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Essay Paper UPSC 2021 (Mains): Question Paper and Analysis

Last updated on January 8, 2022 by Alex Andrews George

UPSC conducted the Essay Paper , as part of the Civil Services Main Exam 2021 on 07-01-2022.

There were 8 Essay topics, out of which candidates were asked to write on two topics in 3 hours.

Candidates were supposed to answer about 1000 words for each essay (about 10-12 pages).

Table of Contents

Essay Paper UPSC 2021 Instructions

Total Marks: 250 marks, Time duration: 3 hours.
The essay must be written in the medium authorized in the admission certificate which must be stated clearly on the cover of this question-cum-answer (QCA) booklet in the space provided.
No marks will be given for answers written in the medium other than the authorized one.
Word limit, as specified, should be adhered to.
Any page or portion of the page left blank, must be struck off clearly.

Essay Question Paper – UPSC Civil Services Main Exam (Written) 2021

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

1. The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.

2. Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.

3. Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.

4. The real is rational and the rational is real.

5. Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

6. What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!

7. History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

8. There are better practices to “best practices”.

Most of the essays topics this year were philosophical and open to the interpretation of the candidates. However, considering the philosophical base of the questions, most candidates found the questions tricky. It was not easy to write 1000 words on each topic within the time constraints.

UPSC has ensured that the essay topics were much different from the GS questions.

A philosophical theme is clearly evident in most of the essay topics in Section A as well as Section B. This was the case in 2020 as well. However, this year it became much more prominent. It is a clue about what UPSC expects from the essay paper.

Rather than asking candidates to write on topics most aspirants are familiar or trained with, UPSC is now evaluating the essay writing skills of aspirants by providing them with abstract or philosophical topics.

The reason for such a shift in the pattern should be the change in the focus of the Commission.

All the 8 topics presented this year will test spontaneous thinking, comprehension, writing skills, and time-management of aspirants.

Repeated questions from previous years

The importance of the previous year UPSC questions cannot be stressed more.

Just like prelims, in mains too many questions came directly repeated from previous year question papers. Also, there were themes you often see in many essay books.

One such question was Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

Thinkers, Philosophers, and their Quotes

Let’s analyse the source of some of the question topics.

Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.

This essay topic was a quote going rounds on the internet. The quote is attributed to “Coach Bobbi” [Bobbi Chegwyn] on Facebook.

Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.

This essay topic was connected with J.K. Mehta’s Theory of Wantlessness!

This has also connections with Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy.

The real is rational and the rational is real.

This is a quote by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel .

As per Hegel, something can be real, yet it may not exist. Also, something may not be real, it may still exist. For Hegel, reality does not mean existence.

Among philosophers, Hegel is one whose thought is extremely difficult to understand. Often to understand Hegel’s thoughts, we need to grasp his ideas, not in isolation but together with his dialogue with other philosophers, in particular, Aristotle and Kant.

The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

“The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Is the Hand That Rules the World” is a poem by William Ross Wallace that praises motherhood as the preeminent force for change in the world. The poem was first published in 1865 under the title “ What Rules the World “.

What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!

This is a quote by Will Harvey . Will Harvey (born 1967) is an American software developer and Silicon Valley entrepreneur.

History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

It was Karl Marx who said that history repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce.

First, it’s a tragedy because it shouldn’t have happened. Then it’s a farce (joke) because we didn’t learn from our mistakes the first time around. This is Marx’s version of dark humour.

What should aspirants preparing for next year do for an essay paper?

First of all, you should take the essay paper seriously.

Unless properly trained, it is not easy to write 10-12 pages on an abstract or philosophical topic.

You need to polish your comprehension and analytical skills.

Read different kinds of essays – particularly philosophical essays.

Give stress to the thoughts of philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, Friedrich Niche, Karl Marx etc. Start writing essays on famous quotes.

Also, be prepared to write essays touching other areas like society, polity, economy, or technology. UPSC is known for surprises.

Remember that there is nothing like a constant trend with respect to UPSC questions.

What you get by analysing the previous year question papers are clues. And only those are what you need from UPSC questions!

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About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

Reader Interactions

January 8, 2022 at 11:36 am

Upsc has chosen right path to evaluate person.one person read, listen ,rember and write in exam.He qualify exam.He is just like computer.worthy less people selected by upsc every year.They are not thinker.so our country is intellectually insolvent.civil services requires thinker to. progess country and welfare of common man.These types of question evaluate intellectual for the welfare of human being.

January 9, 2022 at 1:44 pm

You are putting the quality of a leader and a literate society in such a person who just has to follow his supremes.He/She must be a good analyst. That’s it!!!

June 13, 2022 at 12:41 pm

in the bureaucracy – there is no space for logical thinking.

once you clear the exams and get appointed – you have to follow the “protocol’ or “procedures” – its difficult to be analytical and innovative – bcos the system demands obedience and adherence to the protocol. If you follow the protocol – and even if lot of people are severely affected – you wont be taken to task. But if you are innovative – and even if ONE person gets affected – you will be punished.

January 8, 2022 at 4:02 pm

Yeah!I’ve passed upsc .

January 25, 2022 at 2:21 pm

I have written Essay on three topics..how may I share?

Don’t lose out without playing the right game!

Follow the ClearIAS Prelims cum Mains (PCM) Integrated Approach.

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UPSC 2021 Mains Essay Question Paper

January 7, 2022
Mains , Questions , UPSC

UPSC 2021 Mains Essay Question

Essay writing is a crucial topic, from an exam point of view. While you can read and learn about the various disciplines and topics, it is hard to develop a good style of writing merely by reading books. Thus, writing practice has its own importance, that flows through each and every paper, that needs descriptive answers.

TIME TABLE FOR CIVIL SERVICES (MAIN) EXAMINATION, 2021

Write TWO Essays, choosing ONE from each of the Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each. (125×2-250)

The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.
Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.
The real is rational and the rational is real.
Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!
History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.
There are better practices to “best practices”.

Download PDF UPSC CSE 2021 Mains Essay Question Paper

Read UPSC 2021 Mains Complete Questions

UPSC CSE MAINS 2021: ESSAY PAPER FOR UPSC- IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS

The Essay Writing Paper for UPSC CSE 2021 is indicative of the fact that the exam is not merely about factual knowledge, but much beyond it. This year’s paper seems to analyze the box and critical thinking of the aspirants.

Essay writing papers for Upsc Cse mains 2021 took especially those aspirants by surprise who went in with a preconceived notion of the traditional paper. This was where aspirants could use their usual ammunition where they were taught how to feed data points in different ways.

As a lot of our students aptly summed up the analysis of the essay paper in the comment sections of the discussion video (link here) there is only one word needed to describe the nature of this paper ‘philosophical’. However, the key thing required for writing on these topics was generic/real-life treatment and not core philosophical interpretations.

Table of Contents

Essay Writing Paper, UPSC CSE 2021

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each:

The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.
Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
The philosophy of witlessness is utopian, while materialism is a chimera.
The real is rational and the rational is real.
The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
What is research, but a blind date with knowledge?
History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.
There are better practices to best practices.

Essay Writing Paper UPSC 2021 Detailed Analysis

Here is a list of our humble observations in an attempt to understand the nature of the paper.

All the 8 questions were abstract topics.
It was a logical culmination of the process that UPSC has lately followed for deep interpretation and introspection.
Now the essay paper is no longer an extension of GS. It must be prepared differently.
Essays are now a reflection of one’s personality as the topics demand one to think critically.
It is quality over quantity that matters now. In simple words, 800-900 words are more than enough if the dimensions are well thought out and are substantiated with good case studies.

