic-social status of the same religious community.

Example: Before India became Republic, the upper caste Hindus believed in untouchability. The people of so-called lower castes were discriminated on the basis of the caste.

Q.4. Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religious? What does this indicate?

Ans. List of Holidays (in calendar year of 2015)

January 13 th Lohri

January 14 th Pongal/ Makar Sankranti

January 15 th Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti

January 25 th Milad-Al-Nabi (Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday)

January 26 th Republic Day

February 15 th Vasant Panchami

February 19 th Chhatra Pati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti

February 25 th Guru Ravi Dass Jayanti

March 10 th Maha Shivratri

March 27 th Holi

March 29 th Good Friday

Holidays related with Hindus:

a) Lohri b) Pongal or Makar Sankranti c) Vasant Panchami d) Ravi Dass Jayanti e) Shivratri f) Holi g) Dulendi h) Ugadi i) Ram Navami j) Baisakhi k) Raksha Bandhan l) Krishna Janmashtami m) Ganesh Chaturthi n) Anant Chaudas o) Dusshera p) Valmiki Jayanti q) Diwali r) Govardhan Pooja s) Bhaiya Dooj.

Holidays pertain to Islam or Muslims:

a. Id-ul-Zuha

b. Moharram

c. Milad-ul-Nabi

d. Id-ul-fitr

Holidays pertaining to Christians:

a. Good Friday

b. Christmas Day

Holidays pertaining to Sikhs:

b. Baisakhi

c. Guru Nanak Birthday

Holidays pertaining to Buddhism:

Buddha Purnima

Holidays pertaining to Jainism:

Mahavir Jayanti

The above list of holidays indicates that:

India is a land of religious diversities. It is a land of festivals, celebrations and carnivals. Being a secular country everybody is free to follow own religion.

Despite all diversities many festivals are celebrated by people of more than one religion. It indicates “Unity in Diversity” in India.

Q.5. Find out some examples of different views with in the same religion.

a. Pongal is celebrated by the Hindus in South India while Makar Sankranti is celebrated by the Hindus in North India.

b. Holi is celebrated by all section of Hindus and even by some Sikhs.

c. Shivratri is mainly celebrated by the followers of Lord Shiva.

d. Ram Navami is celebrated by the followers of Lord Rama.

e. Ravi Dass Jayanti and Ambedkar Jayanti are mainly celebrated by the Dalits throughout India.

f. In the Hindu religion some people are in favour of the caste system while there are others who oppose it.

Q.6. The Indian state both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.

Ans. Non-interference in religion by the Indian State: Following examples make it clear that Indian State keeps away from interfering in religion:

i. This India State has not religion of its own.

ii. It does not allow any government institution to display anything which promotes any religion.

iii. It does not allow any government schools to promote any religion in their programs or functions.

i v. In the Indian State no religious community dominates the others.

All this has been done to promote true secularism in India.

Interference in Religion: In order to see that all the citizens enjoy the freedom enshrined in the Fundamental Right of Equality, the Indian State has sometimes to interfere in religion, for example:

i. The state has banned untouchability in order to end the age-old religious exclusion and discrimination against lower castes.

ii. Wearing of turban is essential to the Sikh religion, so the Sikhs have been permitted not to wear helmet as asked by the law.

iii. Some seats have been reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Schedule Tribes in government services and educational institutions.

iv. This has been done to do away with injustice done in the social and religious fields.

v. The Indian state also interferes in the shape of support. For example, the minority communities are given financial support to set up their own schools and colleges.

Q.7. This poster alongside highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says “peace is a never ending process. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?

This chapter had three drawings on religious tolerance made by students of your age. Your own poster on religious tolerance for your peers.

Ans. Peace is loved by all. All religious preach peace, non-violence, humanity and brotherhood. Peace is needed for everyone-for the sake of security, property protection and for living with honour.

‘Peace’ is a human phenomenon which is for the protection of all. Terrorism is to be condemned by all of us.

A picture can be drawn showing the celebration of some festivals like Diwali, Holi, Dussehra, being celebrated together by people of more than one religion.

INTEXT QUESTIONS

Q.1. Discuss in class: Can there be

different views within the same

Ans. Different views are followed even within the same religion.

(i)In the Hindu religion we have hundreds of deities worshipped by different people.

(ii)Similarly, in Muslim community there are Shiyas and Shunnis.

(iii)In Jainas, there are Shwetambar and Digambar sects.

(iv)In Bauddha Dharma, there are Hinayaans and Mahayaans.

Q.1. Can you think of a recent

incident, from any part of

India, in which the secular

ideals of the Constitution

were violated and persons

were persecuted and killed

because of their religious

backgrounds?

Ans. Banning the beef by Indian government is the best example where the secular ideals of the constitution were violated the government should not have been imposed the law on beef as it violates the religion of Muslims rather it should be decided by the people are whether they should eat or not because the government cannot decide what to eat and what to not After imposing the law,so many people were killed because they were carrying beef and many had to pay penalty.

Find below free pdf NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2: Understanding Secularism

Related link.

• Chapter 7: Understanding Marginalisation
• Chapter 1: The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 10: Law and Social Justice
• Chapter 9: Public Facilities
• Chapter 8: Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 5: Judiciary
• Chapter 4: Understanding Laws
• Chapter 3: Why Do We Need A Parliament
• Chapter 2: Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 6: Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

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• NCERT Solutions For class 8 Social Science & Political Science
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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science (Social and Political Life) - Free PDF Download

Class 8 Social Science has three significant parts. One such part is Social and Political Life. It covers 10 important chapters that introduce students to new concepts of society and politics. To understand the context of these chapters, download and refer to the Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life Solutions developed by the experts. Find out the ideal methods of answering exercise questions to score more in the exams.

