what is locale of the study in research

Thinking About the Context: Setting (Where?) and Participants (Who?)

• First Online: 28 March 2017

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• Kenan Dikilitaş 3 &
• Carol Griffiths 4  

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In recent years, context has come to be recognized as a key element which influences the outcomes of research studies and impacts on their significance. Two important aspects of context are the setting (where the study is taking place) and the participants (who is included in the study). It is critical that both of these aspects are adequately considered and explained so that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from the data. The role of the action-researcher as an active participant in the context also needs thought and explanation.

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Faculty of Educational Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

Kenan Dikilitaş

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Dikilitaş, K., Griffiths, C. (2017). Thinking About the Context: Setting (Where?) and Participants (Who?). In: Developing Language Teacher Autonomy through Action Research. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50739-2_4

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What is research locale? And author?  

Insight from top 3 papers, source papers (3).

Related Questions

When writing a research locale, it is essential to approach the local context with patience, empathy, assistance, and cultural humility, as highlighted in one study on peace and conflict research . Additionally, utilizing algorithms guided by conflict analysis can enhance the effectiveness of research in structured instances, as demonstrated in another paper on SAT problem-solving . Authors aiming to publish research with intercultural significance should take responsibility for translations, argue the importance of their findings, and ensure a thorough review process to avoid devaluation . Furthermore, in the realm of journalism, localized information should focus on practicality, audience connection, and innovative storytelling methods like transmedia narratives to engage readers effectively .

The concept of locality plays a significant role in documentary analysis. Local communities hold valuable historical resources, including sporting libraries, which offer unique insights into local culture and history. Furthermore, the integration of local history into educational curricula, as seen in the Documento Curricular para Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental do Estado do Pará, highlights the importance of studying and understanding local histories. Additionally, local televisions have specific documentary needs, emphasizing the importance of audiovisual informative material in covering local news and events. Therefore, locality is indeed a crucial aspect of documentary analysis, providing rich sources of information and perspectives that contribute to a deeper understanding of communities and their histories.

The localization of a business plan should be specific, considering various factors. Business localization involves choosing a suitable location for operations. In the global economy, localization is crucial for appealing to diverse audiences. Developing international websites without a clear plan can lead to brand inconsistency and technical challenges. Despite the push towards globalization, the importance of location-specific advantages for multinational enterprises investing in specific countries is evident. While some advocate for a more centralized approach in certain sectors like industrial metrology, extensive localization, especially on websites, can benefit both business-to-business and business-to-consumer markets. Therefore, a specific locale in a business plan is essential to address market needs effectively and maintain brand consistency while leveraging location-specific advantages.

The locale of a study refers to the specific geographical or cultural context in which the research is conducted. It involves considering the unique characteristics, dynamics, and interests of the local community being studied. For instance, in the context of local journalism, the locale of the study would involve focusing on how digital media outlets in different countries address localized information and connect with their audiences. Similarly, in the realm of local therapy, the locale of the study would pertain to how specific treatments are implemented and their effectiveness within a particular population or region. Understanding the locale of a study is crucial for researchers to tailor their methods, interventions, and interpretations to suit the specific context being investigated.

A particular research locale in qualitative research can be justified by considering the unique context in which the phenomenon is studied. Qualitative research aims to understand the symbolic and particular universe of experiences, behaviors, and interactions within a specific context . It recognizes the inseparability of phenomena from their context and emphasizes the importance of analyzing individuals' perceptions and meanings within their specific circumstances . The fluidity of the context and its influential circumstances should be taken into account, as they can shape the perspectives and behaviors of the population being studied . Additionally, qualitative research can explore areas such as human behavior that cannot be quantified but are important to organizations . By using qualitative methods, researchers can gain insights into subjective experiences and interpretive processes that are not captured by quantitative approaches . Therefore, justifying a particular research locale in qualitative research involves recognizing the significance of context, understanding the unique aspects of the phenomenon being studied, and acknowledging the limitations of quantitative methods .