Scale of Difficulty

Moving forward, below is a deconstruction of the Essay Paper section wise and topic-wise:

Essay Paper UPSC 2021: Section Wise Analysis:

Clear thematic categorization of sections A and B

The two sections of the paper were categorized to cover two aspects of philosophical discourses –

Section A listed a set of topics with the theme of self-reflective tone , where the subject ponders upon the impact of technology on one’s consciousness, the process of constructed realities of the mind, a critique of both asceticism and hedonism and the relationship of ideas with the reality of the world.
Section B turned the subject of philosophical thinking from the human to the society, as if the society is reflecting upon itself – the topics covered the themes of the role of the mother in determining human destiny, the playfulness and creativity of research and knowledge, the famous quotation by Hegel and Marx about history repeating itself and a gentle mention of better practices and best practices.

Essay Paper UPSC 2021: Topic Wise Analysis:

Topics were borrowed from standard academic references. They were drafted by people with a sincere command over the subject of philosophy, as they were not merely quotations, but sentences with layers of complexity which even students of philosophy optional may have found hard to unpack without effort.

Meaning and Approach to ESSAY Paper TOPICS 2021:

Topic 1: the process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced..

Difficult topic because a particular/specific interpretation was required.
Not a general moral critique of technology. Seems a general critique of our process of self-discovery.
Examples/case studies are important for this kind of essay where the use of technology solves our problems but takes us away from self-realization.
To put it in simple terms, sometimes the problems that we face as humans are not supposed to be immediately solved as we usually do by employing technology.
The role of AI and Artificial Intelligence, Tech-based consultants, Thought processes, and Biotech could be discussed as part of current affairs and GS reading for this topic.

Topic 2: Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is awareness of me

This is perhaps the trickiest topic in the whole paper as two different dimensions of epistemology (subjective and objective) were fused into one essay.
Most topics in section A talk about self-knowledge but this one is not about achieving self-knowledge but elaborating upon an already achieved self-knowledge.
The fundamental value that can be discussed in this essay is humility, the need to introspect about one’s self, and the merits of exercising restraint .

Topic 3: The philosophy of witlessness is utopian, while materialism is a chimera

In this topic, there are two propositions- asceticism and hedonism and both open themselves for a critical analysis.
This is one topic that has an underlying critical tone.
The topic is more about sustainable development, a balance between growth and development which requires proper GS and current affairs base to add illustrations.

Topic 4: The real is rational and rational is real

This is a quotation by Hegel, who was a philosopher in the tradition of German idealism. German idealism insisted on the proposition that the material world is the reflection of the world of ideas. It implies that if you can think of something as true it probably must exist in reality.
The main thrust of this essay is to emphasize intuition, theoretical powers of the mind, the power of big ideas, and the ability to think big, even if “big ideas” might look “unreasonable and unrealistic”
Word of caution: The term rational should not lead a student to interpret it as an essay in which scientific thinking has to be promoted and religious/spiritual thinking has to be criticized.
The point that Hegel was trying to make was that even the idea of God/spirituality also comes from rational thinking.

Topic 5: The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world .

This one is the easiest of all the topics this year.
It hints at the power of the role of a mother/caregiver to shape society.
This is one of the least abstract and more sociological topics of the exam and therefore the data on women’s rights, and women’s empowerment can be made relevant in this essay.

Topic 6: What is research, but a blind date with knowledge?

The clear interpretation of the essay is that there is always an element of risk, adventure, imagination, and open-mindedness in research.
In simple words, research must be taken for the pleasure of discovering truth and any form of knowledge that follows from research must be appreciated.
This topic also encourages an open and rational mindset in any research and study with the ability not to be influenced by biases and prejudice.
Data points like nations with the best research institutes and Universities eventually are also more prosperous and just.

Topic 7: History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

It is a famous Marxist quotation brought into current relevance by some contemporary events like the impact of the pandemic, conflicts, and environmental problems on the economy and society.
The key interpretation of the topic is that if something unjust, wrong, or indemnifying happens to us once, then we can interpret it as a tragedy, where no one can be blamed for a tragedy. However, if it happens repeatedly then an evil motivation must be involved.
Repeated mismanagement during successive COVID waves is a classic example of this.
Care should be taken by those candidates who identified it correctly as a quote by Marx as that does not mean that the essay is about Marx or Communism vs. Capitalism or a history-based topic alone.
Climate change, Afghan crises, the Middle East, Mismanagement during the pandemic, and Religious conflicts and riots can be directly mentioned as illustrations based on current affairs and GS readings.

Topic 8: There are better practices to best practices.

The clear-cut interpretation of this topic is that we cannot be convinced of having achieved the best practices ever and we always can improve ourselves endlessly .
This also implies that we must follow an action-oriented philosophy and not wait for perfection to arrive at our ideas.
Examples from cultural practices, social practices, political practices, and economic practices can be cited from a wide range, which is one essay where examples can be thought of easily if the interpretation is correct.
The core value of this essay can be summed up as the pursuit of excellence and not of perfection.

Implications- Essay For UPSC:

Many aspirants appearing in mains do not practice Essay writing as much as they should. One must avoid such a blunder. Being a paper largely dominated by abstract topics, it is indicative of the fact that it is one of the critical ways of checking the interpersonal skills of the candidates and how they can present case studies and interpret them in the examination.

Therefore, the following parameters should be kept in mind while preparing for Essays:

Comprehension of the topics: There should be a clear understanding of the essay topics asked in previous years. Next comes the segregation of topics into abstract and topical essays.
Creative writing skills
Coherent and cohesive ideas
Time management
Current affairs should be read diligently as these help in generating good illustrations.
Certain themes around women, education, morality, technology, etc., should be well prepared
The regular practice of writing 10-12 pages should be the norm.
The target should be to score above 140 marks.

The Road Ahead- Essay Writing For UPSC:

This year the UPSC has gone all out to emphasize that the routine delivery of facts learned from studying General Studies cannot be mindlessly reproduced in the essay paper.
The students must develop an ability to appreciate the abstraction of thought and use the data points carefully to suit the given context.
The UPSC has indicated with this paper that an inability to comprehend or express complex thoughts in simple terms cannot be an excuse for not being comfortable with the Essay paper, where ALL the topics are of such a nature there is no alternative to learning to cultivate some reading and writing skills.
The interesting part is that developing these basic skills is not difficult at all and we are sometimes just late in overcoming such fears due to a lack of proper guidance .
Further, there has to be a different approach while attempting such a paper as these topics are beyond general studies and require an awakened mind to deconstruct such topics.
One must understand that UPSC always surprises everyone with the kind of questions they ask.

How Edukemy’s Essay Writing Program Can Help?

Edukemy’s Essay Program includes sessions where we pay special attention to the techniques of interpreting the topics of the essay correctly and expressing our thoughts clearly and simply with appropriate vocabulary.
Abstract essays form an essential part of Edukemy’s module course on Essay writing which focuses on cultivating the habit of thinking in abstraction and multi-layered approaches of using facts and data points to suit the philosophical themes.
Edukemy stands out in curating a list of reading material (Famous Book Summaries/Excerpts and Philosophies of Famous Personalities) which we publish and regularly update along with our essay programs. There is additional material where quotes, examples, and case studies are provided for important essay themes.
Edukemy’s Essay Test Series can help you develop a regular practice routine and improve your writing style through detailed and personalized feedback.

