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Advances in Earthquake Research and Engineering

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Computer Science > Machine Learning

Title: deep learning in earthquake engineering: a comprehensive review.

Abstract: This article surveys the growing interest in utilizing Deep Learning (DL) as a powerful tool to address challenging problems in earthquake engineering. Despite decades of advancement in domain knowledge, issues such as uncertainty in earthquake occurrence, unpredictable seismic loads, nonlinear structural responses, and community engagement remain difficult to tackle using domain-specific methods. DL offers promising solutions by leveraging its data-driven capacity for nonlinear mapping, sequential data modeling, automatic feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, optimal decision-making, etc. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive review that systematically covers a consistent scope intersecting DL and earthquake engineering. To bridge the gap, the article first discusses methodological advances to elucidate various applicable DL techniques, such as multi-layer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), generative adversarial network (GAN), autoencoder (AE), transfer learning (TL), reinforcement learning (RL), and graph neural network (GNN). A thorough research landscape is then disclosed by exploring various DL applications across different research topics, including vision-based seismic damage assessment and structural characterization, seismic demand and damage state prediction, seismic response history prediction, regional seismic risk assessment and community resilience, ground motion (GM) for engineering use, seismic response control, and the inverse problem of system/damage identification. Suitable DL techniques for each research topic are identified, emphasizing the preeminence of CNN for vision-based tasks, RNN for sequential data, RL for community resilience, and unsupervised learning for GM analysis. The article also discusses opportunities and challenges for leveraging DL in earthquake engineering research and practice.

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Investigation of lateral and longitudinal deformation of submarine nuclear power plant water-intake tunnel on non-uniform soft soil during earthquake, 1. introduction, 2. methods and principles, 2.1. response displacement method, 2.1.1. lateral response deformation method, 2.1.2. longitudinal response displacement method, 2.2. equivalent linear dynamic time-history analysis method, 2.2.1. viscoelastic artificial boundary, 2.2.2. hydrodynamic pressure, 3. engineering example, 3.1. project parameters, 3.1.1. soil parameters, 3.1.2. seismic parameters, 3.2. numerical analysis based on the response displacement method, 3.2.1. calculation model, 3.2.2. calculating working conditions, 3.2.3. result analysis, 3.3. numerical analysis based on dynamic time-history method, 3.3.1. calculation model, 3.3.2. calculated working conditions, 3.3.3. analysis of results, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Zhao, J.; Qian, B.; Gan, C.; Wang, J.; Peng, Y. Investigation of Lateral and Longitudinal Deformation of Submarine Nuclear Power Plant Water-Intake Tunnel on Non-Uniform Soft Soil during Earthquake. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 5565. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135565

Zhao J, Qian B, Gan C, Wang J, Peng Y. Investigation of Lateral and Longitudinal Deformation of Submarine Nuclear Power Plant Water-Intake Tunnel on Non-Uniform Soft Soil during Earthquake. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(13):5565. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135565

Zhao, Jie, Bo Qian, Changjiang Gan, Jianshan Wang, and Yanli Peng. 2024. "Investigation of Lateral and Longitudinal Deformation of Submarine Nuclear Power Plant Water-Intake Tunnel on Non-Uniform Soft Soil during Earthquake" Applied Sciences 14, no. 13: 5565. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135565

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PEER Proposed Research Summary: "Influence of Fines and Alternative Intensity Measures on Liquefaction Triggering"

The impact of a PEER funded research project "Influence of Fines and Alternative Intensity Measures on Liquefaction Triggering" is highlighted below. The project Principal Investigator (PI) is Scott J. Brandenberg, University of California, Los Angeles. The Co-Principal Investigator is Jonathan P. Stewart, University of California, Los Angeles. The Research Team includes Varun Nigesh, Graduate Student Researcher, UCLA and Kenneth Hudson, Hudson Geotechnics, Inc.