Detailed Overview of Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life NCERT Solutions

A Summary of Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life

Social Science for Class 8 as a subject has 3 parts: History, Geography, and Social and Political Life. With these three important aspects of social science, social and political life class 8 is one of the most relevant and important parts of the entire subject. It falls under Civics class 8 and mainly deals with social and political issues associated with the current scenario. Knowing this subject makes a huge difference as citizens of the country as many of these would directly impact us and our decision-making in the future.

Students of class 8 studying the subject social science will have a lot of things to focus on. Using a study guide while reading will greatly help students in being able to progress faster and better with the subject. Vedantu’s NCERT solutions PDF for class 8 Social Science is one of the best set of solutions available for students. it is written in a very concise and easy to read manner and what’s more, it is available free of cost! Read on to know more about these solutions for class 8 Social Science.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social and Political Life solutions for SST Class 8 NCERT solutions Civics will give you a clear concept of how a country functions. The NCERT Solutions Class 8 Civics will help you tackle every question that strikes your mind or every difficult question you come across straightforwardly. The Class 8th Civics solutions will cover everything one needs to clear the base about Political and Social Life. Maths Students who are looking can download Class 8 Maths NCERT Solutions to help you to revise the complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. Science Students who are looking for NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science will also find the Solutions curated by our Master Teachers really Helpful.

NCERT Class 8 Social and Political Life has 10 chapters, all of which are equally important. Each of them delves into very important concepts and topics with respect to our country. Students are advised to learn all the topics from the textbook and the solutions from Vedantu to get a better idea and a clearer picture of the subject.

Here we will be learning about the different chapters under Social and Political Life. Vedantu ensures their aspect of these chapters is discussed in the PDF of Social and Political Life .

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science ( Civics ) - Chapter-wise List

Given below are the chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science (Civics) Social and Political Life . These solutions are provided by the Social Science experts at Vedantu in a detailed manner. Go through these chapter-wise solutions to be thoroughly familiar with the concepts.

NCERT Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life Chapter wise Solutions

What is Social and Political Life?

Social and Political Life is a new kind of subject in middle school Social Science that has replaced the earlier subject of Civics. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 strongly argues that Civics should not be continued and its focus on government institutions and functioning should be moderated in the new subject that replaces it. SPL focuses on related social topics, economic and political life in contemporary India.

Overview of the Chapters

Chapter 1: The Indian Constitution

The first chapter talks about the Indian constitution and some of the important segments of it. The exercise of this chapter has some short answer questions, some descriptive, while the last one is map-based. Students will find the answers on Vedantu.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 1 - Indian Constitution

Chapter 2: understanding secularism.

Here students will get to know the meaning of Secularism. Additionally, students will also understand Indian Secularism and the Steps taken by the Indian State to Protect Secularism in India.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism

Chapter 3: why do we need a parliament.

Here some of the functions of Parliament are discussed. Students will know how the decision of people matters in a democratic country, the Parliament’s functions, and the role of the Parliament. The exercise has some questions students need to research. Vedantu has covered these answers in a sequential manner.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 3 - Why do we need a Parliament

Chapter 4: Understanding Laws

Law is commonly known as a system of rules that are created by social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct. Students will know that Parliament is in charge of making laws. They will know the ways through which laws take place in India.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 4 - Understanding Laws

Chapter 5: judiciary.

NCERT Solutions of Class 8 Civics contains the answers to all the questions provided. The questions are mainly descriptive and also based on the Right to Food campaign.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 5 - Judiciary

Chapter 6: understanding our criminal justice system.

Here, the fictional case of theft has been used to explain and highlight the process and the role of different individuals in the criminal justice system as well.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 6 - Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Chapter 7: understanding marginalisation.

Inequality affects different communities and groups by introducing the concept of marginalization from the mainstream. Here will help students to identify the factors that contribute to marginalization and to recognize and empathize with the marginalized.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 7 - Understanding Marginalisation 

Chapter 8: confronting marginalisation.

This chapter discusses how the government and the Adivasis, the Muslims, and the Dalits communities themselves have tried to address marginalization through various struggles. Students will learn how law-making functions . They also know the different policies and schemes that the government targets explicitly to benefit these communities.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 8 - Confronting Marginalisation

Chapter 9: public facilities.

This will help students in understanding the idea of public facilities and why the government needs to play a crucial role in their provision. The idea of equal availability, quality of water for all, and affordability is one of the critical issues related to public facilities that this chapter highlights.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 9 - Public Facilities

Chapter 10: law and social justice.

This discusses the central role of the government in regulating economic activities. This is mostly done through laws, and the chapter focuses on the importance of implementing existing laws and making new laws to protect the rights of workers, consumers, and producers in the market as well.

For each of these chapters, Vedantu has a very systematically written set of solutions on the website. These are formulated by subject matter experts who are well-versed with the subject. Students can trust these solutions and prepare from the PDF of Vedantu’s solutions for NCERT Class 8 . All the solutions also stick to the prescribed syllabus so that the students do not spend any extra time learning what is unnecessary. The students can also download these solutions in the form of a PDF and refer to them offline.

List of Topics Covered Under NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life: Chapter 10 - Law and Social Justice

Ncert solutions for class 8 social science other text books pdf download.

Social Science - Our Pasts-3 (History)

Social Science - Resources and Development (Geography)

NCERT Textbook Solutions for Class 8 Social Science (History)

Ncert textbook solutions for class 8 social science (geography), solved examples.

Q: Why do the poor not prefer going to private hospitals?

Ans: In India, the maximum percentage of people are under the poverty line which does not allow poor people to think about private hospitals as they are not able to avail of the services of the private hospitals due to high expenditure.

Why Should you go for Vedantu?

Vedantu is a great platform to find the best online study resources for all other subjects, not only Social Science. You can download the PDFs for any subject for absolutely free. Vedantu provides you with NCERT solutions which also help you get access to shortcuts for the preparation, smart study tips, and more. Vedantu helps you learn at the speed you want to through their online tutorials, solutions, and other study materials.