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The concept of white-box transformers through sparse rate reduction emphasizes the compression and transformation of data distributions towards low-dimensional Gaussian distributions supported on incoherent subspaces, as seen in various research papers . This approach views popular deep networks like transformers as iterative schemes optimizing this objective incrementally, with components like self-attention operators compressing token sets and multi-layer perceptrons sparsifying token representations. By optimizing the rate reduction objective, these white-box transformer-like architectures achieve efficient compression and sparsification of real-world vision datasets, demonstrating performance comparable to well-engineered transformers like ViT . Additionally, the application of sparse attention mechanisms in transformers for visual tracking tasks has shown significant improvements in tracking performance by focusing on relevant information in search regions, enhancing accuracy without compromising speed .

Ground-based measurements are considered optimal for various atmospheric and environmental studies due to their reliability and accuracy in monitoring different parameters. Ground-based platforms, such as masts, towers, and buoys, serve as carriers for instruments measuring meteorological variables and atmospheric composition, providing essential data . These platforms are crucial for long-term monitoring of atmospheric constituents, as seen in studies comparing ozone observations using multiple instruments like FTIR spectroscopy and ozonesondes, ensuring data accuracy and consistency . Additionally, methods like Digisonde Drift Measurements and Continuous Doppler Sounding offer real-time monitoring of ionospheric dynamics, highlighting the importance of combining different techniques for comprehensive analysis . Furthermore, the worldwide network of neutron monitors has been instrumental in studying cosmic ray flux variations near Earth, showcasing the significance of ground-based instruments in space weather applications . Overall, ground-based measurements provide a solid foundation for research, offering precise data crucial for understanding atmospheric and environmental processes.

ChatGPT-4 is an advanced natural language processing (NLP) chatbot developed by OpenAI, building upon the success of previous models like ChatGPT and GPT-3. It is a large language model (LLM) trained on vast amounts of text data, enabling it to generate human-like responses across various domains . ChatGPT-4 integrates insights from the global burden of disease (GBD) study, enhancing personalized healthcare planning through AI-assisted disease burden assessment and planning tools . While ChatGPT-4 demonstrates exceptional conversational capabilities and the ability to generate text rapidly, it lacks the full understanding, empathy, and creativity of a human, limiting its capacity to replace human interaction in most scenarios . The ethical concerns surrounding the use of ChatGPT-4 in scientific writing, patient education, and other fields highlight the need for careful consideration of its capabilities and limitations .

The development of foundation models in the medical imaging field, such as the UniverSeg model, represents a significant advancement in medical image segmentation . Additionally, the Fister-Panetta model has been utilized for visualizing cancerous growths, emphasizing the interdisciplinary approach required for addressing complex issues in cancer research . Moreover, the National Cancer Informatics Program (NCIP) Annotation and Image Markup (AIM) Foundation model serves as a fundamental structure for capturing and storing knowledge within in vivo imaging, enabling the extension of information collection for various imaging disciplines . Furthermore, the proposal of a self-supervised masked sampling distillation method for vision transformers aims to enhance privacy and performance in medical domain tasks, showcasing the potential of self-supervised models as task-agnostic foundation models for diverse medical applications .

Custom trained neural networks have shown promising results in defect detection tasks, often outperforming pre-trained computer vision models. Research has highlighted the efficiency of custom architectures in terms of accuracy and faster inference times compared to pre-trained models like MobileNet, Inception, ResNet, and Vision transformers . For instance, a custom UNet model achieved an overall accuracy of 97.25% and significantly higher precision, recall, and F1 scores, showcasing the potential of custom models in defect identification . Additionally, custom architectures have been found to be more efficient in terms of model size, performance, and CPU latency, with lower training parameters and model size, making them suitable for deployment on Edge and IoT devices . These findings emphasize the importance of tailored neural networks for specific defect detection tasks, especially in scenarios where pre-trained models may not be ideal due to dataset specificity and classification requirements.

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Locale of the Study, Sampling and Population

Under this topic, description of the place where the study was conducted is presented together with the rationale behind its choice (Locale of the study). Also description of the population of interest and the sampling of individuals used in the study is presented under the title Population and Sampling respectively.

