ebook literature review

How to Write a Literature Review: Six Steps to Get You from Start to Finish

Writing-a-literature-review-six-steps-to-get-you-from-start-to-finish.

Tanya Golash-Boza, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of California

February 03, 2022

Writing a literature review is often the most daunting part of writing an article, book, thesis, or dissertation. “The literature” seems (and often is) massive. I have found it helpful to be as systematic as possible when completing this gargantuan task.

Sonja Foss and William Walters* describe an efficient and effective way of writing a literature review. Their system provides an excellent guide for getting through the massive amounts of literature for any purpose: in a dissertation, an M.A. thesis, or preparing a research article for publication  in any field of study. Below is a  summary of the steps they outline as well as a step-by-step method for writing a literature review.

How to Write a Literature Review

Step One: Decide on your areas of research:

Before you begin to search for articles or books, decide beforehand what areas you are going to research. Make sure that you only get articles and books in those areas, even if you come across fascinating books in other areas. A literature review I am currently working on, for example, explores barriers to higher education for undocumented students.

Step Two: Search for the literature:

Conduct a comprehensive bibliographic search of books and articles in your area. Read the abstracts online and download and/or print those articles that pertain to your area of research. Find books in the library that are relevant and check them out. Set a specific time frame for how long you will search. It should not take more than two or three dedicated sessions.

Step Three: Find relevant excerpts in your books and articles:

Skim the contents of each book and article and look specifically for these five things:

1. Claims, conclusions, and findings about the constructs you are investigating

2. Definitions of terms

3. Calls for follow-up studies relevant to your project

4. Gaps you notice in the literature

5. Disagreement about the constructs you are investigating

When you find any of these five things, type the relevant excerpt directly into a Word document. Don’t summarize, as summarizing takes longer than simply typing the excerpt. Make sure to note the name of the author and the page number following each excerpt. Do this for each article and book that you have in your stack of literature. When you are done, print out your excerpts.

Step Four: Code the literature:

Get out a pair of scissors and cut each excerpt out. Now, sort the pieces of paper into similar topics. Figure out what the main themes are. Place each excerpt into a themed pile. Make sure each note goes into a pile. If there are excerpts that you can’t figure out where they belong, separate those and go over them again at the end to see if you need new categories. When you finish, place each stack of notes into an envelope labeled with the name of the theme.

Step Five: Create Your Conceptual Schema:

Type, in large font, the name of each of your coded themes. Print this out, and cut the titles into individual slips of paper. Take the slips of paper to a table or large workspace and figure out the best way to organize them. Are there ideas that go together or that are in dialogue with each other? Are there ideas that contradict each other? Move around the slips of paper until you come up with a way of organizing the codes that makes sense. Write the conceptual schema down before you forget or someone cleans up your slips of paper.

Step Six: Begin to Write Your Literature Review:

Choose any section of your conceptual schema to begin with. You can begin anywhere, because you already know the order. Find the envelope with the excerpts in them and lay them on the table in front of you. Figure out a mini-conceptual schema based on that theme by grouping together those excerpts that say the same thing. Use that mini-conceptual schema to write up your literature review based on the excerpts that you have in front of you. Don’t forget to include the citations as you write, so as not to lose track of who said what. Repeat this for each section of your literature review.

Once you complete these six steps, you will have a complete draft of your literature review. The great thing about this process is that it breaks down into manageable steps something that seems enormous: writing a literature review.

I think that Foss and Walter’s system for writing the literature review is ideal for a dissertation, because a Ph.D. candidate has already read widely in his or her field through graduate seminars and comprehensive exams.

It may be more challenging for M.A. students, unless you are already familiar with the literature. It is always hard to figure out how much you need to read for deep meaning, and how much you just need to know what others have said. That balance will depend on how much you already know.

For people writing literature reviews for articles or books, this system also could work, especially when you are writing in a field with which you are already familiar. The mere fact of having a system can make the literature review seem much less daunting, so I recommend this system for anyone who feels overwhelmed by the prospect of writing a literature review.

