techniques involved in defining a research problem pdf

Research Problem and Questions

• First Online: 20 September 2022

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• Habeeb Adewale Ajimotokan 2  

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The objectives of this chapter are to

Describe the research problem and questions;

Identify appropriate research problems and questions;

Specify the different sources for research problems;

Enumerate the criteria for selecting a problem for research; and

Describe the statement of problem.

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Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques . New Age International (P) Ltd.

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Walliman, N. (2011). Research methods: The basics . Routledge—Taylor and Francis Group.

Pandey, P., & Pandey, M. M. (2015). Research methodology: Methods and techniques . Bridge Center.

Walliman, N. (2011). Your research project: Designing and planning your work . Sage Publications Ltd.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Habeeb Adewale Ajimotokan

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Ajimotokan, H.A. (2023). Research Problem and Questions. In: Research Techniques. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13109-7_2

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Techniques of Defining a Research Problem

Problem definition demands the task of setting up boundaries within which an investigator should study the problem with a pre-determined goal in mind. The best way to define the problem is unquestionably a tough job. Having said that, it is a task that needs to be handled smartly in order to prevent the perplexity experienced in a research procedure.

What are the Techniques of Defining a Research Problem in Research Methodology?

The technique involved in defining research problem has following steps :

• Statement of the problem in a general way: The research problem needs to deal with either a particular practical operational issue or some scientific discovery. It may also be related to satisfaction or widening of a certain intellectual curiosity. No matter what the subject of research, the problem definition should in general be at a logical level. For this reason, the investigator should involve himself thoroughly in the topic relating to which he wants to pose a problem. In the case of social research, it is considered a good idea to do some field observation and as such the investigator may take on some type of preliminary survey or what is known as pilot survey. The problem mentioned in a broad general way could have numerous ambiguities that need to be fixed by cool thinking and rethinking about the issue. While doing so the feasibility of a specific alternative must be considered and the same should be kept in view while stating the problem.
• Understand the nature of the problem: The next step in defining the problem is that the investigator should be aware of the cause and character of the problem in clear terms via discussions and study of the environment within which problem is to be solved.
• Literature Survey: All accessible literature in connection with the issue at hand must necessarily be surveyed and examined before a definition of the research problem is provided. It helps a professional to take a look at current dimensions in that specific area and results in enhancement of knowledge. The researcher will have to dedicate adequate time in examining of research previously carried out on relevant problems. It is performed to discover what data and other materials, if any, are readily available for operational purposes. Being aware of what data can be obtained often acts to narrow the problem itself in addition to the technique that may be employed.

Figure 1 – Key Steps

• Experiential Advice: Discussion related to a difficulty usually produces valuable information. People who have understanding or have rich experience in the area of research have turned out to be excellent sounding board for an investigator. Their suggestions and comment on research proposal help a researcher to get greater clarity and focus on his research topic. Chats with such people should not just be limited to the formulation of the particular problem at hand, but should also be related to the overall approach to the specific issue, techniques that could be used, feasible solutions, etc.
• Rephrase the research problem: Quite often, a problem redefinition takes place when the steps mentioned above are carried out. Researcher often redefines the problem in a fashion that is more practical and logical for the conduct of the research in hand. This effort will also help with defining hypothesis.

Read Also: Necessity of Defining a Research Problem

In addition to what has been stated above about the techniques of defining a research problem . The following points should also be observed in the procedure of defining the problem :

(a) The researcher must clearly define the Technical terms, words, phrases, etc. (b) Basic assumptions concerning the research problem must be clearly mentioned. (c) The criteria for the selection of the problem needs to be clearly specified. (d) The researcher should also consider suitability of the time-period and the sources of data available. (e) The scope of the study or the boundaries within which the problem is to be studied needs to be stated clearly.

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• How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples

How to Define a Research Problem | Ideas & Examples

Published on 8 November 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George.

A research problem is a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that you aim to address in your research. You may choose to look for practical problems aimed at contributing to change, or theoretical problems aimed at expanding knowledge.