3.2.1 Locale of the Study

The study was carried out in three (3) primary schools in Dar es Salaam city. Dar es Salaam is the largest and most important industrial and commercial centre in Tanzania with a population of approximately five (5) million people (Worldbank.org). It is among the ten fastest growing

cities of the world with a population increase of 8 percent annually (The Telegraph). It

became a city in 1961 when Tanganyika (Tanzania at the time) gained independence from the British and remained to be the headquarters of the country up to 1974 when the country’s capital was moved to Dodoma. Geographically, the city lies between 6.36 degrees and 7.0 degrees to the south of Equator and Longitudes 39.0 and 33.33 degrees to the east of

Greenwich. To the east the city is bounded by the Indian Ocean while on the other sides it is surrounded by the Coast Region. It covers an area of 1800 square kilometers (Dar es Salaam City Profile 2004).

Several reasons contributed at making Dar es Salaam’s choice for an area of study. First Dar es Salaam is the smallest region (in terms of area coverage) in Tanzania Mainland. Though small it is highly populated with about 50 percent of Tanzania’s urban population

(Worldbank.org). Its complexity, heterogeneity and density of its political, social, cultural and economic environment amounts to amalgamation centre or point of people from all walks of life in Tanzania. To the study this phenomenon is equated to Tanzania in summary. Second Dar es Salaam is among the regions of Tanzania with many schools offering special education (MOEC). This made it easier for the three sampled schools to be accessed. Third

documentation and literature review were also facilitated by the presence of Ministry of Education headquarters and Libraries in the city. Finally Dar es Salaam served to minimize time and coast as the sampled schools could be reached easily since they both lies in the vicinity.

3.2.2 Sampling Procedures

Best and Khan (2006) defined a sample as a small proportion of population selected for observation and analysis. Being qualitative, the study adopted purposeful sampling

considering the benefit over other procedures. A purposeful sample is a sample selected in a deliberative and non-random fashion to achieve a certain goal. According to Patton (1990) purposeful sampling refers to a procedure in qualitative study whereby subjects are selected because of some characteristic. Thus the study deliberately opted to select cases of which it deemed to be information rich with respect to its purpose (Gall 2007).

In this study, three (3) out of four hundred and thirty five (435) primary schools (Dar es Salaam Regional Report (2011) were purposely sampled. The total number of respondents in the study was six (6) in the whole study area. The study predicted the same results for each

33 case putting into consideration the wide objective of the policy studied. This in turn was envisaged to bring literal replication which is simply explained as selection of similar cases and prediction of similar results too (Gall 2007).

Criteria for choosing the studied schools

There are some criteria used to sample the studied schools. Among them is the reason that they started some years back before 2004, the year when the policy was issued. This was made a criterion so as to enable the study to grasp both before and after the policy scenario. The other criterion was presence of the study’s special needs type of children. The sampled schools had either one or both of category covered by the study which are visual and physical special needs children. Finally the issue of easy accessibility was also considered. Dar es Salaam is a big city and some areas do experience transport problems.

3.2.3 Population

A research population is a well defined collection of individuals, events or objects with similar characteristics which is also the main focus of the research or study. Best and Kahn (2006) define research population as a group of individuals who have some characteristics in common that are of interest to the researcher. The population of this study consists of primary school teachers from schools which differ in the way they offer special education. There are six teachers in total, two from each school category. There are three head teachers and three regular school teachers. The study counts both to be teachers because in the Tanzanian context head teachers and other teachers in the managerial/administrative posts in school remain to be teachers.

Head teacher of a special school; This is a head teacher of a school offering special

education to the visually impaired children. Being the head of the institution the study considered the fact that she can be more likely to be aware of the policy because the ministry would make it accessible to him for implementation efficacy. At his school, she is the

overseer of the programs and policies pertaining to the wellbeing of the institution.

Regular teacher-special school; This is a normal classroom teacher teaching a special

down to the grass root of the policy implementation in the actual teaching-learning

environment he is one of the beneficiaries who is directly involved. Compared to the other beneficiaries (pupils) a teacher is more likely to be knowledgeable about issues related to the policy.