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• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

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Literature Review Guide

• Lit Reviews: What You Need to Know Before You Start

Here are a Few Examples of Literature Reviews

• Choose Your Research Topic
• Tips for Database Searching
• Evaluate Your Results
• Synthesize Your Articles

Slides from Workshop on 01/30/24

https://bit.ly/3vFDntg

Understanding Peer-reviewed Journal Articles vs. Scholarly Sources

Peer Reviewed Articles

• Group of experts in the author's discipline reviews and evaluates an article to ensure quality
• Often double-blind, so reviewers' & author's identities are concealed from each other 
• High level of rigor
• When you limit for peer reviewed in a database, you're typically actually limiting to peer reviewed journals . So you might find book reviews or letters to the editor. However, all the research articles will be peer reviewed.

Scholarly Sources

• Intended for academic audience, usually within specific field
• Authored by academics, specialists, or researchers in the field (not by journalists). Includes author's credentials

NOTE: Although the term peer reviewed & scholarly are often used interchangeably, some scholarly works are not peer reviewed (such as dissertations, books, and book chapters), but all peer reviewed articles are scholarly.

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Ebook - The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success

Ebook - Succeeding With Your Literature Review: A Handbook for Students

Ebook - Writing the Literature Review

Ebook - Conducting Your Literature Review

All scholarly journal articles include a review of the literature, usually after the introduction paragraph. Take a look at this example journal article: 

MacKinnon, C. J., Smith, N. G., Henry, M., Milman, E., Berish, M., Farrace, A., Körner, A., Chochinov, H. M., & Cohen, S. R. (2016). A Pilot Study of Meaning-Based Group Counseling for Bereavement. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 72(3), 210–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815575002  

https://www.academia.edu/download/83475030/A_pilot_study_of_meaning-based_group_cou20220408-13993-1bj1mkp.pdf 

Sometimes, a literature review can be a stand-alone work (tip: the title may contain the phrase, literature review) Take a look at this literature review journal article: 

Dalechek, D. E., Caes, L., McIntosh, G., & Whittaker, A. C. (2024). Anxiety, history of childhood adversity, and experiencing chronic pain in adulthood: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis. European Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.2232  

All dissertations include a review of the literature in the chapter 2. Take a look at this example dissertation:

Shah, F. A. (2023).  Promotions and Rewards: Perceptions of Minority Women in Corporate America  (Order No. 30530620). Available from Dissertations & Theses @ Adler University. (2839630623). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/promotions-rewards-perceptions-minority-women/docview/2839630623/se-2

• Next: Choose Your Research Topic >>
• Last Updated: May 30, 2024 2:47 PM
• URL: https://library.adler.edu/literature_review_guide

A Literature Review and Content Analysis on Interactive E-Books

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Making Literature Reviews Work: A Multidisciplinary Guide to Systematic Approaches

• © 2022
• Rob Dekkers 0 ,
• Lindsey Carey 1 ,
• Peter Langhorne 2

University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK

• Covers all aspects of undertaking and reporting literature reviews as part of research project or stand-alone study
• Contains examples, tips and guidelines across different disciplines and types of literature reviews
• For early-career researchers, academics, professionals, and students embarking on their literature review

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About this book

This textbook guides the reader on how to undertake high-quality literature reviews, from traditional narrative to protocol-driven reviews. The guidance covers a broad range of purposes, disciplines and research paradigms. 

Whether the literature review is part of a research project, doctoral study, dissertation or a stand-alone study, the book offers approaches, methods, tools, tips and guidelines to produce more effective literature reviews in an efficient manner. The numerous examples are drawn from an array of subject areas, such as economics, healthcare, education, medicine, psychology, software engineering amongst others. This makes it worthwhile for a wide range of studies and for reviews into evidence-based interventions, policies, practices and treatments. There is attention given to presenting, reporting and publishing literature reviews. With the additional clarity brought about by explanatory tables and graphs, this textbook is a ‘must-have’ for all students,researchers, academics and practitioners at any stage of their project or career when engaging with literature. 

In addition, citizens, policymakers and practitioners will benefit from the guidance with better insight into how literature reviews could and should have been conducted.