1. What is the format of the UPSC CSE Mains 2021 Essay Paper?

A: The UPSC CSE Mains 2021 Essay Paper consists of two sections, each containing four essay topics. Candidates are required to write two essays, one from each section. The word limit for each essay is 1,000-1,200 words. The topics cover a wide range of issues, and candidates are expected to critically analyze and present their thoughts on the given subjects.

2. How should I approach essay writing in UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: Approaching the essay paper requires a strategic mindset. Begin by understanding the demands of the topic, brainstorming ideas, and structuring your essay coherently. Emphasize a balanced and analytical approach, supported by facts, examples, and relevant quotations. Make sure to showcase a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Time management is crucial, so allocate time wisely between the two essays.

3. What is the role of current affairs in the Essay Paper for UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: While the essay topics may not explicitly mention current events, candidates are expected to integrate contemporary issues into their essays. This showcases an awareness of the world around them and the ability to connect theoretical knowledge with practical situations. Including relevant examples and case studies from recent events can significantly enhance the quality of the essay.

4. How are essays evaluated in UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: Essays are evaluated based on several criteria, including clarity of expression, coherence, relevance of content, originality of thought, and the ability to present a well-structured argument. Examiners look for a candidate’s ability to critically analyze issues, provide a balanced perspective, and communicate ideas effectively. Clear and concise writing with proper grammar and language usage is also crucial.

5. Can I use bullet points or diagrams in my essays for UPSC CSE Mains 2021?

A: The UPSC recommends a traditional essay format, and the use of bullet points or diagrams is generally discouraged. However, if it aids in clarity and better presentation of your ideas, candidates can use them sparingly. It’s essential to prioritize a coherent narrative and ensure that the essay meets the specified word limit. Excessive use of bullet points or diagrams may lead to a loss of depth in the analysis.

In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.

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(Download) UPSC Mains 2021 Question Paper: Essay Compulsory

Marks : 250 (125x2)

Duration: 3 hours

Year : 2021

Exam Date :

Write Two Essays, choosing One from each of the Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each.

Section-a (125 marks) - choose any one essay, q-1.the process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced., q-2.your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you in an awareness of me., q-3.philosophy of wantlessness is utopian, while materialism is a chimera., q-4.the real is rational and the rational is real., download upsc mains essay (compulsory) papers pdf, section-b (125 marks)- choose any one essay, q-1.hand that rocks the cradle rules the world., q-2.what is research, but a blind date with knowledge, q-3.history repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce., q-4.there are better practices to “best practices”., click here to download full papers pdf, (e-book) upsc mains essay (compulsory) papers ( 2000-2020 ) pdf, download upsc mains gs 10 year papers pdf, download upsc pre gs 10 year papers pdf, download upsc mains gs solved papers pdf, printed study material for ias mains general studies, printed study material for ias mains essay, << go back to main page.

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UPSC CSE MAINS 2021 ESSAY QUESTION PAPER | LEGACY IAS

Home » UPSC CSE MAINS 2021 ESSAY QUESTION PAPER | LEGACY IAS

January 7, 2022
UPSC CSE MAINS 2021

UPSC CSE MAINS 2021 ESSAY QUESTION PAPER | UPSC Civil Services IAS Mains 2021

UPSC CSE MAINS 2021 ESSAY QUESTION PAPER – SECTION A

1) The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.

2) Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.

3) Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.

4) The real is rational and the rational is real

UPSC CSE MAINS 2021 ESSAY QUESTION PAPER – SECTION B

1) Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world

2) What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!

3) History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

4) There are better practices to ‘best practices’.

UPSC Mains 2021 Question Papers

The UPSC Mains Examination has been scheduled to be conducted from 7th January 2022 to 16th January 2022. The candidates who have cleared the Preliminary exam 2021 which was held on October 10, 2021, would appear in the next level of the recruitment process, that is, Civil Services (Main) Examination.

It is to be noted that the marks obtained in the IAS Exam Prelims by the candidates will not be counted for determining their final order of merit.

The Civil Services (Main) Written Examination will consist of 9 papers of conventional essay type in the subjects out of which two papers will be of qualifying in nature. The marks obtained for all the compulsory papers (Paper-I to Paper-VII) and Marks obtained in the Interview/Personality Test will be counted for ranking.

The aspirants can download the UPSC IAS 2021 Mains question papers PDF from this page.

Note – The exams are yet to take place. The PDFs will be available shortly.

Meanwhile, to download the 2020, 2019 UPSC Mains Previous Year Question Papers , visit the linked article.

Download UPSC CSE 2021 Mains GS Question Papers PDF

The candidates can download the IAS Mains 2021 GS papers from the following links. The link will be activated once the question papers are officially released by the commission on the official website.

Download UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Paper PDF

The candidates would be required to write essays on multiple topics. The candidates are expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely. The essay paper is not just qualifying in nature but will be counted for the merit ranking.

Therefore, the aspirants can download the Essay Paper and Compulsory English Language Paper from below:

UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Paper PDF

Download UPSC Mains 2021 Language Papers

UPSC Mains 2021 Compulsory English Paper

The aspirants can download the compulsory Indian language papers from the links below:

For more information, check out UPSC Mains 2021 Indian Language Papers from the linked article.

Download UPSC 2021 Mains Optional Papers PDF

The candidates have to choose any one of the optional subjects from amongst the list of subjects prescribed by the commission.

The candidates can also choose Literature of any one of the following languages as their optional subject.

Also, check out UPSC Mains 2021 Optional Paper from the linked article.

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UPSC Previous Year Question Paper: PDF Download for Prelims and Mains Examination

Upsc previous year question paper provides insights into exam patterns, mark distribution, and duration of exam. get the question paper pdf download link on this page and identify important topics. check the difficulty level, benefits of solving and other details here. download upsc previous year question papers pdf for the past 10 year..

UPSC Question Papers: The previous year papers are pivotal in improving your preparation level. There are various benefits of practicing previous year's question paper, including familiarity with the difficulty level, nature and level of questions asked, and important topics which have been repeatedly asked over the past years as well as checking where your preparation stands.

UPSC Previous Year Question Papers PDF

Solving the UPSC question paper pdf help candidates to prepare the strategy based on the latest trend, curriculum, and actual exam format also helps in understanding the difficulty level and topics from which questions are often asked in the exam.

UPSC Prelims Previous Year Question Papers with Answers

Upsc mains previous year question papers with answers, benefits of solving upsc previous year question papers.

Practicing previous years' question papers will provide insights into the actual exam structure, difficulty level, exam trends over the years, the standard of questions that will be asked, etc.
Solving the UPSC question paper with solutions helps you to gauge your performance level and discover your weak points that need improvements.
Practicing previous year's papers will increase your speed of solving questions and help you to manage your time effectively.
Previous year papers are one of the reliable resources to revise the entire syllabus and retain concepts for a long time.

How to Attempt UPSC Question Paper 2023?

The best method of solving the previous year's question paper for the UPSC exam is to set a countdown timer and solve all the questions in that time period. To begin with, one should first download and take the printout of the UPSC previous question paper and then set an online timer to attempt the papers in a timed environment.

UPSC Previous Year Question Papers Analysis

Upsc question paper pattern.

The prelims exam shall comprise two compulsory papers of 200 marks each.
Both the question papers will be of the objective type (multiple choice questions) and each will be of two hours duration.
The General Studies Paper-II of prelims will be a qualifying paper with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.
The question papers will be set both in Hindi and English.