Vedantu’s NCERT solutions for Class 8 SST is a very important guide for students as it is written in a very lucid and simple manner for students to understand and learn from.

The solutions are very accurate and are written by professionals who are trained in this field. One need not worry about the credibility of the answers as they are written by experts.

The answers strictly follow the NCERT guidelines for NCERT Class 8 Social Science . The students need not worry about learning any unnecessary material.

The NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Civics are written in the order that is seen in the textbook. This makes it very easy for the students to quickly refer to it while reading or revising. 

All the solutions are available free of cost at all times. This is of utmost importance for students as they do not need to worry about additional costs in the later stages.

The solutions are also available for download as a PDF file for all offline uses.

So, what are you waiting for? Head straight to the Vedantu website and begin your learning journey right away. There are plenty of options to choose from for students so that it becomes easy and enjoyable while learning. The website also consists of many important revision notes and important questions which would be of great use. Download the mobile app to make your learning more fun and convenient!

Importance of cbse class 8 social science social and political life chapters solutions.

The vivid syllabus of Class 8 Social Science has 10 chapters in the Social and Political Science section. These chapters introduce the fundamental concepts of the Indian Constitution, secularism, Indian laws, the judiciary system, the criminal justice system, public facilities, etc.

You can clearly understand how these chapters will take the students to a new level of Social Science related to political and social life. Hence, this syllabus needs vivid study material that will aid students to finish studying the chapters and will aid in preparing the exercise questions.

This is where the precise solutions to all the exercise questions will help students to understand the concepts of the chapters and act as a Social Science Social and Political Life Guide for Class 8. The solutions for a chapter will explain how the fundamental concepts can be used to answer the fundamental questions in a simpler version and how to score more in the exams.

Benefits of NCERT Social Science Social and Political Life Chapter Wise Solutions

The solutions have been formulated based on the chapters included in this part of the Class 8 Social Science syllabus. If you know the Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life all chapter names, you can download the solutions easily and make your study times more efficient.

Resolve the doubts based on exercise questions on your own and proceed with your chapter preparation. It becomes a lot easier to prepare a chapter completely when you have the solutions in your hands.

Focus on how the answers to the exercise questions have been framed and develop your answering skills for this syllabus. Learn how to attempt to answer such fundamental questions by following the solutions.

Find out which part of the chapters needs more focus by comparing your answers to the solutions. In this way, you can fortify your preparation level and can complete the syllabus of an upcoming exam in no time.

Download Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life Chapters Solutions PDF

Get the free PDF versions of the solutions and learn how to answer fundamental questions such as what is Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life is without any hassle. Develop your answering skills by following the solutions given as a list below.  

Important Related Links for NCERT Class 8

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Important Questions for CBSE Class 8

NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 8

CBSE Class 8 Syllabus

FAQs on NCERT Solutions For class 8 Social Science & Political Science

1. Write a Note on the Indian Constitution-Making.

The Indian Constitutional Assembly was summoned in December 1946 . The members of this Assembly were only Indians, and it started drafting the Constitution for India. The Chairman of the Constitution drafting committee was Dr. Ambedkar . The constitution declares India a democratic republic, a sovereign, and establishes the procedures, duties, structure, and powers of the government and duties of citizens. On January 24, 1950, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written documents one in English and the other one in Hindi. After two days, on January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands.

2. How will Vedantu Help the Students in Social Science?

NCERT Civics Class 8 covers a wide range of topics like the Indian constitution, the legal system, the judiciary system, the public facilities, etc. In this book, there are ten chapters that explain the political system and social life of India. Various solved examples are also provided here for a better understanding of concepts. Additionally, several unsolved exercise questions are also given at the end of each chapter to assess the knowledge gained by students. If students attempt, all exercise questions will get an idea about their understanding of the concepts they have studied in a chapter. This will help students to analyse their weak areas.

3. Which are the important chapters in the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics from the examination perspective?

There are a total of 10 chapters present in NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics . All the 10 chapters are equally important. Students must not skip any of these chapters and must be through with all. With the help of Vedantu’s NCERT solutions for Class 8 Social Science Social and Political Life, students can clarify their doubts immediately. The solutions are available for free both in online and offline modes. The solutions provided by Vedantu will help the students to gain a strong foundation and understanding of all the chapters.

4. Are the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics PDFs sufficient for students to score high marks in the final exam?

The NCERT Solutions provided by Vedantu for Class 8 Civics provides accurate answers to the exercise questions that are present in the textbook. The NCERT Solutions are sufficient for preparation as they help to clear any doubts of the students and make them ace the exam by providing conceptual clarity. It will help the students to answer difficult questions efficiently by providing them with shortcut tips and simple tricks. Students will get a clear cut idea about all the topics that are important from an exam perspective by referring to these study guides.

5. Will the questions in the final exam appear from NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics?

Most of the questions that are asked in the final exams are mostly derived from the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics . So, it is important for the students to learn the answers from the textbook questions by referring to these solutions to increase their academic performance. Also, Students can refer to the solutions provided by the experts at Vedantu to gain a strong grip over the important topics. All the solutions are created in an easy to understand language to help the students understand difficult topics easily.

6. Will I be able to get my doubts clarified using the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science at Vedantu?

Yes, students can clarify any doubts by referring to the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science provided by Vedantu on the official website and on the Vedantu app at free of cost. All these solutions are very useful as they are framed in a simple language by the expert faculty of Vedantu. All the solutions can be understood by any student. All the solutions are written by keeping in mind the latest CBSE syllabus and mark weightage . With the help of these solutions, students can improve their question interpretation skills and answer presentation which is extremely important in solving difficult questions appearing in the exams.