Head teacher-integrated unit school; This is the head of a school that offers education

to children with special needs through an attached special education unit to a regular school. Like the head of the special education school, this too was picked by the study under grounds of being an overall overseer of the teaching-learning process at school. Being the case the study thought of the possibilities of this teacher to be rich in the desired information related to the policy and that of the facilities at school.

Regular teacher-integrated unit school; This is a normal teacher teaching a school

where special education is provided through the attached special education unit to the regular school. Being at the grass root of the policy implementation he faces directly the challenges wrought forth by the policy. Likewise he celebrates the successful side of it. Based on this ground the study positioned him to be likely rich in information that touches both the policy and the actual happening on the ground.

Head teacher-inclusive schools; This is a head teacher of a regular school which caters

for children with special learning needs in a regular inclusive classroom where by a special teacher assists children with special needs. The grounds for using her are the same to those of head teachers of special and unit integrated schools.

Regular teacher-inclusive schools; She is a regular/normal teacher to a school that

caters for children with special learning needs in a regular inclusive classroom under the assistance of a specialized teacher. Her likely qualities of being aware with the policy and being at the grass root of the likely to be the outcome of the policy favored his involvement to the study.

• Visual and Physical Special Needs
• Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT)
• Locale of the Study, Sampling and Population (You are here)
• Instrumentation/Research Methods
• Primary Teachers’ knowledge about the National Policy on Disability
• Access to influential facilities in special needs education
• Problems facing schools in special needs facilities
• Views of teachers about the National Policy on Disability in relation to special needs
• Teachers knowledge about the National policy on Disability
• Recommendations for Further Study

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How to Write the Rationale of the Study in Research (Examples)

What is the Rationale of the Study?

The rationale of the study is the justification for taking on a given study. It explains the reason the study was conducted or should be conducted. This means the study rationale should explain to the reader or examiner why the study is/was necessary. It is also sometimes called the “purpose” or “justification” of a study. While this is not difficult to grasp in itself, you might wonder how the rationale of the study is different from your research question or from the statement of the problem of your study, and how it fits into the rest of your thesis or research paper. 

The rationale of the study links the background of the study to your specific research question and justifies the need for the latter on the basis of the former. In brief, you first provide and discuss existing data on the topic, and then you tell the reader, based on the background evidence you just presented, where you identified gaps or issues and why you think it is important to address those. The problem statement, lastly, is the formulation of the specific research question you choose to investigate, following logically from your rationale, and the approach you are planning to use to do that.

Table of Contents:

How to write a rationale for a research paper , how do you justify the need for a research study.

• Study Rationale Example: Where Does It Go In Your Paper?

The basis for writing a research rationale is preliminary data or a clear description of an observation. If you are doing basic/theoretical research, then a literature review will help you identify gaps in current knowledge. In applied/practical research, you base your rationale on an existing issue with a certain process (e.g., vaccine proof registration) or practice (e.g., patient treatment) that is well documented and needs to be addressed. By presenting the reader with earlier evidence or observations, you can (and have to) convince them that you are not just repeating what other people have already done or said and that your ideas are not coming out of thin air. 

Once you have explained where you are coming from, you should justify the need for doing additional research–this is essentially the rationale of your study. Finally, when you have convinced the reader of the purpose of your work, you can end your introduction section with the statement of the problem of your research that contains clear aims and objectives and also briefly describes (and justifies) your methodological approach. 

When is the Rationale for Research Written?

The author can present the study rationale both before and after the research is conducted. 

• Before conducting research : The study rationale is a central component of the research proposal . It represents the plan of your work, constructed before the study is actually executed.
• Once research has been conducted : After the study is completed, the rationale is presented in a research article or  PhD dissertation  to explain why you focused on this specific research question. When writing the study rationale for this purpose, the author should link the rationale of the research to the aims and outcomes of the study.