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Ias officer salary.

A motivation to prepare for the most prestigious job of country is its allowances and benefits. The starting of an officer ranges from 56000 to 60000 with lots of benefits and allowances. Read out our article of IAS officer salary to get in detail of what benefits an IAS officer gets

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Is the UPSC exam tough? + After checking the past trends and difficulty level of the UPSC examination, the prelims exam has been found to be moderate. However, candidates should use the right preparation approach to ace the exam.
How to approach solving UPSC previous year's question paper? + The best approach to practice the previous year's question paper for the UPSC exam is to set a countdown timer and solve all the questions in that time frame. Download and print the previous papers from the link shared above and start attempting questions at the specified time.
Is it necessary to practice UPSC Question Paper? + Yes. Solving the UPSC question paper with solutions helps you to gauge your performance level and discover your weak points that need improvements. Also, it will provide insights into difficulty level, nature and level of questions asked, and important topics which are repeatedly asked over the past years, etc.
How to download UPSC Previous Year Question Papers? + To download UPSC previous papers, you can go to the official website of UPSC. Here we have also shared the direct link to download the UPSC question paper with solutions PDF in the article.
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UPSC Essay Paper 2021

Greetings! I'm Piyush, a content writer at StudyIQ. I specialize in creating enlightening content focused on UPSC and State PSC exams. Let's embark on a journey of discovery, where we unravel the intricacies of these exams and transform aspirations into triumphant achievements together!

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IBPS RRB Previous Year Question Papers for PO and Clerk, Download PDF

IBPS RRB Previous Year Question Papers has been provided for Prelims and Mains. Aspirants can access the IBPS RRB Previous Year Papers from the below given link in the form of PDF for PO and Clerk.

Table of Contents

IBPS RRB Exam for PO and Clerk cannot be smashed without practice. The IBPS RRB Previous Year Question Papers prove to be the most authentic source that an aspiring candidate can rely upon for practice. Solving previous year papers for PO and Clerk provides a deep insight into the exam pattern, helps analyze real questions, and identifies the scoring trends. As the IBPS RRB Notification 2024 is to be announced, it is the time for aspirants to practice and achieve perfection which will ultimately boost their confidence while appearing for the examination.

IBPS RRB Previous Year Question Papers With Solutions

The number of competitive measures is highly broad in the banking sector. So, a candidate should be precise about the preparation strategies to score higher than the cut-off. IBPS RRB Previous Year Papers will allow the students to analyze the changing pattern and type of the questions. IBPS RRB PO and Clerk are considered to be very tough if you do not understand their core topics. So, understand the level of the exam by going through IBPS RRB Previous Year Papers to boost up your revisions. Here, we have delivered the links for the IBPS RRB Previous Year Papers for your convenience.

IBPS RRB PO Previous Year Question Papers

IBPS RRB PO Exam has two stages – Prelims and Mains. The candidates must go through IBPS RRB PO Previous Year Papers for both stages thoroughly. Here you can download IBPS RRB PO’s previous year’s question papers PDF and build up your practice by solving these papers.

IBPS RRB PO Prelims Previous Year Papers

Candidates can download the previous year’s IBPS RRB PO prelims question paper in the form of a PDF from the download link given below.

IBPS RRB PO Mains Previous Year Papers

Candidates can download the previous year’s IBPS RRB PO Mains question paper in the form of a PDF from the given table.

IBPS RRB Clerk Previous Year Question Papers

Download IBPS RRB Clerks’ previous year’s question papers PDF from here and build up your practice by solving these papers.

IBPS RRB Clerk Prelims Previous Year Papers

Aspirants can download the previous year’s IBPS RRB Clerk prelims question paper in the form of a PDF in the given table.

IBPS RRB Clerk Mains Previous Year Papers

Candidates can download the previous year’s IBPS RRB Clerk Mains question paper in the form of a PDF from the given table.

IBPS RRB Previous Years Question Papers Analysis Phase I

Analyzing previous years’ question papers of the IBPS RRB Phase 1 exam provides invaluable insights into the exam pattern, question types, and level of difficulty. This analysis aids in formulating an effective study strategy, including prioritizing topics based on their weightage and allocating time accordingly. Furthermore, understanding the distribution of marks across different sections enables candidates to strategize their approach for optimal performance.

IBPS RRB PO Previous Years Question Papers Analysis Prelims

The IBPS RRB PO Previous Years Question Papers Analysis Phase I is tabulated below showing the topic-wise analysis of last 05 years.

IBPS RRB Clerk Previous Years Question Papers Analysis Prelims

The topic-wise IBPS RRB Clerk Previous Years Question Papers Analysis Phase I is available in the table below.

How can we Attempt the IBPS RRB Memory-Based Question Paper?

By following these strategies, candidates can effectively attempt the IBPS RRB memory-based question paper and maximize their chances of success.

Understand the Format : Familiarize yourself with the exam pattern, marking scheme and types of questions typically asked in the SBI PO exam.
Time Management : Allocate time for each section based on your strengths and weaknesses. Stick to the time limits to ensure you can attempt all sections.
Prioritize Sections : Start with the sections you’re most confident in to build momentum and gain confidence. Then, tackle the more challenging sections.
Read Instructions Carefully : Before answering any questions, thoroughly read the instructions to understand the requirements and avoid mistakes.
Skim Through : Quickly go through all the questions to get an overview of what’s ahead. Identify easy questions that you can answer quickly.
Answer Easy Questions First : Begin with the questions you find easiest. This helps build confidence and ensures you secure marks early on.
Manage Time per Question : Don’t spend too much time on any single question. If you’re stuck, move on and return to it later if time permits.
Use Elimination : Eliminate incorrect options to improve your chances of selecting the correct answer, especially in multiple-choice questions.
Stay Calm and Focused : Maintain a calm and focused mindset throughout the exam. Don’t let difficult questions or time pressure fluster you.
Review Your Answers : If time allows, review your answers before submitting the paper. Check for any errors or questions you may have skipped.
Practice Regularly : Regular practice with mock tests and previous year’s question papers can help you become familiar with the exam format and improve your speed and accuracy.

Benefits of Practicing with IBPS RRB Previous Year Question Papers

As the prelims exam is conducted for 80 marks and solves these questions, the candidate is provided with 45 minutes, which does not even give 1 minute to 1 question. This means that you have to solve paper with a flashy speed. For that there is only one solution; that is solving as much as practice papers or previous year papers. Besides this, there are many advantages to this practice; which are as follows-

You can eliminate your fear of exams by solving previous year’s papers just like a real exam.
You can increase your accuracy and speed in solving puzzles and reasoning questions.
You will be able to differentiate the questions to be done first and skip the question that consumes time.
You will learn time management, which is the key factor to achieving good marks in IBPS RRB Prelims.
You can self-assess your level of preparation which can help you to know your weak points in the exam.

Where can I get IBPS RRB PO & Clerk previous year question paper with answers?

In this article, candidates can download the IBPS RRB previous year's question papers PDFs with answer.

Are IBPS RRB PO Exam Previous year Question Paper relevant for the exam?

Yes, RRB Previous year questions are highly relevant for the upcoming IBPS RRB PO Exam.

Is there any negative marking for IBPS RRB Exam 2023?

Yes, there is a negative marking of 0.25 marks for each wrong answer.

How many questions are asked in the IBPS RRB Prelims Exam?

A total of 80 questions are asked in the IBPS RRB Prelims Exam.