Download the Research Project Highlight which includes the abstract (PDF)

Research Impact

This work has the potential to alter the manner in which liquefaction manifestations are evaluated for bridges, buildings, and other infrastructure projects. Existing fines corrections simultaneously account for the influence of fines on penetration resistance, and on liquefaction resistance. Separating these two effects will clarify fundamental mechanisms and potentially reduce uncertainty in our predictions. Utilizing alternative intensity measures has the potential to decrease uncertainty in liquefaction evaluations, and also simplify the demands from a vector of PGA and M to a single constant associated with an evolutionary intensity measure.

• PEER Research Highlight topic page

• DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2024.06.054
• Corpus ID: 270746348

Earthquake Prediction using Satellite Data: Advances and ahead Challenges

• Mehdi Akhoondzadeh
• Published in Advances in Space Research 1 June 2024
• Engineering, Geology, Environmental Science, Physics

102 References

Analyses of data from the first chinese seismo electromagnetic satellite (cses-01) together with other earthquake precursors associated with the turkey earthquakes (february 6, 2023), investigation of the laic mechanism of the haiti earthquake (august 14, 2021) using cses-01 satellite observations and other earthquake precursors, kalman filter, ann-mlp, lstm and aco methods showing anomalous gps-tec variations concerning turkey's powerful earthquake (6 february 2023), study of the preparation phase of turkey's powerful earthquake (6 february 2023) by a geophysical multi-parametric fuzzy inference system, interpretation of ionospheric disturbances during the largest earthquake by the using the differentiated approach for the special methods to processing satellite radio signals, inter-calibration and statistical validation of topside ionosphere electron density observations made by cses-01 mission, is the apparent correlation between solar-geomagnetic activity and occurrence of powerful earthquakes a casual artifact, developing a fuzzy inference system based on multi-sensor data to predict powerful earthquake parameters, advances in seismo-lai anomalies detection within google earth engine (gee) cloud platform, developing a deep learning-based detector of magnetic, ne, te and tec anomalies from swarm satellites: the case of mw 7.1 2021 japan earthquake, related papers.

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

Structural Engineering

Aerospace ∙ Biological ∙ Civil ∙ Geotechnical ∙ Mechanical

Earthquake Engineering Projects

Seismic isolation of nuclear power plants.

Principal Investigator(s):

Gilberto Mosqueda

Seismic isolation is one of the most effective strategy to protect critical facilities including Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) from the damaging effects of horizontal earthquake ground shaking. However, the behavior of the seismic isolation system under extreme earthquakes is not well understood and of significant safety concern. Recent research has focused on addressing the potential for impact of the isolated structure to the stop or moat wall after exceeding its clearance displacement limit. A moat wall model of the scale required for NPP applications was developed based on detailed simulations and previous experimental research. Simulation results indicate significant penetration into the moat wall is possible and the resulting increase in displacement demands on the isolation system should be considered in design. 

Finite element simulations of NPP base mat impact to moat wall and proposed macro model of moat wall for system level simulations

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF SUBMERGED BRIDGE PILES

Benson Shing

In older cross-bay bridges, submerged piles could experience significant structural deteriorations caused by the corrosion of the reinforcing steel and the cracking and spalling of the concrete after long-term exposure to the sea water. During a strong earthquake, these piles could be subjected to very high tension and compression in addition to lateral forces, all transmitted from the bridge pier supported by the pile group. Compounded by the fact that these piles were designed with older standards, their performance under extreme seismic events has been questioned. Little information is available on the shear capacity and failure mechanism of RC members subjected to lateral forces and high axial tension at the same time. In a project supported by Caltrans, a study has been carried out in the Powell Structural Engineering Laboratories of UC San Diego to evaluate the performance of prestressed concrete piles under alternate high axial tension and compression as the pile undergoes cyclic lateral displacements. The subject bridge was constructed in the sixties. In this research, five 0.78-scale models of a representative Type-II pile are tested. They represent an as- built pile as well as piles with different degrees of corrosion damage. A beam-column model that captures the interaction of the axial, flexural and shear responses of an RC pile has  been developed to analyze the behavior of a pile group as well as individual piles. The model is being validated by the test data. The study will determine whether the piles meet the target seismic safety requirements. Data obtained from this study can also be used to improve design specifications for prestressed concrete piles in general. 

MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF CONFINED PENTAMODE LATTICES FOR POTENTIAL USE AS NOVEL SEISMIC ISOLATION AND IMPACT PROTECTION DEVICES

Dr. Gianmario Benzoni

Researcher(s):

University of Salerno

The ability of pentamode lattices to have both very soft and very stiff deformation modes suggests they are potentially suitable for use as seismic isolators. Unlike most other seismic isolators, where the response depends entirely on the properties of the materials used, the response of pentamode lattices depends mostly on their geometry. This is advantageous, as their response can be easily tuned by altering the geometry to control the vertical and horizontal stiffness for each application.

TENSION-FIELD ACTION AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF END PANELS IN STEEL PLATE GIRDERS

Chia-Ming Uang

I-shaped steel plate girders with vertical stiffeners in the web are widely used for bridge construction. For economy, the web plate is very thin relative to the depth of the girder. Unlike typical rolled I-shape members, these girders rely on the development of tension-field action (TFA) after the web buckles to resist shear. Both the bridge design code (AASHTO Specifications) and building design code (AISC Specification) provide equations for calculating design shear that takes advantage of TFA in the past half century. But these equations are applicable for interior, but not end, panels. When performing evaluation of existing steel girder bridges in California, Caltrans engineer realized that end panels quite often do not have a sufficient shear strength in the end panels. Thus, Caltrans funded a research at UCSD to evaluate if end panels can also benefit from TFA such that expensive retrofit is unnecessary.

A total of eight large-size plate girders were tested in the Powell Laboratory. A TFA model was established based on the observed failure mode (see Figure 4), from which a shear strength equation that reflects the partial TFA was developed based on plastic analysis:

This shear strength is also being considered for adoption in the 2022 edition of AISC Specification for Structural Steel Building.

CONTINUITY PLATE DESIGN FOR STEEL MOMENT FRAMES

Continuity plates (i.e., horizontal stiffeners) have long been understood in playing an important role in stiffening the beam flange-to-column flange connection in an SMF. The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake resulted in brittle fractures at the complete-joint-penetration (CJP) weld adjoining the beam flanges to the column. Significant research effort conducted after the earthquake resulted in moment connection design requirements contained in AISC 341 and AISC 358 (Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications). These standards stipulate that continuity plates must match those of specimens tested in the past and, thus, expensive CJP welds are required to connect the continuity plate to column flanges. In this research project, sponsored by the American Institute of Steel Construction, we performed full-scale cyclic testing of more than ten beam-column subassembly tests to develop an alternate weld detail and a design procedure that allow the designer to use more economical fillet welds to replace CJP for such application.

Figure 3 shows the test setup for 2-sided moment connection testing. Eleven specimens that used fillet welds with the proposed design procedure met the acceptance criteria in AISC 341. Based on both testing and extensive finite element simulation, we proposed that continuity plates be permitted to be welded to column flanges using a pair of fillet welds with a weld size at least equal to 75% of the thickness of the continuity plate. In addition, we proposed a limiting width- thickness ratio for continuity plate design based on the observed buckling in this research program. These proposed requirements are been considered for inclusion in the 2022 edition of AISC 341.

SEISMIC COMPACTNESS REQUIREMENT FOR STEEL MOMENT FRAME COLUMNS

Deep wide-flange columns are routinely used for the construction of multistory Special Moment Frames (SMF) in the United States because deep column sections are efficient to meet the story drift requirement specified in the building code. Although AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 341) require a check of strong column-weak beam condition, plastic hinging at column base is expected. To address the response and design of such columns, National Institute of Standards and Technology sponsored a research project at UCSD. A total of 48 deep columns were cyclically tested by using a shake table facility at the Structural Response Modification Device (SRMD) Laboratory.