7. Can the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science be accessed for free of cost?

Yes, the NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science provided by Vedantu are available for free in both online and offline versions. Students will get the option to download both online and offline study resources making things easier for them. The solutions are available in PDFs format which provides precise and accurate answers for all the questions that are present in the NCERT textbook. Referring to these solutions will help the students boost their confidence and face the exam without any fear.

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 8

Cbse class 8 study materials.

Understanding Secularism Extra Questions Chapter 2 Class 8 Civics

Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Very Short Answer Questions (VSAQs):

Chapter 2 understanding secularism short answer questions (saqs):, chapter 2 understanding secularism long answer questions (laqs):, contact form.

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MCQ Questions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism with Answers

We have compiled the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism with Answers Pdf free download covering the entire syllabus. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 8 Civics with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Understanding Secularism Class 8 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Understanding Secularism Class 8 MCQs Questions with Answers

Question 1. What is celebrated on 2nd October of every year? (a) Christmas Day (b) Children’s Day (c) Gandhi Jayanti (d) Diwali

Answer: (c) Gandhi Jayanti

Question 2. Which country didn’t allow non-Muslims to build their worship places? (a) India (b) Saudi Arabia (c) Pakistan (d) None of these

Answer: (b) Saudi Arabia

Question 3. From where did immigrants come to France in 1960’s? (a) Algeria (b) Tunisia (c) Morocco (d) All of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above

Question 4. What was the names of the Muslim dominant former French colonies? (a) Tunisia (b) Morocco (c) Algeria (d) All of these

Answer: (d) All of these

Question 5. What was the reason behind abolition of the evil practice of untouchability? (a) To end the Muslims in India (b) To end the discrimination (c) To end the poverty (d) None of these

Answer: (b) To end the discrimination

Question 6. Which one of the following is a fundamental right? (a) Right to freedom of religion (b) Right to property (c) Right to work (d) All of these

Answer: (a) Right to freedom of religion

Question 7. The rights provided by constitution are called: (a) Governmental Rights (b) Optional Rights (c) Economic Rights (d) Fundamental Rights

Answer: (d) Fundamental Rights

Question 8. In February 2004, which country has prohibited the wearing of conspicuous religious or political signs by the students? (a) France (b) India (c) America (d) None of these

Answer: (a) France

Question 9. What refers to the State’s effort to influence a particular matter in accordance with the principles of the constitution? (a) Intervene (b) Coercion (c) Meditation (d) None of these

Answer: (a) Intervene

Question 10. What is the status of U.S legislature in the matters of the religion? (a) Prohibit making new gender law (b) Prohibit making new reservation law (c) Prohibit making new religion law (d) None of these

Answer: (c) Prohibit making new religion law

Question 11. What could the tyranny of majority result in? (a) Discrimination (b) Coercion (c) None of the above (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 12. What happened in Hitler’s Germany? (a) Several million people were killed (b) Bomb blast took place in Nagasaki (c) Assassination of Mrs. Indira Gandhi (d) All of these

Answer: (a) Several million people were killed

Question 13. What was the names of two non-secular countries? (a) Saudi Arabia (b) Israel (c) Both a and b (d) None of these

Question 14. Explain the meaning of coercion. (a) Force by legal authority (b) Force by parents (c) Force by Law (d) None of these

Answer: (a) Force by legal authority

Hope the information shed above regarding NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries of CBSE Class 8 Civics Understanding Secularism MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers, feel free to reach us so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Important Questions and Answers

CBSE Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Important Questions cover the major concepts of the chapter. Solving answers of these important questions help students to revise the Chapter most competently. We prepared these questions as per the latest NCERT book and CBSE syllabus. Practising the questions before the exam will ensure excellent marks in the exam.

CBSE Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Important Questions PDF

Very short answer type questions.

1. What examples does history provide us on the grounds of religion? Answer:  History provides us with several examples of discrimination, exclusion and persecution on the grounds of religion.

2. What happened in the Jewish state of Israel? Answer:  Muslim and Christian minorities were treated badly in the Jewish state of Israel.

3. How are non-Muslims treated in Saudi Arabia? [V. Imp.] Answer:  In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are not allowed to build a temple, church etc. They also cannot gather in a public place for prayers.

4. What does the term ‘secularism’ refer to? Answer:  The term ‘secularism’ refers to the separation of the power of religion from the power of the State.

5. What do you mean by ‘freedom to interpret’? [Imp.] Answer:  ‘Freedom to interpret’ means an individual’s liberty to develop his own understanding and meaning of the religion that one practises.

6. Why cannot government schools celebrate religious festivals? Answer:  Government schools cannot celebrate religious festivals because it will be a violation of government’s policy of treating all religions equally.

7. Why is Paramjit allowed to drive in pagri? Answer:  Paramjit is a Sikh youth and for him wearing a pagri is a very important part of his religion.

8. How is Indian secularism different from that of American secularism? Answer:  Unlike Indian secularism, there is strict separation between religion and the State in American secularism.

9. What is meant by ‘principled distance’? [V. Imp.] Answer:  This means that any interference in religion by the State has to be based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution.

Short Answer Type Questions

1: What is religion?

Answer:  Religion is the personal beliefs and practices relating to the divine. It is also people’s beliefs and opinions concerning the existence, nature, and worship of the divine.

2: Name the major religions practiced all over the world.

Answer:  Buddhism; Christianity; Hinduism; Islam and Judaism are the major religions practiced all over the world.

3: What is secularism?

Answer:  Secularism is the belief that no one should be discriminated on the basis of the religion he or she practises. Every citizen, irrespective of which religion he or she follows, is equal in the eyes of the laws and policies that govern the Nation.

4: State the 4 th  point of the Fundamental Rights of the Indian constitution.

Answer:  The 4 th  point of the ‘Fundamental Rights’ is … (i) Right to Freedom of Religion (ii) ‘Every person has the right to practise, profess and propagate the religion of their choice’.