Previous Year Paper

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SBI PO Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024, Check Prelims and Mains Syllabus

SBI PO Syllabus 2024 and Exam Pattern have been shared in the article below. Check the SBI PO Syllabus and Exam Pattern for prelims and Mains exam here.

Table of Contents

Candidates who are preparing for the SBI PO Exam should go through the SBI PO Syllabus 2024 and the exam pattern. Having a better and deeper understanding of the syllabus helps candidates prepare for the SBI PO exam better way.

There are 3 major sections in the SBI PO Syllabus- Quantitative Aptitude, English Language, and Reasoning. The SBI PO exam will be conducted in 3 different stages Prelims, Mains, Interview & Group Discussion. Candidates can go through this article to get the details of the SBI PO Syllabus and detailed Exam Pattern for both Prelims and Mains.

SBI PO Syllabus 2024

The SBI PO Syllabus for the Prelims and the Mains Exam is almost the same. There is only a slight change in the Mains Section with two extra sections added i.e. General and Banking Awareness . However, the level of difficulty of the SBI PO Mains Paper is a little higher than the Prelims.

The time has come that the candidates aspiring for SBI PO should boost their preparation with the SBI PO Syllabus as SBI has released over 2000 vacancies for the SBI PO 2024 recruitment. If you want to excel in the SBI PO exam, then prepare according to the latest SBI PO Syllabus and Exam Pattern.

SBI PO Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024: Highlights

The details of the SBI PO Syllabus and Exam Pattern have been tabulated below. Check the stage-wise details for the upcoming SBI PO Exam here.

SBI PO Prelims Exam Pattern 2024

The SBI PO Prelims Exam will have 3 sections:

Quantitative Aptitude

English Language

The following points are the highlights of the SBI PO Prelims Exam:

There will be three sections.
Category-wise merit list will be drawn based on the aggregate marks scored in the Preliminary Exam.
There will be no sectional cut-off . However, there will be an overall cut-off.
There will be a negative marking of 0.25 marks for every incorrect answer.

SBI PO Prelims Syllabus 2024

The preliminary examination of the SBI PO exam comprises Reasoning Ability, Quantitative Aptitude, and English Language. The complete details of the heading and sub-heading of the sections asked in the Preliminary Exam of the SBI PO exam are discussed below:

SBI PO Mains Exam Pattern 2024

Candidates meeting the required cut-off in SBI Prelims will be eligible to appear for the Mains Exam. There are changes in the Mains Section with an increase in the weightage of General Economy/ Banking Awareness and the duration of the test will be 3 hours.

The Descriptive Test has a duration of 30 minutes with a score of 50 marks . This test is conducted to test the writing skills of candidates via Letter Writing and essay Writing.

The following points are the highlights of the SBI PO Mains Exam:

All the questions will be objective.
This main paper will have four sections for a total of 200 marks.
The duration of the SBI PO Mains Exam will be 3 hours.
The objective test will have separate timing for every section.
There will be no sectional cut-off . There will be only an overall cut-off.
There will be a penalty of 0.25 marks for every incorrect Multiple Choice Question.
The Descriptive Paper of 50 marks is compulsory to attempt.

Note: The descriptive paper of a candidate will be checked only if they qualify in the Objective test as per the qualifying marks decided by the Bank.

SBI PO Mains Syllabus 2024

The Mains Examination of the SBI PO exam comprises 4 sections:

Data Analysis & Interpretation
Reasoning & Computer Aptitude
General/Economy/Banking Awareness
The SBI PO Mains syllabus comprises a descriptive test as well. The descriptive test consists of two questions, one letter writing and one essay each of 25 marks making a total of 50 marks.
Candidates need to score passing marks in the descriptive test as well to qualify for the SBI PO mains exam.

The complete syllabus is discussed below:

Data Analysis

The following topics are covered under the Data Analysis section:

Tabular Graph,
Line Graph,
Radar Graph Case-let,
Missing Case DI,
Let it Case DI,
Data Sufficiency,
Probability,
Permutation and Combination

The following topics are covered under the Reasoning section:

Verbal Reasoning,
Circular Seating Arrangement,
Linear Seating Arrangement,
Double Lineup,
Scheduling,
Input-Output,
Blood Relations,
Directions and Distances,
Ordering and Ranking,
Coding and Decoding,
Coded Inequalities,
The course of Action,
Critical Reasoning,
Analytical and Decision Making

The following topics are covered under the English Language section:

Reading Comprehension,
Vocabulary,
Verbal Ability,
Word Association,
Sentence Improvement,
Para Jumbles,
Cloze Test,
Error Spotting,
Fill in the blanks

General Awareness/ Economy/ Banking Awareness

The following topics are covered under the Economy section:

Financial Awareness
Current Affairs
General Knowledge
Static Awareness
Banking and Financial Awareness

Computer Aptitude

The following topics are covered under the Computer Aptitude section:

Keyboard Shortcuts,
Computer Abbreviation,
Microsoft Office,
Computer Hardware,
Computer Software,
Operating System,
Networking,
Computer Fundamentals/ Terminologies,

SBI PO Interview 2024

Psychometric Test- The Bank may conduct a Psychometric test for personality profiling, of those candidates who will be shortlisted for Phase III. The findings of the test may be placed before the Interview panel to have a thorough perspective on the candidates.

This is the final stage of selection for successful candidates who qualify for the first two phases of the SBI PO exam. The Group Discussion accounts for 20 marks while the Interview is for 30 marks.

The aggregate marks of all the candidates clearing both the Objective Tests and Descriptive tests will be arranged in descending order in each category.
The decided number of candidates in each category, as governed by the Bank will be called for Group Exercises and interviews.
The qualifying marks in Group Discussion & Interview will be as decided by the Bank.

SBI PO 2024 Final Selection

The final score for the SBI PO Exam is calculated keeping the below points in mind:

Marks secured in the Preliminary Exam (Phase-1) will not be considered for selection
Candidates must qualify for Phase-2 and Phase-3 separately to be eligible
Marks secured by the candidates in the SBI PO Mains Exam (out of 250 marks) are converted to out of 75 and marks secured in Group Exercises & Interview (out of 50 marks) are converted to out of 25. This makes the new total score (Mains + GD/PI) to be 100
The aggregate score out of 100 is used for the final merit list for each category. Candidates with top merit rank in each category are finally selected.

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Q1. What is the marking scheme for SBI PO Syllabus 2024?

Ans. There will be three sections: Prelims, Mains, GD, and PI. Prelims will be of 100 marks, Mains of 250 marks including the Descriptive Test while GD & PI will be of 20 and 30 marks respectively.

Q2. Is there a negative marking in SBI PO 2024 Exam?

Ans. Yes, 1/4th of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as a penalty to arrive at a corrected score.

Q3. What is the structure of the SBI PO Descriptive Test?

Ans. The description test is based on the English Language, in which a candidate has to write a Letter and an Essay for 50 Marks.

Q4. What are the criteria for final selection as an SBI PO?

Ans. The final selection will be made based on the marks secured in the SBI PO Mains and GD & PI.

Q5. What kind of topics will be asked for SBI PO GD and PI?

Ans. The topics will cover the issues of burning issues of national and international interest. The topics can be related to NPI, Natural Calamity, Women Empowerment, Digitization, etc.

Q6. How can I prepare for SBI PO Exam Online?

Ans. You can study online by visiting adda247.com You will get video lectures, E-books, Books, and other materials as well.