Test results showed that the interaction between web and flange local buckling caused significant strength degradation and axial shortening. While some columns developed plastic hinges at member ends in the plane of bending, out-of-plane buckling as shown in Figure 1 was also observed in many column specimens. Based on results from both testing and finite element simulation, more stringent width-thickness limiting ratios ( lhd for SMF and   for IMF) have been proposed (see Figure 2). These recommendations are been considered by the AISC Specifications Committee for inclusion in the 2022 edition of AISC 341.

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Our Structures Laboratory contains a large reaction floor which can be used with various moveable reaction frames and hydraulic loading systems for quasi-static testing of large-scale structural components. We have two universal testing machines and two MTS servo-controlled loading systems, with a range of jacks suitable for programmed cyclic and fatigue testing.

The Earthquake Engineering Research Facility (EERF) is a purpose-built, state-of-the-art facility dedicated to the study of the behaviour of structures in seismic events. There is a working lab space of 490 m2, a large conference room (30 square metres), and an open office area of about 20 square metres on a mezzanine level.

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List of Projects Related to Earthquake Engineering

Here are some topics which you can use for your projects if you have chosen Seismic or Earthquake Engineering. You are free to add more project topics via comment section below.

1 Seismic Retrofitting Of Buildings 2 Seismic Behavior Analysis Of Bridges 3 Failure Of Foundation Due To Earthquake 4 Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques 5 Innovations In Earthquake Proof Structures 6 Seismic Behavior & Design Of RC Shear Walls 7 Earthquake & Earthquake Resistant Techniques 8 The Seismic Controlling Methods And Devices 9 Role Of Building Codes In Seismic Assessment. 10 Analysis For Seismic Retrofitting Of Buildings 11 Energy Dissipation Devices For Seismic Design. 12 Seismic Analysis and Up-gradation Of Structures 13 Earthquake Resistant Design and its Importance. 14 Steel Bracing Of RC Frames For Seismic Retrofitting 15 Recent Advances In Seismic Retrofitting Of RC Frames. 16 Calculation Of Earthquake – Actions On Building Structures 17 Evaluation Of Earthquake Affected Structure Using NDT WRT. 18 Earthquake Vibration Control Using Modified Frame-shear Wall 19 Seismic Response Of RC Frame Building With First Soft Storey 20 Seismic Design Force For Single-span Slab-girder Skewed Bridges

21 Development Length Requirements In Seismic Force-resisting Members 22 Response Spectrum Modelling For Regions Lacking Earthquake Records 23 Seismic Retrofitting Of RC Buildings Using Traditional Techniques. 24 An Investigation Of Joints Behavior In Seismic Response Of Arch Dams 25 Seismic Resistance Verification Of Confined Masonry Using Shock Table Studies 26 Earthquake Resistant Construction Of R.C.C Building And Construction Practices 27 Brick Masonry Building Model With Seismic Bands Under The Action Of Base Motion 28 Aspects Of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Special References To Non Engineered Construction 29 An Investigation Of Design Issues related to Seismic Performance Of Pile-to-pile Cap Connections 30 Studies On Strength And Behavior Of Composite Tubes For Earthquake Resistant Industrial Structures 31 Studies On Sleeved Composite Columns Confined With Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(gfrp) For Seismic Resistance 32 Comparative Strength Analysis Of Rubbers And Cement And Mortar-encased Steel Composite Columns For Seismic Resistance 33 Shear Reinforcement At Slab-column Connections Of Slabs That Are Not Part Of The Lateral-force-resisting System Of A Building In A High Seismic Design Category

If you have any suggestion or feedback do comment below. Help other engineers by suggesting more engineering topics for presentations and reports below. In case you find any error or duplication in the above list, just comment below.