What to Include in the Study Rationale

Although every study rationale is different and discusses different specific elements of a study’s method or approach, there are some elements that should be included to write a good rationale. Make sure to touch on the following:

• A summary of conclusions from your review of the relevant literature
• What is currently unknown (gaps in knowledge)
• Inconclusive or contested results  from previous studies on the same or similar topic
• The necessity to improve or build on previous research, such as to improve methodology or utilize newer techniques and/or technologies

There are different types of limitations that you can use to justify the need for your study. In applied/practical research, the justification for investigating something is always that an existing process/practice has a problem or is not satisfactory. Let’s say, for example, that people in a certain country/city/community commonly complain about hospital care on weekends (not enough staff, not enough attention, no decisions being made), but you looked into it and realized that nobody ever investigated whether these perceived problems are actually based on objective shortages/non-availabilities of care or whether the lower numbers of patients who are treated during weekends are commensurate with the provided services.

In this case, “lack of data” is your justification for digging deeper into the problem. Or, if it is obvious that there is a shortage of staff and provided services on weekends, you could decide to investigate which of the usual procedures are skipped during weekends as a result and what the negative consequences are. 

In basic/theoretical research, lack of knowledge is of course a common and accepted justification for additional research—but make sure that it is not your only motivation. “Nobody has ever done this” is only a convincing reason for a study if you explain to the reader why you think we should know more about this specific phenomenon. If there is earlier research but you think it has limitations, then those can usually be classified into “methodological”, “contextual”, and “conceptual” limitations. To identify such limitations, you can ask specific questions and let those questions guide you when you explain to the reader why your study was necessary:

Methodological limitations

• Did earlier studies try but failed to measure/identify a specific phenomenon?
• Was earlier research based on incorrect conceptualizations of variables?
• Were earlier studies based on questionable operationalizations of key concepts?
• Did earlier studies use questionable or inappropriate research designs?

Contextual limitations

• Have recent changes in the studied problem made previous studies irrelevant?
• Are you studying a new/particular context that previous findings do not apply to?

Conceptual limitations

• Do previous findings only make sense within a specific framework or ideology?

Study Rationale Examples

Let’s look at an example from one of our earlier articles on the statement of the problem to clarify how your rationale fits into your introduction section. This is a very short introduction for a practical research study on the challenges of online learning. Your introduction might be much longer (especially the context/background section), and this example does not contain any sources (which you will have to provide for all claims you make and all earlier studies you cite)—but please pay attention to how the background presentation , rationale, and problem statement blend into each other in a logical way so that the reader can follow and has no reason to question your motivation or the foundation of your research.

Background presentation

Since the beginning of the Covid pandemic, most educational institutions around the world have transitioned to a fully online study model, at least during peak times of infections and social distancing measures. This transition has not been easy and even two years into the pandemic, problems with online teaching and studying persist (reference needed) . 

While the increasing gap between those with access to technology and equipment and those without access has been determined to be one of the main challenges (reference needed) , others claim that online learning offers more opportunities for many students by breaking down barriers of location and distance (reference needed) .  

Rationale of the study

Since teachers and students cannot wait for circumstances to go back to normal, the measures that schools and universities have implemented during the last two years, their advantages and disadvantages, and the impact of those measures on students’ progress, satisfaction, and well-being need to be understood so that improvements can be made and demographics that have been left behind can receive the support they need as soon as possible.

Statement of the problem

To identify what changes in the learning environment were considered the most challenging and how those changes relate to a variety of student outcome measures, we conducted surveys and interviews among teachers and students at ten institutions of higher education in four different major cities, two in the US (New York and Chicago), one in South Korea (Seoul), and one in the UK (London). Responses were analyzed with a focus on different student demographics and how they might have been affected differently by the current situation.

How long is a study rationale?

In a research article bound for journal publication, your rationale should not be longer than a few sentences (no longer than one brief paragraph). A  dissertation or thesis  usually allows for a longer description; depending on the length and nature of your document, this could be up to a couple of paragraphs in length. A completely novel or unconventional approach might warrant a longer and more detailed justification than an approach that slightly deviates from well-established methods and approaches.

Consider Using Professional Academic Editing Services

Now that you know how to write the rationale of the study for a research proposal or paper, you should make use of our free AI grammar checker , Wordvice AI, or receive professional academic proofreading services from Wordvice, including research paper editing services and manuscript editing services to polish your submitted research documents.