5. What are the three objectives of a secular State? [V. Imp.]

Answer:  The three objectives of a secular State are: (a) One religious community does not dominate another. (b) Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community. (c) The State does not enforce any particular religion nor does it take away the religious freedom of individuals .

6: What are the other reasons for separating the power of the State from religion?

Answer:  People should have the freedom to leave the religion they have been practicing and join another religion. They should also have the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently. It is for these reasons that it is important to separate the power of the state from religion.

7: What do you understand from the statement ‘freedom to interpret religious teachings differently’ in context with the practice of untouchability?

Answer:  Untouchability refers to the social practice of excluding a minority group (untouchables) by regarding them as “ritually polluted” and segregating them from the mainstream by social custom.

According to the Indian constitution every one has the freedom to interpret religious teachings in their own way. Similarly the Dalits who are called untouchables have the freedom to interpret religion in their own way. The Indian constitution has abolished ‘Untouchability’.

8: What are the objectives of the Indian constitution that advocates secularism?

Answer:  The objectives of the Indian constitution that advocates secularism are… One religious community should not dominate another. Some members of a religious community should not dominate other members of the same religious community. The State should not enforce any particular religion nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.

9: What are the strategies followed by the Indian government to establish secularism?

Answer:  The strategies followed by the Indian government to establish secularism are…

• Strategy of distancing itself from religion
• Strategy of non-interference
• Strategy of intervention

10: State Article: 17 in the Right to Equality, in the Indian constitution.

Answer:  Article 17 in the Right to Equality is related to the ‘Abolition of Untouchability.’ It states: “Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability rising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.”

11: Mention a few points in the US constitution related to secularism.

Answer:  According to the U.S. Constitution the legislature cannot declare any religion as the official religion. The legislature cannot give preference to one religion and neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. 

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Why is it important to separate religion from the State? Explain with examples.

 Answer:  There are two main reasons why the separation of religion from the State is important:

(i) The first is to prevent the domination of one religion over another.

Example:  Almost all countries of the world will have more than one religious  groups living in them. Within these religious groups, there will most likely be one group that is in a majority. If this majority religious group has access to State power, then it could quite easily use this power and financial resources to discriminate against and persecute persons of other religions. This would violate Fundamental Rights.

(ii) The second is to protect the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion or have the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

Example:  We can give example of untouchability in Hindu religious practice. If state power were in the hands of those Hindus who support untouchability, then it would be a difficult task for anyone to abolish this practice.

2. Explain with an example that in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs.

Answer: An import ant aspect of India secularism is that the State can intervene in religious affairs. We can prove this fact with an example of untouchability. It was a practice in which the members of the same religion, i.e. upper caste Hindus, dominated other members, i.e. lower caste people, within it. In order to prevent this religion-based exclusion and discrimination of lower castes, the Indian Constitution banned untouchability. In this instance, the State intervened in religion in order to end a social practice that it believed discriminated and excluded and that violated the Fundamental Rights of Lower castes.

3. What is secularism? [Imp.]

Answer:  The Indian Constitution contains Fundamental Rights. These rights are very important because they protect us against State power as well as against the tyranny of the majority. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices as they interpret these. Thus, our Constitution gives religious freedom to all and to maintain it India adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism is, in fact, the separation of religion from the State.

4: Secularism is separating religion from the power of the state. Discuss why it is vital to separate the power of the state from religious practices.

Answer:  Secularism is very essential for the smooth functioning of a democratic country. In today’s world people go to other countries to work or do business. So you will find that people of different religions live in the same locality.

In the event of people of different religions living together in the same locality there is a possibility that people belonging to one particular religion being in the majority. If this majority has access to State power, there is likelihood that it will use it to discriminate and dominate the minority group which practices another religion.

In a secular democratic country any form of domination or tyranny, based on religion is in violation of the rights that a democratic society guarantees to each and every citizen irrespective of their religion.

Therefore it is important not to allow any one religion, even though it may be the majority, to violate the fundamental rights of all citizens. If this right has to be maintained it is vital to separate the power of the state from religious practices.

6. In what different ways does the Indian State work to prevent religious domination? [V. Imp.]

Answer:  Indian secularism works in various ways to prevent religious domination: (a) It uses a strategy of distancing itself from religion. The Indian State is not ruled by a religious group. It also does not support any one religion. In our country, government places like law courts, police stations, government schools and offices are not supposed to demonstrate or promote any one religion.

(b) The second way in which Indian secularism works to prevent the domination of religion is through a strategy of non-interference. This means that in order to respect the sentiments of all religions and not interfere with religious practices, the State makes certain exceptions for particular religious communities. Just take the example of the Sikh community. For Sikhs, wearing a pagri is a very important part of their religion. The government cannot force them to wear a helmet while driving a two-wheeler.

(c) The third way in which Indian secularism works to prevent the domination of religion is through a strategy of intervention. Untouchability presents a good example where members of the same religion, i.e. upper caste Hindus, dominate other members, i.e. lower castes within it. In order to prevent this religion-based discrimination of lower castes, our Constitution banned untouchability. Here, the State intervened in religion in order to uproot a social practice that it believed discriminated and excluded, and that violated the Fundamental Rights of the people belonging to lower caste.

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Case Study Questions Class 8 Civics Law and Social Justice

Case study questions class 8 civics chapter 8 law and social justice.

CBSE Class 8 Case Study Questions Civics Law and Social Justice. Important Case Study Questions for Class 8 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Law and Social Justice.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 8 Civics Law and Social Justice

Case study 1.