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[ GENERAL STUDIES PAPER – 4 ] : UPSC MAINS CIVIL SERVICES IAS EXAM 2021 QUESTION PAPER

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UPSC MAINS GENERAL STUDIES PAPER – 4 MAINS 2021

GENERAL STUDIES

Q1. (a) Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in the matrix. (Answer in 150 words)

(b) Identify ten essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant. Describe the /ways and means to prevent non-ethical behaviour in the pubic servants. (Answer in 150 words)

Q2. (a) Impact of digital technology as reliable source of input for rational decision making is debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable example. (Answer in 150 words)

(b) Besides domain knowledge, a public official needs innovativeness and creativity of a high order as well, while resolving ethical dilemmas. Discuss with suitable example. (Answer in 150 words)

Q3. What does each of the following quotations mean to you?

(a) “Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that persevere will see the light, sooner or later.-Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 150 words)

(b) “We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we obtain peace within ourselves.” – Dalai Lama (Answer in 150 words)

(c) Life doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that, it is better for us all.” -Erik Erikson word (Answer in 150 word)

Q4. (a) Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the elopement of human How to build a suitable needed for a public servant? (Answer in 150 words)

(b) In case of crisis of conscience does emotional intelligence help to overcome the same without compromising the ethical or moral stand that you are likely to follow? Critically examine. (Answer in 150 words)

Q5. (a) “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation.” Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society. (Answer in 150 words)

(b) Should impartial and being non-partisan be considered as indispensable qualities to make a successful civil servant? Discuss with illustrations. (Answer in 150 words)

Q6. (a) An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words)

(b) “Integrity is a value that empowers the human being.” Justify with suitable illustration. (Answer in 150 words)

Q7. Sunil is a young civil servant and has a reputation for his competence, integrity, dedication and relentness pursuit of difficult and onerous jobs. Considering his profile, he was picked up by his bosses to handle a very challenging and sensitive assignment. He was posted in a tribal dominated district notorious for illegal sand mining. Excavating sand from river belt and transporting through trucks and selling them in black market was rampant. This illegal sand mining mafia was operating with the support of local functionaries and tribal musclemen who in turn were bribing selected poor tribals and had kept the tribals under fear and intimidation.

Sunil being a sharp and energetic officer immediately grasped the ground realities and the modus operandi followed by the mafia through their devious and dubious mechanism. On making inquiries, he gathered that some of their own office employees are in hand and glove with them and have developed close unholy nexus. Sunil initiated stringent action against them and started conducting raids on their illegal operations of movement of trucks filled with sand. The mafia got rattled as not many officers in the past had taken such steps against the mafia. Some of the office employees who were allegedly close to mafia informed them that the officer is determined to clean up the mafia’s illegal sand mining operations in that the district and may cause them irrepairable damage.

The mafia turned hostile and launched counter-offensive. The tribal musclemen and mafia srted threatening him with dire consequences. His family (wife and old mother) were stalked and were under virtual surveillance and thus causing mental torture, agony and stress to all of them. The matter assumed serious proportions when a muscleman came to his office and threatened him to stop raids, etc., otherwise, his fate will not be different than some of his predecessors (ten years back one officer was killed by the mafia).

Identify the different options available to Sunil in attending to this situation.
Critically evaluate each of the options listed by you.
Which of the above, do you think, would be the most appropriate for Sunil to adopt and why? (Answer in 250 words)

Q8. You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle – class towns. Principal has recently retired and management is looking for his replacement. There are also feelers that the management may promote you as Principal. In the meantime, during annual examination the flying squad came from the university caught two students red-hande3d involving in unfair means. A senior lecturer of the college was personally helping these student in this act. This senior lecturer also happens to be close to the management. One of the students was son of a local politician who was responsible in getting college affiliated to the present reputed university. The second student was son of a local businessman who has donated maximum funds for running of the college. You immealately informed the management regarding this unfortunate incident. The management told you to resolve the issue with flying squad at any cost. They further said that such incident will not only tarnish the image of the college but also the politician and businessman are very important personalities for the functioning of the college. You were also given hint that your further promotion to Principal depends on your capability in resolving this issue with flying squad. In the meantime, you were intimated by your administrative officer that certain members of the student union are protesting outside the college gate against the senior lecturer and the students involved in this incident and demanding strict action against defaulters.

Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.
Critically examine the options available with you as Vice Principal. What option will you adopt and why? (Answer in 250 words)

Q9. An elevated corridor is being constructed to reduce traffic congestion in the capital of a particular state. You have been selected as project manager of this prestigious project on your professional competence and experience. The deadline is to complete the project in next two years by 20 June, 2021, since this project is to be inaugurated by the Chief Minister before the elections are announced in the second week of July 2021. While carrying out the surprise inspection by inspecting team, a minor crack was noticed in one of the piers of the elevated corridor possibly due to poor material used. You immediately informed the chief engineer and stopped further work. It was assessed by you that minimum three piers of the elevated corridor have to be demolished demolished and reconstructed. But this process will delay the project minimum by four to six months. But the chief engineer overruled the observation of inspecting team on the ground that it was a minor crack which will not in any way impact the strength and durability of the bridge. He ordered you to overlook the observation of inspecting team and continue working with same speed and tempo. He informed you that the minister does not want any delay as he wants the chief Minister to inaugurate the elevated corridor before the elections are declared. Also informed you that the contractor is far relative of the minister and he wants him to finish the project. He also gave you hint that your further promotion as additional chief engineer is under consideration with the ministry. However, you strongly felt that the minor crack in the pier of the elevated corridor will adversely affect the health and life of the bridge and therefore it will be very dangerous not to repair the elevated corridor.

Under the given conditions, what are the options available to you as a project manager?
What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by the project manager?
What are the professional challenges likely to be faced by the project manager and his response to overcome such challenges?
What can be the consequences of overlooking the observation raised by the inspecting team? (Answer in 250 words)

Q10 The coronavirus disease (CoVID-19) pandemic has quickly spread to various countries. As on May 8th, 2020, in India 56342 positive cases of corona had been reported. India with a population of more than 1-35 billion had difficulty in controlling the transmission of coronavirus among its population. Multiple strategies became necessary to handle this outbreak. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India raised awareness about this outbreak and to take all necessary actions to control the spread of COVID-19. Indian Government implemented a 55-day lockdown throughout the country to reduce the transmission of the virus. Schools and colleges had shifted to alternative mode of teaching- learning-evaluation and certification. Online mode became popular during these days. India was not prepared fora sudden onslaught of such a crisis due to limited infrastructure in terms of human resource, money and other facilities needed for taking care of this situation. This disease did not spare anybody irrespective of caste, creed, religion on the one hand and have and have not’ on the other. Deficiencies in hospital beds, oxygen cylinders, ambulances, hospital staff and crematorium were the most crucial aspects You are a hospital administrator in a public hospital at the time when coronavirus had attacked large number of people and patients were pouring into hospital day in and day out.

What are your criteria and justification for putting your clinical and non-clinical staff to attend to the patients knowing fully well that it is highly infectious disease and resources and infrastructure are limited?
If yours is a private hospital, whether your justification and decision would remain same as that of a public hospital? (Answer in 250 words)

Q11. A Reputed food product company based in India developed a food product for international market and started exporting the same after getting necessary approvals. The company announced this achievement and also indicated that soon the product will be made available for the domestic consumers with almost sane quality and health benefits. Accordingly, the company got its product approved by the domestic competent authority and launched the product in Indian market. The company could increase its market share over a period of time and earned substantial profit both domestically and internationally. However, the random sample test conducted by inspecting team found the product being sold domestically in variance with the approval obtained from the competent authority. On further investigation, it was also discovered that the food company was not only selling products which were not meeting the health standard of the country but also selling the rejected export products in the domestic market. This episode adversely affected the reputation and profitability of the food company.