You can also find many more articles, for example on writing the other parts of your research paper , on choosing a title , or on making sure you understand and adhere to the author instructions before you submit to a journal, on the Wordvice academic resources pages.

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Research Locale

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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela

Lawrence Concepcion

ABSTRACT Title : STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF NANAY-TEACHER PARENTING CAMP IN SELECTED SCHOOLS IN THE DIVISION OF VALENZUELA TOWARDS A HOMESCHOOL PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK Researcher : LAWRENCE CHRISTOPHER A. CONCEPCION Degree : DR. ROGER C. AMBIDA, Ph.D. School : PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA Year : 2020 …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... The study sought to determine the status of implementation of the Nanay-Teacher Parenting Camp in selected schools in the Division of Valenzuela City towards a Homeschool Partnership Framework. Specifically, the researcher sought to answer the following problems: (1) extent of implementation of the Nanay-Teacher Parenting Camp as assessed by the Parent Facilitators and the Teacher Facilitators in terms of adequacy of funds and resources, attainability of objectives, effectiveness of mechanisms and efficiency of monitoring and supervision; (2) significant difference in the assessment of Parent and Teacher Facilitators in terms of the aforementioned variables; (3) challenges encountered by the two groups of respondents in the implementation of the Nanay-Teacher Parenting Camp; and (4) Homeschool Partnership Framework can be proposed based on the results of the study. The researcher made use of mixed method of research and employed survey questionnaires and conducted interviews in conducting the study since the implementation of the Nanay-Teacher Parenting Camp in the Division of Valenzuela City in 2014. Fifty Teacher Facilitators and 94 Parent Facilitators were used as respondents of the study. The researcher used the entire population of Parent Facilitators and Teacher Facilitators of selected schools in the East District of the Division of Valenzuela who are currently implementing the said program. The data which were obtained through interview and survey questionnaires were consolidated, organized, tabulated in distribution tables and treated. They were analyzed and interpreted utilizing two statistical measures such as weighted mean and z-test. Interview responses on the qualitative aspect were recorded and transcoded which had come up with themes for the study. Based on the data gathered and presented, the researcher came up with the following findings: There is a significant difference between the assessment of the Parent and Teacher Facilitators on the implementation of the Nanay-Teacher Parenting Camp in terms of the attainability of objectives and showed no significant difference in terms of adequacy of funds and resources, effectiveness of mechanisms and efficiency of monitoring and supervision. Lastly, a Homeschool Partnership Framework was proposed to guide Parenting Implementers to better enhance the implementation of the project, especially to deal with the challenges encountered on its implementation based on the matrix created. The researcher believed that behind the performance of students are the factors involved in the learner’s self, teachers, parents, the community and the Nanay-Teacher Parenting Camp itself.

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COVID-19 in Nursing Homes—Learning the Hard Way

• 1 Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston
• 2 Department of Population Health and Health Disparities, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston
• 3 Sealy Center on Aging, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston
• Original Investigation Clinical Outcomes After Admission of Patients With COVID-19 to SNFs Brian E. McGarry, PT, PhD; Ashvin D. Gandhi, PhD; Mah Afroze Chughtai, MS; Jiamin Yin, MSc; Michael L. Barnett, MD, MS JAMA Internal Medicine

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, in response to hospital overcrowding, some state governments mandated that nursing homes could not refuse patients transferred from hospitals based on their COVID-19 status. Other states provided financial incentives for nursing homes to accept such patients. In this issue of JAMA Internal Medicine , McGarry and colleagues 1 examine the consequences of these actions and quantify the harm it caused in a well-designed and clearly presented study. They studied nursing homes in the weeks before and after admission of a patient infected with COVID-19, compared with matched facilities in the same locale with no such admissions. They estimated that each COVID-19–positive admission was associated with approximately 6 additional infections and 1.5 additional deaths among the facility residents in the 15 weeks after the COVID-19 admission.