One reason why foreign companies come to India is for cheap labour. Wages that the companies pay to workers, say in the U.S.A., are far higher than what they have to pay to workers in poorer countries like India. For lower pay, companies can get longer hours of work. Additional expenses such as for housing facilities for workers are also fewer. Thus, companies can save costs and earn higher profits. Cost cutting can also be done by other more dangerous means. Lower working conditions including lower safety measures are used as ways of cutting costs. In the UC plant, every safety device was malfunctioning or was in short supply. Between 1980 and 1984, the work crew for the MIC plant was cut in half from 12 to 6 workers. The period of safety training for workers was brought down from 6 months to 15 days! The post of night-shift worker for the MIC plant was abolished.

1.) Why do foreign companies come to India, and how does cheap labor play a significant role in their decision?

Answer- India attracts foreign businesses looking for inexpensive labour. Companies pay workers in India much lower wages compared to wages in wealthier nations like the U.S.A.Because of which, they can work fewer hours per week and spend less on extras like housing, which boosts their profits and reduces costs.

2.) How do companies achieve cost-cutting, and what risks are associated with these measures?

Answer- Companies achieve cost-cutting by compromising on working conditions and safety measures. Lower safety standards and inadequate safety devices are used to save costs, posing serious risks to workers’ well-being and safety.

3.) Can you provide an example of cost-cutting measures and their impact on safety at a particular plant?

Answer- At the UC plant, cost-cutting led to malfunctioning or inadequate safety devices. The work crew for the MIC plant was halved, and the safety training period for workers was drastically reduced. Such measures compromised worker safety.

4.) How does the availability of cheap labor in countries like India impact the global economy?

Answer- The availability of cheap labor in countries like India attracts foreign investment, allowing companies to save costs and increase profits. This creates economic opportunities but can also lead to concerns about fair wages, worker rights, and exploitation.

5.) Apart from cheap labor, what other factors attract foreign companies to invest in India?

Answer- Besides cheap labor, foreign companies are attracted to India due to its large consumer market, skilled workforce, improving infrastructure, favorable government policies, and potential for economic growth.

CASE STUDY 2

As the lawmaker and enforcer, the government is supposed to ensure that safety laws are implemented. It is also the duty of the government to ensure that the Right to Life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution is not violated. What was the government doing when there were such blatant violations of safety standards in the UC plant? First, the safety laws were lax in India. Second, even these weak safety laws were not enforced. Government officials refused to recognise the plant as hazardous and allowed it to come up in a populated locality. When some municipal officials in Bhopal objected that the installation of an MIC production unit in 1978 was a safety violation, the position of the government was that the state needs the continued investment of the Bhopal plant, which provides jobs. It was unthinkable, according to them, to ask UC to shift to cleaner technology or safer procedures. Government inspectors continued to approve the procedures in the plant, even when repeated incidents of leaks from the plant made it obvious to everybody that things were seriously wrong.

1.) How does Article 21 of the constitution impose responsibilities upon the government?

Answer: The government is responsible for ensuring the implementation  and safeguarding the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution, this includes protecting citizens from endangering situations and ensures their well-being.

2.) What were the major concerns with safety laws in India, and state their contribution to the Bhopal gas tragedy?

Answer: Safety laws in India were found to be inadequate, lacking strict regulations and enforcement. These weak safety laws played a significant role in allowing the Bhopal plant to operate without proper safety measures, leading to the catastrophic gas tragedy.

3.) Why did the government allow the UC plant to be set up in a populated locality, despite potential safety hazards?

Answer: Government officials were complacent in recognizing the plant as hazardous and permitted its establishment in a populated locality. Their stance was influenced by the need for continued investment and job opportunities, leading to a lack of concern for safety implications.

4.) What was the government’s response when municipal officials objected to safety violations during the installation of the MIC production unit?

Answer: The government prioritized the continuation of investment and job creation in the Bhopal plant over safety concerns. They disregarded suggestions to shift to cleaner technology or safer procedures, thus neglecting safety for economic gains.

5.) How did the actions of government inspectors exacerbate the situation, despite repeated incidents of leaks from the UC plant?

Answer: Despite evident signs of serious safety issues with repeated leaks, government inspectors continued to approve the plant’s procedures, displaying negligence and overlooking potential risks, which ultimately contributed to the disaster.

Case study 3

In 1984, there were very few laws protecting the environment in India, and the there was hardly any enforcement of these laws. The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry could pollute the air and water without any restrictions. Whether it was our rivers, air, groundwater – the environment was being polluted and the health of people disregarded. Thus, not only was UC a beneficiary of lower safety standards, it didn’t have to spend any money to clean up the pollution. In the U.S.A., this is a necessary part of the production process. The Bhopal disaster brought the issue of environment to the forefront. Several thousands of persons who were not associated with the factory in any way were greatly affected because of the poisonous gases leaked from the plant. This made people realise that the existing laws, though weak, only covered the individual worker and not persons who might be injured due to industrial accidents.

1.) State the condition of environmental protection laws in India during 1984?

Answer- In 1984, there were very few laws safeguarding the environment in India, and the Administration was poor because of which enforcement of laws was minimal.Without any restrictions, industries could freely pollute the air and water, which resulted in severe environmental degradation and a disregard for public health.

2.) What advantages did the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal experience as a result of the absence of environmental regulations?

Answer- The UC plant was able to take advantage of lower safety requirements and save money by avoiding the need to clean up pollution, which is a necessary step in the manufacturing process in more regulated nations like the U.S.A.

3.) How did Bhopal disaster significantly shook and impacted environmental awareness in India?

Answer-  The Bhopal disaster brought the issue of environmental pollution to the forefront. The leakage of poisonous gases from the plant not only affected factory workers but also thousands of individuals unrelated to the factory. This tragedy raised public awareness about the weak existing laws that only covered individual workers and not those affected by industrial accidents.

4.) Why were people beyond the factory workers affected by the Bhopal gas leak, and what does this indicate about the limitations of existing environmental laws?

Answer: The Bhopal gas leak affected not only the factory workers but also people who had no connection to the plant. This highlighted the inadequacy of existing environmental laws, as they did not extend protection to those harmed by industrial accidents beyond the workforce.