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Literature Reviews: An Overview of Systematic, Integrated, and Scoping Reviews

On being ‘systematic’ in literature reviews in IS

On being ‘systematic’ in literature reviews

• Literature Reviews
• Systematic Reviews
• Meta-Analysis
• Meta-Aggregation
• Literature Review in Dissertation
• Literature Review for Research
• Literature Review Example

Table of contents (18 chapters)

Front matter, introduction.

• Rob Dekkers, Lindsey Carey, Peter Langhorne

Basic Concepts for Effective Literature Reviews

Objectives and positioning of [systematic] literature reviews, quality of literature reviews, developing review questions, search strategies for [systematic] literature reviews, setting inclusion and exclusion criteria, quantitative analysis and synthesis, principles of meta-analysis, meta-analysis in action: the cochrane collaboration, other quantitative methods, qualitative analysis and synthesis, principles of qualitative synthesis, methods for qualitative analysis and synthesis, combining quantitative and qualitative syntheses, presentation and writing, reporting standards for literature reviews, data management and repositories for literature reviews, writing literature reviews, authors and affiliations.

Rob Dekkers, Peter Langhorne

Lindsey Carey

About the authors

Bibliographic information.

Book Title : Making Literature Reviews Work: A Multidisciplinary Guide to Systematic Approaches

Authors : Rob Dekkers, Lindsey Carey, Peter Langhorne

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90025-0

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Education , Education (R0)

Copyright Information : Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

Hardcover ISBN : 978-3-030-90024-3 Published: 11 August 2022

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-030-90027-4 Published: 12 August 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-3-030-90025-0 Published: 10 August 2022

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : L, 571

Number of Illustrations : 97 b/w illustrations, 1 illustrations in colour

Topics : Research Skills , Knowledge Management , Research Methods in Education , Research Methodology , Job Careers in Science and Engineering

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Writing a Literature Review

What is a literature review.

A literature review is a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the principal research about the topic being studied. The review helps form the intellectual framework for the study. The review need not be exhaustive; the objective is not to list as many relevant books, articles, reports as possible. However, the review should contain the most pertinent studies and point to important past and current research and practices in the field.

NECESSARY SKILLS

When conducting a literature review a researcher must have three quite distinct skills. He or she must be

• adept at searching online databases and print indexes,
• able to evaluate critically what she has read, and
• able to incorporate the selected readings into a coherent, integrated, and meaningful account.

A literature review serves several purposes. For example, it

• provides thorough knowledge of previous studies; introduces seminal works.
• helps focus one’s own research topic.
• identifies a conceptual framework for one’s own research questions or problems; indicates potential directions for future research.
• suggests previously unused or underused methodologies, designs, quantitative and qualitative strategies.
• identifies gaps in previous studies; identifies flawed methodologies and/or theoretical approaches; avoids replication of mistakes.
• helps the researcher avoid repetition of earlier research.
• suggests unexplored populations.
• determines whether past studies agree or disagree; identifies controversy in the literature.
• tests assumptions; may help counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias.
• Next: Phase 1: Scope of Review >>
• Last Updated: Dec 5, 2023 2:26 PM
• Subjects: Education , General
• Tags: literature_review , literature_review_in_education

1st Edition

Writing the Literature Review A Practical Guide

Description

This accessible text provides a roadmap for producing a high-quality literature review--an integral part of a successful thesis, dissertation, term paper, or grant proposal. Each step of searching for, evaluating, analyzing, and synthesizing prior studies is clearly explained and accompanied by user-friendly suggestions, organizational tips, vignettes, and examples of student work. Also featured are excerpts from peer-reviewed quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods articles. This is the first book to focus on crafting different types of reviews (systematic, traditional–narrative, or hermeneutic–phenomenological) that reflect the writer's research question, methodological choices, and approaches to knowledge. It describes what all reviews have in common and highlights distinct characteristics of each type. The book includes dos and don'ts for evaluating studies and constructing an argument, and software suggestions for locating, organizing, and arranging sources. Pedagogical Features *Checklists and "To Do" activities that break down key steps to take. *Boxed examples, graphics that organize and visually illustrate key concepts, and summary tables. *Group activities that invite students to further explore and apply the methods discussed in each chapter. *Detailed directions for using four different organizing strategies: synthesis matrix, summary table, mapping, and topic outline. *End-of-chapter summaries and "What's Next" sections. *Assessment matrices for reviewing and refining the completed literature review. Winner (First Place)-- American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award, Nursing Research Category