What action do you visualize should be taken by the competent authority against the food company for violating the laid down domestic food standard and selling rejected export products in domestic market?
What course of action is available with the food company to resolve the crisis and bring back its lost reputation?
Examine the ethical dilemma involved in the case. (Answer in 250 words)

Q12. Pawan is working as an officer in the State Government for the last ten years. As a part of routine transfer, he was posted to another department. He joined in a new office along with five other colleagues. The head of the office was a senior officer conversant with the functioning of the office. As a part of general inquiry, Pawan gathered that his senior officer carries the reputation of being difficult and insensitive person having his own disturbed family life. Initially, all seem to go well. However, after some time Pawan felt that the senior officer was belittling him and at times unreasonable. Whatever suggestions given or views expressed by Pawan in the meetings were summarily rejected and the senior officer would express displeasure in the presence of others. It became a pattern of boss’s style of functioning to show him in bad light highlighting his shortcomings and humiliating publically. It became apparent that though there are no serious work-related problems/shortcomings, the senior officer was always on one pretext or the other and would scold and shout at him. The continuous harassment and public criticism of Pawan resulted in loss of confidence, self-esteem and equanimity. Pawan realized that his relations with his senior officer are becoming more toxic and due to this, he felt perpetually tensed, anxious and stressed. His mind was occupied with negativity and caused him mental torture, anguish and agony. Eventually, it badly affected his personal and family life. He was no longer joyous, happy and contented even t home. Rather without any reason he would loose his temper with his wife and other family members. The family environment was no longer pleasant and congenial. His wife who was always supportive to him also became a victim of his negativity and hostile behaviour. Due to harassment and humiliation suffering by him in the office, comfort and happiness virtually vanished from his life. Thus it damaged his physical and mental health.

What are the options available with Pawan to cope with the situation?
What approach Pawan should adopt for bringing peace, tranquillity and congenial environment in the office and home?
As an outsider, what are your Suggestions for both boss and subordinate to overcome this situation and for improving the work performance, mental and emotional hygiene?
In the above scenario, what type of training would you suggest for at various levels in the government offices? (Answer in 250 words)

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21 May 2024

Pay researchers to spot errors in published papers

Malte Elson 0

Malte Elson is an associate professor of the psychology of digitalization at the University of Bern, Switzerland.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

You have full access to this article via your institution.

In 2023, Google awarded a total of US$10 million to researchers who found vulnerabilities in its products. Why? Because allowing errors to go undetected could be much costlier. Data breaches could lead to refund claims, reduced customer trust or legal liability.

It’s not just private technology companies that invest in such ‘bug bounty’ programmes. Between 2016 and 2021, the US Department of Defense awarded more than US$650,000 to people who found weaknesses in its networks .

Just as many industries devote hefty funding to incentivizing people to find and report bugs and glitches, so the science community should reward the detection and correction of errors in the scientific literature. In our industry, too, the costs of undetected errors are staggering.

Retractions are increasing, but not enough

That’s why I have joined with meta-scientist Ian Hussey at the University of Bern and psychologist Ruben Arslan at Leipzig University in Germany to pilot a bug-bounty programme for science, funded by the University of Bern. Our project, Estimating the Reliability and Robustness of Research (ERROR), pays specialists to check highly cited published papers, starting with the social and behavioural sciences (see go.nature.com/4bmlvkj ). Our reviewers are paid a base rate of up to 1,000 Swiss francs (around US$1,100) for each paper they check, and a bonus for any errors they find. The bigger the error, the greater the reward — up to a maximum of 2,500 francs.

Authors who let us scrutinize their papers are compensated, too: 250 francs to cover the work needed to prepare files or answer reviewer queries, and a bonus 250 francs if no errors (or only minor ones) are found in their work.

ERROR launched in February and will run for at least four years. So far, we have sent out almost 60 invitations, and 13 sets of authors have agreed to have their papers assessed. One review has been completed , revealing minor errors.

I hope that the project will demonstrate the value of systematic processes to detect errors in published research. I am convinced that such systems are needed, because current checks are insufficient.

Structure peer review to make it more robust

Unpaid peer reviewers are overburdened , and have little incentive to painstakingly examine survey responses, comb through lists of DNA sequences or cell lines, or go through computer code line by line. Mistakes frequently slip through. And researchers have little to gain personally from sifting through published papers looking for errors. There is no financial compensation for highlighting errors , and doing so can see people marked out as troublemakers.

Yet failing to keep abreast of this issue comes at a huge cost. Imagine a single PhD student building their work on an erroneous finding. In Switzerland, their cumulative salary alone will run to six figures. Flawed research that is translated into health care, policymaking or engineering can harm people. And there are opportunity costs — for every grant awarded to a project unknowingly building on errors, another project is not pursued.

Like technology companies, stakeholders in science must realize that making error detection and correction part of the scientific landscape is a sound investment.

Funders, for instance, have a vested interest in ensuring that the money that they distribute as grants is not wasted. Publishers stand to improve their reputations by ensuring that some of their resources are spent on quality management. And, by supporting these endeavours, scientific associations could help to foster a culture in which acknowledgement of errors is considered normal — or even commendable — and not a mark of shame.

How ‘research impact bonds’ could transform science funding

I know that ERROR is a bold experiment. Some researchers might have qualms. I’ve been asked whether reviewers might exaggerate the gravity of errors in pursuit of a large bug bounty, or attempt to smear a colleague they dislike. It’s possible, but hyperbole would be a gamble, given that all reviewer reports are published on our website and are not anonymized. And we guard against exaggeration. A ‘recommender’ from among ERROR’s staff and advisory board members — none of whom receive a bounty — acts as an intermediary, weighing up reviewer findings and author responses before deciding on the payout.

Another fair criticism is that ERROR’s paper selection will be biased. The ERROR team picks papers that are highly cited and checks them only if the authors agree to it. Authors who suspect their work might not withstand scrutiny could be less likely to opt in. But selecting papers at random would introduce a different bias, because we would be able to assess only those for which some minimal amount of data and code was freely available. And we’d spend precious resources checking some low-impact papers that only a few people build research on.

My goal is not to prove that a bug-bounty programme is the best mechanism for correcting errors, or that it is applicable to all science. Rather, I want to start a conversation about the need for dedicated investment in error detection and correction. There are alternatives to bug bounties — for instance, making error detection its own viable career path and hiring full-time scientific staff to check each institute’s papers. Of course, care would be needed to ensure that such schemes benefited researchers around the world equally.

Scholars can’t expect errors to go away by themselves. Science can be self-correcting — but only if we invest in making it so.

Nature 629 , 730 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01465-y

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The author declares no competing interests.