5.) What changes in India’s environmental protection policies resulted from the Bhopal disaster?

Answer: The Bhopal tragedy made India realise it needed to review its approaches to environmental protection. The incident brought home how urgent it is to tighten environmental regulations and their application in order to protect both workers and the general public from the negative effects of industrial activity.

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• CBSE Notes For Class 8
• Class 8 Social Science Notes
• Class 8 Civics Notes
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

CBSE Notes Class 8 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 - Understanding Secularism

Members of one religious community either persecute or discriminate against members of other religious communities. These acts of discrimination take place more easily when one religion is given official recognition by the State at the expense of other religions. All forms of domination related to religion should end. This is the essence of secularism. In CBSE Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 2, you will read more about what Secularism means in the Indian context.

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law And Social Justice

CBSE Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 – Understanding Secularism

What is secularism.

India adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State. Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practise them.

Why is it Important to Separate Religion from the State?

The separation of the State and religion in democratic societies is important because of the following reasons:

• It helps a country to function democratically.
• The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very harmful to the people belonging to the minority. So, it protects people from any type of religious violence.
• It protects the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion and embrace another religion. It gives people the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

What is Indian Secularism?

The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. Only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure the following:

• One religious community does not dominate another.
• Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
• The State does not enforce any particular religion, nor does it take away the religious freedom of individuals.

Steps Taken by Indian State to Protect Secularism in India

The Indian State works in various ways:

• It uses a strategy of distancing itself from religion. In India, government spaces like law courts, police stations, government schools and offices are not supposed to display or promote any one religion.
• A strategy of noninterference. This means that in order to respect the sentiments of all religions and not interfere with religious practices, the State makes certain exceptions for particular religious communities.
• A strategy of intervention. This means that to ensure the laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected, the State can intervene in the religion-based ‘personal laws’ of communities.
• The intervention of the State can also be in the form of support. For example, the Indian Constitution grants the right to religious communities to set up their own schools and colleges. It also gives them financial aid on a non-preferential basis.

In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries?

There is one significant way in which Indian secularism differs from the dominant understanding of secularism as practised in the United States of America. In American secularism, there is a strict separation between religion and the State. Whereas in Indian secularism, the State can intervene in religious affairs.

We hope CBSE Notes for Class 8 Civics helped you in your studies. Keep learning and stay tuned for more updates on CBSE and NCERT. Download the BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive Maths and Science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 8 Civics Notes Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

What is a democratic country.

A political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections. The active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life.

What is a Minority group?

A culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists with but is subordinate to a more dominant group is called a ‘Minority group’,

What is the Constitution?

A constitution is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or another type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.

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• School Guide
• Class 8 Syllabus
• Maths Notes Class 8
• Science Notes Class 8
• History Notes Class 8
• Geography Notes Class 8
• Civics Notes Class 8
• NCERT Soln. Class 8 Maths
• RD Sharma Soln. Class 8
• Math Formulas Class 8
• NCERT Solutions For Chapter 6: Confronting Marginalisation of Class 8
• Federalism Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 2
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Constitutional Design
• Political Parties Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 6
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 5: Democratic Rights
• Power Sharing Class 10 Civics Notes Chapter 1
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 3: Electoral Politics
• Democracy and Diversity Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 3
• The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History Notes Chapter 4
• Chapter 5: Understanding Marginalisation NCERT Solutions of Class 8
• CBSE Class 8 Civics Revision Notes
• NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 : Federalism
• CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 7 - Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation
• Minorities and Marginalisation - CBSE Class 8 NCERT Notes
• CBSE Class 7 Civics Revision Notes
• NCERT Solutions for Class 8 History: Chapter 3 – Ruling the Countryside
• Gender, Religion and Caste Class 10 Notes Chapter 4 Civics
• NCERT Solutions Class 9 Civics Social Science Chapter 4: Working of Institutions
• Challenges to Democracy Class 10 Notes Civics Chapter 8

Chapter 6: Confronting Marginalisation| Class 8 Civics Notes

Chapter 6: Confronting Marginalisation: Explore the accounts of various marginalized groups and their encounters with inequality and prejudice. Despite their lack of power, these groups have vigorously resisted exclusion and domination through acts of protest and resistance spanning generations.

Throughout history, they have employed diverse strategies such as seeking solace in religion, engaging in armed struggle, pursuing self-improvement through education, and striving for economic advancement. There is no singular approach to addressing these challenges, as the choice of struggle is contingent upon the specific circumstances faced by marginalized communities.

Chapter 6 of CBSE Class 8 Civics delves into these narratives, offering insights into the myriad ways in which groups and individuals confront existing inequalities. For comprehensive exam preparation, students are encouraged to review CBSE Notes Class 8 Civics Chapter 6, which provides a consolidated overview of the chapter’s key concepts and themes.

Confronting Marginalization

Explore why marginalized communities turn to the Constitution of India as a tool in their struggle for equality. Here, we delve into how fundamental rights are translated into laws to safeguard these groups from ongoing exploitation, as well as examine governmental initiatives aimed at fostering the development and inclusion of these marginalized communities.

Invoking Fundamental Rights

The Constitution delineates the foundational principles that underpin our democratic society and governance, articulated through the enumeration of fundamental rights, a cornerstone of our constitutional framework. These rights are universally applicable to all Indian citizens.

Marginalized groups have leveraged these rights in two distinct ways:

• By asserting their fundamental rights, they have compelled the government to acknowledge the injustices perpetrated against them
• By demanding the enforcement of these laws. The struggles waged by marginalized communities have exerted pressure on the government to enact new legislation in harmony with the spirit of fundamental rights.

For instance, Article 17 of the Constitution, which abolishes untouchability, ensures that Dalits are entitled to education, access to temples, and utilization of public facilities without discrimination.