Table of Contents

Sara Efrat Efron, EdD, is Professor of Education and Director of the Doctoral Program in Curriculum, Advocacy, and Policy at National Louis University. Her areas of interest include teacher research, mentoring, and moral and democratic education in times of crisis. Dr. Efron is coauthor, with Ruth Ravid, of Writing the Literature Review and Action Research in Education, Second Edition. She has published numerous book chapters and journal articles and presents widely at national and international conferences. She has also written several foreign-language instruction books for middle and high school students. Ruth Ravid, PhD, is Professor Emerita of Education at National Louis University. Her areas of interest include educational research, action research, assessment, and school–university collaboration. Dr. Ravid has published numerous journal articles, book chapters, and books, including Writing the Literature Review and Action Research in Education, Second Edition, both coauthored with Sara Efrat Efron.

Critics' Reviews

"The clarity of the text is a strength. The tables and examples of various orientations and approaches are very helpful, especially if students have heard critical comments about other academic areas’ research methods. The chapter on developing arguments and supporting claims (which includes common mistakes to avoid) is particularly instructive. I plan to begin using the book immediately--it is thorough, well written, and will be meaningful to graduate students and professionals.”--Marsha Harman, PhD, Psychology Program, Sam Houston State University "This text adds a unique approach to writing the literature review; it is the only book on the topic that I have seen that connects the review to different research designs. As evidenced by the stories and scenarios throughout the book, it takes a learner-centered approach. I appreciate the use of graphic organizers as well as the chapter summaries in the form of numbered lists.”--Joyce Pittman, PhD, School of Education, Drexel University "This is a wonderful book that is a very user-friendly and effective tool to teach students how to complete a professional literature review. It is easy to follow and targeted toward readers at all academic levels. Each chapter contains simply stated content and great examples, templates, checklists, and group exercises. The checklists and group exercises will be particularly useful to incorporate into in-class work to strengthen student learning.”--Kelli Larsen, PhD, Department of Social Work, Marshall University "This is exactly the book my colleagues and I have been looking for. It thoroughly covers the processes that are important for students to grasp in conducting their literature reviews. Using this book will enable students to produce more rigorous and informed literature reviews than the basic summaries I often see. I like the figures that present information in a visual form as well as the ample examples, which set this book apart."--Stephanie J. Jones, EdD, College of Education, Texas Tech University "A comprehensive, step-to-step guide, this book will be highly useful for master’s and doctoral students in social sciences and education. Students may feel intimidated by the task of writing a literature review, assuming they should already know how to do it and therefore not asking for guidance. The book could be used as a main textbook in academic writing classes or a supplementary source in research classes. It covers both fundamental issues, such as what a literature review is and what it is not, and more sophisticated topics--for example, the author’s voice and positionality, and the importance of revision."--Maja Miskovic, PhD, Professor of Research and Executive Director, Division of Research and Doctoral Programs, Concordia University Chicago -Sometimes, wishful thinking comes too late in life….This easy-to-read, user-friendly book with step-by-step guides would have made an excellent companion for my experiences, both as a research writer and as an instructor….Efron and Ravid, like trailblazers and guides, have mapped out the whole process of research writing in easy steps in their book, Writing the Literature Review--making it easier and more comprehensible for researchers. They have defined parameters of each and every step of the journey….There is an abundance of information out there on literature review writing, but Efron and Ravid's book…is more distinct and conspicuous from the rest because of the simplicity with which this book is developed. I would highly recommend this easy-to-read book to all the instructors who teach Research Writing courses, and to all the graduate and doctoral students who are venturing out on their journey of the literature review writing processes.--Inquiry in Education, 4/1/2019

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The Literature Review A Step-by-Step Guide for Students

• Diana Ridley - Sheffield University, UK
• Description

New to this edition are:

• Examples drawn from a wide range of disciplines
• A new chapter on conducting systematic reviews
• Increased guidance on evaluating the quality of online sources and online literature
• Enhanced guidance in dealing with copyright and permissions issues.