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thanks you so much for all the research contribution (ENGINEERS RESEARCHER )

Plz tell me d best project

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Assessing seismic gap in adjacent RC buildings post Gorkha earthquake in Nepal

• Published: 27 June 2024

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• Aviral Upadhayay 1 ,
• Prem Nath Maskey 2 ,
• Rajiv Manandhar 1 &
• Binay Kumar Sah 3  

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The purpose of this research is to safeguard neighbouring reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in developing settings from seismic pounding, which can cause damage to such closely spaced buildings. The results of this study help to mitigate the pounding impact that occurs during earthquakes between nearby structures with varying floor numbers and provide valuable insights for constructing closely separated buildings in rapidly growing urban environments. Floor-to-floor pounding is the subject of this research, and the easiest and most efficient way to mitigate the damage caused by this pounding effect is to allow adequate space between the buildings. The study’s objective is to determine the minimum seismic gap between adjacent RC buildings with floors at the same level using three distinct analysis techniques: Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA), Non-Linear Modal Time-History Analysis (NLMTHA), and Direct Integration Time-History Analysis (DITHA) and finally recommend a safe seismic gap value from those three methods of analysis. The effect of the number of bays and storeys on the seismic gap value is also covered in this study. In order to provide suitable gap values, the research models 18 buildings with varying floor numbers and varying bay numbers in X and Y directions in SAP 2000 v 20 and a total of 153 building combinations were generated from those 18 models.

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Department of Civil Engineering, Nepal Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal

Aviral Upadhayay & Rajiv Manandhar

Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur, Nepal

Prem Nath Maskey

Department of Civil and Rural Engineering, Nepal Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal

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Aviral Upadhayay wrote the main manuscript.PremNath Maskey guided the research.Rajiv Manandhar prepared all the figures.Binay Kumar Sah helped with the writing format and paper submission.

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Upadhayay, A., Maskey, P.N., Manandhar, R. et al. Assessing seismic gap in adjacent RC buildings post Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. Asian J Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-024-01098-6

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Received : 16 December 2023

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Published : 27 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-024-01098-6

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Turkish earthquake death tolls: lessons from downward counterfactual analysis and informal construction

• Gargiulo, M. V.
• Napolitano, F.
• Amoroso, O.
• Capuano, P.

Earthquake death tolls are a basic statistical measure of the capability of a country to manage seismic risk. The extremely high Turkish death toll of 50,000 from the Kahramanmaraş earthquake doublet of 6 February 2023 is the product of a cascade of detrimental factors. These need to be explained if lessons from this disaster are to be learned. This is the purpose and objective of this paper, which is a contribution to the interdisciplinary Frontiers research topic on integrated perspectives on the 2023 Turkey and Syria earthquakes: advancing understanding and preparedness across earth sciences, engineering and public health. This paper covers these three disciplines by focusing on casualties, and identifying crucial aspects of earth sciences and engineering which contributed to the high death toll. First, there was a surprising combination of multiple fault segment ruptures, and a high level of ground motion relative to the risk-based Turkish code, indicative of the under-representation of the M7.5+ earthquake doublet event in the national probabilistic seismic hazard model. This combination of fault segment ruptures was missing from all seismic source models. Furthermore, the capability of buildings to cope with strong ground motion was much reduced by informal construction methods, which eroded the margin of safety needed to avoid building collapse. The extent of building code non-compliance was widely underestimated in seismic risk models. Non-compliance is often hard to identify, but construction amnesties make non-compliance more transparent and trackable. The disastrous outcome of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake doublet of 6 February 2023 has drawn global attention to systemic building code non-compliance, and the open official acceptance of informal housing. To demonstrate that this key systemic risk is far from being just a Turkish problem, notably in Istanbul, the challenge of Italian informal housing is highlighted within the context of international building code non-compliance.