Untouchability is unequivocally condemned as a punishable offense under this provision. Similarly, other articles within the Constitution prohibit discriminatory practices. Article 15, for instance, prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, safeguarding the rights of all Indian citizens.

Dalits have the prerogative to invoke fundamental rights in instances where they perceive mistreatment by individuals, communities, or governmental bodies, thereby compelling the state to address injustices.

Additionally, minority groups have invoked constitutional provisions pertaining to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights. In the case of cultural and educational rights, distinct cultural and religious groups have been given the authority to safeguard and preserve their cultural heritage, ensuring that decisions regarding its preservation are made autonomously.

Consequently, by granting various cultural rights, the Constitution endeavors to uphold cultural justice, ensuring the protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of all groups, and affording them equal significance.

Laws for the Marginalised

In our nation, there exist specific laws and policies tailored to address the needs of marginalized communities.

Promoting Social Justice

In line with the constitutional directives, both state and central governments have instituted measures such as free or subsidized hostels catering to students from Dalit and Adivasi backgrounds, ensuring their access to educational opportunities that might be lacking in their localities. Additionally, governmental action is aimed at rectifying systemic inequalities through legislative interventions.

A prominent example of such intervention is the reservation policy, which holds significant importance while also sparking considerable debate.

Laws mandating reserved seats in educational institutions and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis rest on a fundamental premise: in a society where certain segments have historically been deprived of educational and occupational opportunities, it becomes imperative for a democratic government to intervene and provide support to these sections.

How does the reservation policy function? Individual Indian states maintain their lists of Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Scheduled Tribes, as well as backward and most backward castes. Applicants seeking admission to educational institutions or employment in government positions are required to furnish caste or tribe certificates as evidence.

If a particular Dalit caste or tribe is included in the government’s roster, candidates from these groups become eligible for reservation benefits.

In the context of college admissions, particularly in professional education institutes, governments establish specific ‘cut-off’ marks. Only Dalit and tribal candidates who surpass this threshold are considered for admission. Moreover, these students are entitled to special scholarships provided by the government.

Protecting the Rights of Dalits and Adivasis

In addition to policy measures, our nation has enacted specific legislation aimed at preventing discrimination and exploitation against marginalized communities. The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, was enacted in response to the persistent demands from Dalit and tribal groups regarding the mistreatment and indignities they endure.

The intensity of such mistreatment escalated into violence during the late 1970s and 1980s, particularly in certain regions of southern India. During this period, several Dalit groups vehemently opposed the imposition of their traditional caste duties and demanded equal treatment.

In response, dominant castes unleashed violent reprisals against them. Advocating for new laws that would explicitly enumerate various forms of violence against Dalits and prescribe severe penalties for perpetrators became a focal point for Dalit advocacy groups.

The Act categorizes offenses into several types.

Firstly, it addresses acts of humiliation, both physically degrading and morally reprehensible, seeking to penalize those who

(i) compel a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Tribe to consume inedible or repugnant substances, or

(ii) forcibly strip or publicly shame a member of a Scheduled Caste or Tribe by parading them naked or with painted faces or bodies, or any similar act that degrades human dignity.

Secondly, it addresses actions aimed at depriving Dalits and Adivasis of their limited resources or coercing them into forced labor.

Accordingly, the Act aims to punish individuals who

(iii) unlawfully occupy or cultivate land owned by or allotted to a member of a Scheduled Caste or Tribe, or facilitate the transfer of such allotted land to themselves.

(iv) assaults or uses force against a woman belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Tribe with the intent to dishonor her.

Adivasi Demands and the 1989 Act

The significance of the 1989 Act extends to its role in safeguarding the land rights of Adivasis, which are inherently intertwined with their cultural identity and sustenance. Adivasis have frequently resisted relocation and have been forcibly uprooted from their ancestral lands.

Advocates assert that individuals or entities encroaching upon Adivasi territories should face legal repercussions under this legislation. They highlight that the Act essentially reaffirms the constitutional commitment to protect tribal land from being transferred to non-tribal entities.

In instances where such transfers have occurred, the Constitution guarantees Adivasis the right to reclaim their land. Moreover, for cases where Adivasis have been displaced and are unable to return to their original lands, adequate compensation is warranted. That is, the government must draw up plans and policies for them to live and work elsewhere.

Chapter 6: Confronting Marginalisation- FAQs

Why do marginalized communities resort to the constitution of india in their fight for equality.

Marginalized groups turn to the Constitution as a tool for equality because it enshrines fundamental rights applicable to all Indian citizens. By invoking these rights, marginalized communities compel the government to recognize injustices and enforce laws that protect their interests. Moreover, these struggles influence the formulation of new legislation in alignment with the spirit of fundamental rights.

How do marginalized groups assert their fundamental rights?

Marginalized communities assert their fundamental rights by demanding recognition of injustices and urging the enforcement of laws designed to protect them. For instance, Article 17 of the Constitution abolishes untouchability, ensuring access to education and public facilities without discrimination. Additionally, minority groups invoke freedom of religion and cultural rights to preserve their heritage autonomously.

What legislative interventions address the needs of marginalized communities in India?

Legislative measures aimed at promoting social justice include the reservation policy, which reserves seats in educational institutions and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis. Additionally, laws such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, safeguard marginalized communities from discrimination and exploitation.

How does the reservation policy function in India?

The reservation policy allocates reserved seats in educational institutions and government positions for Dalits and Adivasis based on caste or tribe certificates. Candidates meeting specified criteria qualify for reservation benefits, including admission to colleges and access to special scholarships.

How does the 1989 Act protect the land rights of Adivasis?

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, safeguards Adivasi land rights by penalizing individuals or entities encroaching upon their territories. If Adivasi lands are unlawfully transferred, the Constitution guarantees their right to reclaim them or receive adequate compensation for displacement, requiring the government to devise resettlement plans.

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