This book also comes with a companion website containing a wide range of examples of successful literature reviews from various academic disciplines. SAGE Study Skills are essential study guides for students of all levels. From how to write great essays and succeeding at university, to writing your undergraduate dissertation and doing postgraduate research, SAGE Study Skills help you get the best from your time at university. Visit the SAGE Study Skills hub  for tips, quizzes and videos on study success!

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Visit the SAGE Study Skills hub  for tips, resources and videos on study success!

'The Literature Review is a clearly written and easily accessible self-guided introduction packed with detailed examples. It's especially useful for budding researchers unfamiliar with crafting literature reviews that support strong theory development and empirical testing. I recommend it to every first-year doctoral student' - Michael R. Hyman Distinguished Achievement Professor, New Mexico State University

Excellent book, providing very good guidance on how to conduct a literature review.

Provides specific guidance on doing a literature review which is relevant to UG and PG students.

This text will support our trainees with their M-level study. A very useful text.

My students have found this book so helpful. The step-by-step approach offers clarity and helps build students' confidence in conducting a literature review.

Thank you very much for this insepction copy. This book is current and comprehensive. It includes useful consideration of referencing software. It has a particulalry easy to follow format with lots of text boxes and excercises. It is particularly useful for those new to literature searching.

This is an excellent book, clearly written and suitable for undergraduate students.

It outlines the purpose of literature review and gives good information about note taking and how be critical.

This book should help my students with the part of the research process to often struggle with.

Excellent guide. A must read for postgraduate learners.

This book provides detailed insights into carrying out the reserach for a literature review. Also it provides excellent step-by-step guidance in the writing process.

Helpful for students at all levels. The framework is useful for students trying to grasp a complicated procedure. The systematic literature review chapter is a nice addition. A great resource for students.

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Getting Started With Library Research: Literature Review

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What is a Literature Review?

A  literature review  is a comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a specific topic.

Literature reviews are generally conducted in one of two ways:

1) As a preliminary review before a larger study in order to critically evaluate the current literature and justify why further study and research is required.

2) As a project in itself that provides a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular discipline or area of research over a specified period of time.  

Why conduct a literature review? They provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone.

More:   different types of literature reviews  on how to conduct a literature review.

Literature Review Links

• PhD on Track: Types of Reviews Narrative & Systematic
• Purdue Owl: Literature Reviews
• Purdue OWL: Writing a Literature Review

How to Develop a Literature Review

How to develop a literature review from Academic Research Foundations: Quantitative by Rolin Moe

What is the Difference Between a Systematic Review and a Meta-analysis?

Dr. Singh discusses the difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis.

Books on How to Write a Literature Review

By Med Kharbach, PhD | Published: June 18, 2023 | Updated: June 6, 2024

Working on a literature review can feel like venturing into an intricate maze—there’s methodology, grey literature, style formatting guidelines, and so much more to master. That’s why I’ve curated a list of essential reads that serve as your personal map through this labyrinth. Whether you’re just dipping your toes into the concept or you’ve been crafting literature reviews for years, these books offer invaluable insights to make your work comprehensive a\nd impactful.

For those of you scratching your heads thinking, “ What even is a literature review ?”—don’t sweat it. Take a quick detour to my earlier post, “What is a Literature Review,” to get the 411. Trust me, once you’ve got the basics down, these books will help you elevate your game to the next level.

Here is our collection of some very good books on how to write a literature review

1.  Published , by Thomas Deetjen

“Published” is a comprehensive guide that organizes the research process into seven clear phases, offering step-by-step instruction for each. The book is designed to take you through your research journey from the beginning to the end. It provides the clarity, direction, and encouragement you need to drive your project from the inception to the ultimate goal – publication.

2. Doing a Literature Review , by Chris Hart

“Doing a Literature Review” is a guide that illuminates the “what,” “how,” and “why” of literature reviewing. The book covers the literature review process from start to finish, introduces new chapters explaining different types of reviews and evidence evaluation, and offers extended examples for the application of key techniques and procedures.

The book couples a critical, philosophical approach with a selection of practical examples, equipping readers with both the intellectual understanding and the technical skills needed to produce high-quality literature reviews.