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UPSC conducted the Essay Paper, as part of the Civil Services Main Exam 2021 on 07-01-2022. There were 8 Essay topics, out of which candidates were asked to write on two topics in 3 hours. Candidates were supposed to answer about 1000 words for each essay (about 10-12 pages).
ESSAY QUESTION PAPER : UPSC Civil Services IAS Exam MAINS 2021
ESSAY QUESTION PAPER - UPSC Civil Services IAS Mains - 2021 . Section A. 1. The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. 2. Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. 3. Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. 4.
UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper
The Essay paper has been conducted on 7th January 2022 in the forenoon session (9 AM to 12 PM). The Mains (Written) Examination consists of nine papers in total. The first stage, that is, Prelims, was conducted on October 10, 2021. UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper:- Download PDF Here. Download compulsory language papers from the links below:
Civil Services (Main) Examination, 2021
Common mistakes committed by the candidates in Conventional Papers; Revised Syllabus and Scheme; Representation on Question Papers; ... (Main) Examination, 2021. Document Type Document Date of Upload ... Examination Time Table : TT-CSME-2021-Engl-231121.pdf: 23/11/2021: Question Paper : Bengali Paper-I, Bengali Paper-II , ...
PDF Welcome to UPSC
Cs (Main) Exem,2021 ESSAY Time Allowed : Three Hours DETACHABLE : 250 Maximum Marks : 250 3òT QUESTION PAPER SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions. The ESSAY must be written in the medium authorised in the Admission Certificate which
UPSC 2021 Mains Essay Question Paper Download
UPSC 2021 Mains Essay Question Paper. Write TWO Essays, choosing ONE from each of the Sections A and B, in about 1000-1200 words each. (125×2-250) Section A. The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.
UPSC Mains Question Paper 2021
Additionally, there were two optional subject papers, each of which had 250 marks. Below we have provided the UPSC Mains Question Paper 2021 PDF download link for each paper. The UPSC Mains 2021 was conducted from 7th January to 16th January 2022 for almost 10,000 candidates who cleared the Prelims exam.
[UPSC Mains 2021] ESSAY PAPER- UPSC CIVIL SERVICES MAINS EXAM ...
[UPSC Mains 2021] ESSAY PAPER- UPSC CIVIL SERVICES MAINS EXAM (CSE) 2021 SECTION A 1) The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. 2) Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. 3) Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. 4) …
UPSC Mains 2021 Question Paper Analysis
The Essay paper was held in the morning session on 7th January 2022 from 9 AM to 12 PM. The candidates can check the UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper PDF from the linked article. Based on the analysis, here are a few opinions and reviews about the essay paper: Most of the candidates felt that the essay paper was philosophical.
Upsc Cse Mains 2021: Essay Paper for Upsc- In-depth Analysis
The Essay Writing Paper for UPSC CSE 2021 is indicative of the fact that the exam is not merely about factual knowledge, but much beyond it.This year's paper seems to analyze the box and critical thinking of the aspirants.. Essay writing papers for Upsc Cse mains 2021 took especially those aspirants by surprise who went in with a preconceived notion of the traditional paper.
UPSC 2021 Question Papers PDF: UPSC 2021 Prelims & Mains Question Paper
UPSC CSE Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper The Essay Paper consists of 250 marks and the student has to write a total of two essays, one from each section. This year, the focus of the paper was more on philosophical topics, unlike previous years' essay papers.
UPSC MAINS 2021 QUESTION PAPERS Archives
Category: UPSC MAINS 2021 QUESTION PAPERS. Showing 17 out of 17. [UPSC Mains 2021] PHILOSOPHY OPTIONAL (PAPER 1 & 2) - UPSC CIVIL SERVICES (CSE) MAINS EXAMINATION 2021. IASbaba. January 16, 2022. Important Updates, UPSC MAINS 2021 QUESTION PAPERS. [UPSC Mains 2021] GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL (PAPER 1 & 2) - UPSC CIVIL SERVICES (CSE) MAINS ...
(Download) UPSC IAS Mains Essay Exam Question Paper
DOWNLOAD UPSC MAINS ESSAY (Compulsory) PAPERS PDF Section-B Section-B (125 marks)- Choose any one Essay Q-1.Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. Q-2.What is research, but a blind date with knowledge! Q-3.History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce. Q-4.There are better practices to "best practices".
UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper-ForumIAS Blog
UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper - Download pdf. Part A. The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. The real is rational and the rational is real.
Upsc Cse Mains 2021 Essay Question Paper
UPSC CSE MAINS 2021 ESSAY QUESTION PAPER - SECTION A. 1) The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. 2) Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. 3) Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. 4) The real is rational and the rational is real
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UPSC IAS Mains 2021 Question Papers
Download UPSC CSE 2021 Mains GS Question Papers PDF. The candidates can download the IAS Mains 2021 GS papers from the following links. The link will be activated once the question papers are officially released by the commission on the official website. UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper I (08-01-2022 - 9 AM to 12 PM)
PDF [kaM A Part A
UPSC 2021 MAINS ESSAY PAPER [kaM 'A' Part 'A' 1- vkRe&laèkku dh çfØ;k vc rdfudh :i ls cká Jksrka dks lkSai nh xÃ gSA The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. 2- vki dh ejs ckjs ea èkkj.kk] vkidh lksp n'kkZrh gS( vkids çfr ejh çfrfØ;k] ejk laLdkj gSA
2021
Evaluate the nature of Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. 2. Trace the rise and growth of socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Young Bengal and Brahmo Samaj. 3. Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. 4.
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UPSC Previous Year Question Paper: Get UPSC previous year question papers PDF with the solutions here for the past 10 years (2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, and more)
UPSC Essay Paper 2021
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IBPS RRB Previous Year Question Papers for PO and Clerk ...
IBPS RRB PO Previous Year Question Papers For Mains: S. No: IBPS RRB PO Previous Year Question Paper: Direct links: 1: IBPS RRB PO Mains 2023 Memory-Based Paper: Will be updated soon: 2: IBPS RRB PO Mains 2022 Memory-Based Paper: Download PDF: 3: IBPS RRB PO Mains 2021 Memory-Based Paper: Download PDF: 4:
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SBI PO Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024, Check Prelims and Mains Syllabus
SBI PO Syllabus 2024. The SBI PO Syllabus for the Prelims and the Mains Exam is almost the same. There is only a slight change in the Mains Section with two extra sections added i.e. General and Banking Awareness. However, the level of difficulty of the SBI PO Mains Paper is a little higher than the Prelims.
Call For Datasets & Benchmarks 2024
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Call For Papers. Abstract submission deadline: May 15, 2024. Full paper submission deadline, including technical appendices and supplemental material (all authors must have an OpenReview profile when submitting): May 22, 2024. Author notification: Sep 25, 2024. Camera-ready, poster, and video submission: Oct 30, 2024 AOE.
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Essay Paper UPSC 2021 (Mains): Question Paper and Analysis

Essay Paper UPSC 2021 Instructions

Essay Question Paper – UPSC Civil Services Main Exam (Written) 2021

Repeated questions from previous years

Thinkers, Philosophers, and their Quotes

Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.

Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.

The real is rational and the rational is real.

The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.

What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!

History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

What should aspirants preparing for next year do for an essay paper?

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UPSC 2021 Mains Essay Question Paper

UPSC 2021 Mains Essay Question

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UPSC CSE MAINS 2021: ESSAY PAPER FOR UPSC- IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS￼

Essay Writing Paper, UPSC CSE 2021

Essay Writing Paper UPSC 2021 Detailed Analysis

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Essay Paper UPSC 2021: Section Wise Analysis:

Essay Paper UPSC 2021: Topic Wise Analysis:

Meaning and Approach to ESSAY Paper TOPICS 2021:

Topic 2: Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is awareness of me

Topic 3: The philosophy of witlessness is utopian, while materialism is a chimera

Topic 4: The real is rational and rational is real

Topic 5: The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world .

Topic 6: What is research, but a blind date with knowledge?

Topic 7: History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

Topic 8: There are better practices to best practices.

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