Read More About

Goodwin JS , Xu H. COVID-19 in Nursing Homes—Learning the Hard Way. JAMA Intern Med. Published online June 03, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.1087

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December 28, 2023 feature

This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

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'What's on today's menu?': Why it's important to study the trophic behavior of local predators

by Stephanie Baum , Phys.org

Trophic ecology is the study of the food chain. On Tenerife in the Canary Islands, feral cats feast chiefly on rabbits, mice, rats, and native birds and reptiles. But new research shows that since 1986, the island's wild cats have experienced a significant shift in their dietary composition, which bodes poorly for several native species.

The study , by a pair of researchers from Universidad de La Laguna in Tenerife, is titled "Shifts in the trophic ecology of feral cats in the alpine ecosystem of an oceanic island: implications for the conservation of native biodiversity" and was published in Mammal Research .

Among predators throughout the world, free-ranging cats pose one of the greatest threats, and existing studies show that the predatory impact of cats is particularly heightened on islands. A 2011 study links 14% of known worldwide extinctions of island birds, mammals, and reptiles to predatory cats.

The Canary Islands, which lie within Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Morocco and the Western Sahara, are a volcanic archipelago consisting of seven main islands and numerous smaller ones. Tenerife, the largest island, includes a number of varying environments, including sandy coastal areas, cloud forest , pine forest , and—at the highest altitudes—alpine scrub, where climate conditions are extreme and endemic species of considerable variation are found in small numbers.

Notably, it is the limited populations and ranges of the animals in areas of alpine scrub that put them at high risk of the effects of climate change and the presence of allochthonous (introduced non-native) species, which include cats.

Trophic behavior of feral cats in the Canary Islands

Earlier studies in the Canaries have shown that feral cats (Felis catus) primarily consume allochthonous mammals including rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mice and rats, as well as native birds and reptiles.

A 2021 study conducted in the Montaña de Guaza area, in the southern coastal region of Tenerife, showed that compared to 15 years earlier, feral cats were consuming native reptiles comprising more biomass in the cats' scat (11.5%, up from 3.6%) and native birds comprising more biomass (39%, up from 2.4%), but were consuming rabbits comprising a smaller amount of biomass (30.3%, down from 62.4%).

In this new study, the researchers sought to investigate whether cats in other areas of the island had experienced a similar dietary shift over a period of 35 years. Focusing their 2021 field work in El Teide National Park, an environment rich in alpine scrub, the researchers analyzed 301 scat samples from feral cats and compared the results to earlier data .

They found that in this locale, while rabbit biomass in the cats' droppings had represented 73% of the cats' rabbit consumption in 1986, by 2021 that percentage had dropped to 53.9% due to a diminished number of available rabbits, possibly due to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV and its new variant, RHDV2). Expressed in terms of quantity, by 2021 the cats were eating only about half as many rabbits as they had in 1986.

Comparing these findings to previous data, the researchers observe, "The values obtained in this study are the lowest ever recorded for cat diets in high mountain scrubland in all the Macaronesian islands studied thus far and are among the lowest of all those recorded for the Canary Islands."

Consequently, the park's cats have increased their intake of native reptiles and birds. Based on an assumption of one cat per square kilometer of the park's overall 190 km 2 , the researchers calculated that each feral cat consumes approximately 1,356 vertebrates each year (including 29 birds, 197 rabbits and 875 reptiles, along with others). This brings the park's total annual cat predation estimate to 257,737 vertebrates, including 5,587 birds, 37,384 rabbits and 166,249 reptiles, along with others.

Conservation concerns

Because the study data show that feral cats in El Teide National Park are preying upon native species (birds and reptiles) at a rate that comprises two-thirds of their total food intake, the researchers stress the importance of prioritizing management and conservation actions in this area.

In particular, they note that two of the prey species , the Tenerife lizard (Gallotia galloti) and the ring ouzel (Turdus torquatus), serve respectively as short- and long-distance dispersers of cedar seeds in this location.

During the coldest annual period, the ring ouzel and other birds seek food and shelter in areas of cedars, making them easy targets for cats. The team suggests fencing cedar areas to keep cats away and selective trapping of cats as mitigation actions.

© 2023 Science X Network

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