3. Doing a Systematic Review: A Student’s Guide , by Angela Boland (Editor), Gemma Cherry (Editor), Rumona Dickson (Editor)

“Doing a Systematic Review: A Student’s Guide” is a friendly, accessible manual from an expert team of authors with extensive experience in conducting and supervising systematic reviews.

The guide provides clear answers to all review-related questions, including formulating an appropriate review question, managing the review, developing a search strategy, getting started with data extraction, assessing the quality of a study, analyzing and synthesizing data, and writing up the discussion and conclusion sections of a dissertation or thesis.

4. An Introduction to Systematic Reviews , by David Gough  (Editor), Sandy Oliver (Editor), James Thomas (Editor)

“An Introduction to Systematic Reviews” is a hands-on guide that focuses on using systematic review as a research method. The book provides clear, step-by-step advice on the logic and processes of systematic reviewing, emphasizing the importance of precision and accuracy.

The second edition introduces a new chapter on statistical synthesis and innovative approaches to research synthesis, including text mining, living reviews, and qualitative comparative analysis in mixed methods reviews.

The book is filled with examples from across the social sciences, making it an invaluable resource for students and researchers seeking to turn systematic reviews into policy recommendations.

5. Introduction to Meta-Analysis , by Michael Borenstein, Larry V. Hedges, Julian P. T. Higgins, Hannah R. Rothstein 

“Introduction to Meta-Analysis” is written by four of the world’s leading authorities on meta-analysis. The updated edition presents an outline of meta-analysis in the research process, demonstrates how to compute effect sizes and treatment effects, and explains the fixed-effect and random-effects models for synthesizing data.

The book also helps in assessing and interpreting variation in effect size across studies, avoiding common mistakes in meta-analysis, and discussing controversies in meta-analysis. The book includes access to a companion website that provides step-by-step instructions for performing analyses using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA), along with additional resources.

6. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review , by Andrew Booth, Anthea Sutton, Mark Clowes, Marrissa Martyn-St James

This book is a practical guide to conducting literature reviews, offering step-by-step processes that work with any data. “Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review” includes worksheets and decision aids to help plan and organize your literature review, worked examples and case studies for practical understanding, troubleshooting tips, and answers to frequently asked questions.

This edition also includes a new chapter on analyzing mixed methods research and provides online access to a literature review starter template, an exercise workbook, project diary template, and a source credibility checklist.

7. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper , by Arlene G. Fink

Arlene G. Fink’s “Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper” provides an in-depth, accessible guide on how to synthesize research literature. It is an ideal resource for students, researchers, marketers, planners, and policymakers who are involved in designing and managing public and private agencies, conducting research studies, and preparing strategic plans and grant proposals.

The Fifth Edition of the book features new research, examples, and references from the social, behavioral, and health sciences, expanded coverage of qualitative research, updated and revised meta-analysis procedures, a new glossary of key terms, double the number of exercises, and additional examples of how to write reviews.

8. Systematic Reviews in Educational Research: Methodology, Perspectives and Application , by Olaf Zawacki-Richter et al 

This open access edited volume brings together international researchers in the field of education to describe and discuss the systematic review method as it applies to research in education. Alongside fundamental methodical considerations, reflections and practical examples are provided, offering an introduction and comprehensive overview of systematic reviews in educational research.

9. Searching the Grey Literature: A Handbook for Searching Reports, Working Papers, and Other Unpublished Research , by Sarah Bonato

“Searching the Grey Literature is an invaluable guide for researchers interested in expanding their knowledge about grey literature. Whether you’re faced with your first grey literature search request or you’re an experienced searcher finding that your patrons are unfamiliar with this vast body of literature, this book can help.

Providing effective strategies for crafting successful searches and teaching about the importance of grey literature, it is an important resource for librarians and other information professionals.

10. Publication Manual (OFFICIAL) 7th Edition of the American Psychological Association , by American Psychological Association

“The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields.

Known for its authoritative, easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, language, and tone that will result in powerful, concise, and elegant scholarly communication. It guides users through the scholarly writing process—from the ethics of authorship to reporting research through publication.”

11. The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success , by Lawrence A. Machi, Brenda T. McEvoy

“From daunting to doable in six steps, this book presents the process of literature review in a clear and straightforward manner. The authors walk students through every step of the process, including selecting a topic, searching the literature, developing arguments, surveying the literature, critiquing the literature, and writing the literature review.”

Final thoughts

As we round out this exploration of must-reads for crafting literature reviews, I can’t help but reflect on the transformative power of a well-executed review. It’s not just an academic exercise; it’s a meaningful contribution to your field, a way of synthesizing knowledge and creating a foundation for future research. Besides providing you with the “how-to”, these books delve into the nuances and complexities that make your review truly resonate.

I’ve personally found immense value in these resources, both in my days asa a doctoral student and in my current research work. The methodologies, guidelines, and tips covered are like an insider’s guide to academic writing. Whether you’re a newbie or a seasoned pro, having a collection of solid guidebooks can make the difference between a literature review that’s just okay and one that sets the gold standard.

Related Posts

Meet Med Kharbach, PhD

Dr. Med Kharbach is an influential voice in the global educational landscape, with an extensive background in educational studies and a decade-long experience as a K-12 teacher. Holding a Ph.D. from Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax, Canada, he brings a unique perspective to the educational world by integrating his profound academic knowledge with his hands-on teaching experience. Dr. Kharbach's academic pursuits encompass curriculum studies, discourse analysis, language learning/teaching, language and identity, emerging literacies, educational technology, and research methodologies. His work has been presented at numerous national and international conferences and published in various esteemed academic journals.

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Lit Review How-To Books

• Last Updated: Sep 26, 2023 10:25 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.jhu.edu/lit-review

Citing and Writing Help: Literature Reviews

• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Literature Reviews
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Help for Those Preparing a Literature Review

The following resources give tips on how to prepare a review of the literature -- an important step in a research project because it helps clarify what's already known about a topic. For additional help, please contact us.

• Literature Reviews Descriptive overview of the process of writing a literature review. A light, breezy style makes it easy to read while covering the topic in-depth. Writing Center, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Write a Literature Review A concise overview of a literature review's components and purpose; Univ. Libraries, Univ. of Southern California, Santa Cruz

Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students

(9:38) Addresses the function and utility of reviews of the scholarly literature as well as the process of preparing a literature review. North Carolina State Univ. Libraries

Books about Literature Reviews

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• Last Updated: May 21, 2024 2:17 PM
• URL: https://uhcl.libguides.com/citingwriting

Reference Examples

More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .

Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10

Related handouts

• Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
• Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)

Textual Works

Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.

• Journal Article References
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• Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
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Data and Assessments

Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.

• Data Set References
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Audiovisual Media

Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.

• Artwork References
• Clip Art or Stock Image References
• Film and Television References
• Musical Score References
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• YouTube Video References

Online Media

Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.

• Facebook References
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• Whole Website References

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Book Review: In ‘Farewell Amethystine,’ a private eye hunts for a beautiful woman’s ex-husband

This cover image released by Mulholland shows “Farewell, Amethystine” by Walter Mosley. (Mulholland via AP)

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It’s 1970 in Los Angeles, and Easy Rawlins has come a long way since Walter Mosley launched his series about this Black private detective with “Devil in a Blue Dress.”

In that first novel, published in 1990, we met Easy as a young World War II vet. It was 1948, he’d just moved to Los Angeles after losing his job at a Houston defense plant, and he was struggling to pay his bills. Now, in “Farewell Amethystine,” the 16th book in the series, Easy is a 50-year-old family man, lives in a nice house, and is the owner of a three-man private detective agency.

However, he’s still a Black man in a city where driving a nice car or walking in a white neighborhood is grounds for arrest — or even a beating.

The story begins the way so many hardboiled crime novels have over the decades. A beautiful woman walks into the detective’s office and asks for help. Her name is Amethystine Stoller. Her ex-husband, a forensic accountant, has gone missing, and she wants Easy to look for him.

As Easy presses her for details, he grows UNeasy. He can tell she’s lying about something. More than that, she reminds him of his first love, a grown woman who bedded him when he was just a boy and then disappeared. He looked for her for years and has never forgotten her.

He’s reluctant to take Amethystine’s case, but he’s drawn to her. The book’s title, however, tips off readers that their budding love affair is unlikely to work out.

Easy soon discovers that her ex’s disappearance has something to do with gangsters, a Las Vegas casino and, eventually, a series of murders. For help, Easy turns to Melvin Suggs, his lone friend in the LAPD, but learns that Suggs is in hiding, betrayed by corrupt officers in the department. So now, in addition to searching for Amethystine, Easy has a second problem on his hands.

Fans of this series may be disappointed that Easy’s dangerous friend Mouse makes only a cameo appearance. However, the detective’s old pal Fearless Jones is on hand to watch Easy’s back.

Mosley’s plotting can be a bit hard to follow at times—much like the work of Raymond Chandler, whose detective character, Philip Marlowe, worked the mean streets of Los Angeles in the 1940s. As with Chandler’s books, however, the main attraction of the Easy Rawlins novels is the superb prose. Mosley’s dialogue, much of it straight out of Watts and Compton, is pitch perfect, and some passages have the sensuous rhythm of a basement slow dance.

Bruce DeSilva, winner of the Mystery Writers of America’s Edgar Award, is the author of the Mulligan crime novels including “The Dread Line.”

AP book reviews: https://apnews.com/hub/book-reviews

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Last Patient of the Night: An AJ Docker Medical Thriller Kindle Edition

" Last Patient of the Night is M*A*S*H* meets Detective Harry Bosch. It's a thriller that won't disappoint." –Gregory D. Lee, author of Stinger: An International Thriller

The death of a nameless young woman in his emergency room spurs physician AJ Docker to seek answers. Together with his policeman friend and a police dog, he sets out on a quest for justice for his lost patient, but he discovers more questions than answers as he delves into the criminal world. Last Patient of the Night is an action packed thriller interspersed with lighthearted stories from the emergency room, featuring a cast of interesting characters. Gary Gerlacher’s experience as an emergency physician lends authenticity to the ER culture. His debut novel is the first in the AJ Docker series, and will leave you turning pages late into the night.

• Book 1 of 3 An AJ Docker Medical Thriller
• Print length 263 pages
• Language English
• Sticky notes On Kindle Scribe
• Publication date December 7, 2023
• File size 1204 KB
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"This book had some great characters and some crazy over-the-top scenarios, but it was a lot of fun to read. I enjoyed the medical interspersed with the amateur crime fighting. There was humor that made me laugh out loud and tense moments that kept me rapt. Definitely want to see more of Doc and can't wait for his next book." -The Book Nurse

"What a fantastic ending!! I absolutely loved it! This book had everything! It had high suspense, intrigue, action packed, murder, mystery, Russian mobsters, grand theft, a few who done it, great sleuthing skills, and some crazy twists and turns!" -Sassy Southern Book Blog

" Last Patient of the Night is M*A*S*H* meets Detective Harry Bosch. It's a thriller that won't disappoint." -Gregory D. Lee, author of Stinger: An International Thriller

"Armed with his quick wit, a best-friend mall cop, and a bad ass police dog, an ER doctor goes on the hunt for a killer in this page-turning thriller." -Gail Ward Olmsted, author of Landscape of a Marriage

"Really there wasn't anything I didn't like about it, fast paced, incredibly humorous and fun and also a plot that really keeps the reader engaged throughout the book." -Lee Cooper, NetGalley Reviewer

About the Author

Product details.

• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B0CFM5L6TK
• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Black Rose Writing (December 7, 2023)
• Publication date ‏ : ‎ December 7, 2023
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• File size ‏ : ‎ 1204 KB
• Text-to-Speech ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported
• Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
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• Word Wise ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Sticky notes ‏ : ‎ On Kindle Scribe
• Print length ‏ : ‎ 263 pages
• #6 in Crime Action & Adventure
• #7 in Medical Thrillers (Kindle Store)
• #14 in Action Thriller Fiction

About the author

Gary gerlacher.

Gary Gerlacher is a pediatric emergency physician and entrepreneur who writes thrillers based on his work experiences. His debut novel, Last Patient of the Night, will be available in December, 2023 and features Doc, an emergency room doctor seeking justice for a patient who has been tortured and murdered. His search leads him to an international crime figure and a fight for his life.

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