Some research will do both of these things, but usually the research problem focuses on one or the other. The type of research problem you choose depends on your broad topic of interest and the type of research you think will fit best.

This article helps you identify and refine a research problem. When writing your research proposal or introduction , formulate it as a problem statement and/or research questions .

Table of contents

Why is the research problem important, step 1: identify a broad problem area, step 2: learn more about the problem, frequently asked questions about research problems.

Having an interesting topic isn’t a strong enough basis for academic research. Without a well-defined research problem, you are likely to end up with an unfocused and unmanageable project.

You might end up repeating what other people have already said, trying to say too much, or doing research without a clear purpose and justification. You need a clear problem in order to do research that contributes new and relevant insights.

Whether you’re planning your thesis , starting a research paper , or writing a research proposal , the research problem is the first step towards knowing exactly what you’ll do and why.

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

As you read about your topic, look for under-explored aspects or areas of concern, conflict, or controversy. Your goal is to find a gap that your research project can fill.

Practical research problems

If you are doing practical research, you can identify a problem by reading reports, following up on previous research, or talking to people who work in the relevant field or organisation. You might look for:

• Issues with performance or efficiency
• Processes that could be improved
• Areas of concern among practitioners
• Difficulties faced by specific groups of people

Examples of practical research problems

Voter turnout in New England has been decreasing, in contrast to the rest of the country.

The HR department of a local chain of restaurants has a high staff turnover rate.

A non-profit organisation faces a funding gap that means some of its programs will have to be cut.

Theoretical research problems

If you are doing theoretical research, you can identify a research problem by reading existing research, theory, and debates on your topic to find a gap in what is currently known about it. You might look for:

• A phenomenon or context that has not been closely studied
• A contradiction between two or more perspectives
• A situation or relationship that is not well understood
• A troubling question that has yet to be resolved

Examples of theoretical research problems

The effects of long-term Vitamin D deficiency on cardiovascular health are not well understood.

The relationship between gender, race, and income inequality has yet to be closely studied in the context of the millennial gig economy.

Historians of Scottish nationalism disagree about the role of the British Empire in the development of Scotland’s national identity.

Next, you have to find out what is already known about the problem, and pinpoint the exact aspect that your research will address.

Context and background

• Who does the problem affect?
• Is it a newly-discovered problem, or a well-established one?
• What research has already been done?
• What, if any, solutions have been proposed?
• What are the current debates about the problem? What is missing from these debates?

Specificity and relevance

• What particular place, time, and/or group of people will you focus on?
• What aspects will you not be able to tackle?
• What will the consequences be if the problem is not resolved?

Example of a specific research problem

A local non-profit organisation focused on alleviating food insecurity has always fundraised from its existing support base. It lacks understanding of how best to target potential new donors. To be able to continue its work, the organisation requires research into more effective fundraising strategies.

Once you have narrowed down your research problem, the next step is to formulate a problem statement , as well as your research questions or hypotheses .

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement.

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis – a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.

They summarise the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .

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Techniques Involved in Defining a Problem: Tips for Identifying Research Questions

by Prince Kumar

Last updated: 27 February 2023

Table of Contents

Defining a problem is the first and most crucial step in the research process. It involves identifying a research problem, formulating research questions, and setting research objectives. In this article, we will discuss some techniques involved in defining a problem and tips for identifying research questions.

1. Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating a large number of ideas about a topic without censoring them. It is an effective technique for defining a problem because it allows the researcher to explore different perspectives and generate a broad range of potential research questions.

2. Mind Mapping

Mind mapping is a technique that involves visually organizing ideas and information around a central theme or concept. It is an effective technique for defining a problem because it allows the researcher to identify key concepts and relationships among them.

3. Problem Tree Analysis

Problem tree analysis is a technique that involves identifying the causes and effects of a problem and organizing them in a hierarchical structure. It is an effective technique for defining a problem because it helps the researcher to understand the underlying factors that contribute to the problem and identify potential research questions.

4. SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a technique that involves identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with a particular issue or problem. It is an effective technique for defining a problem because it allows the researcher to identify potential research questions based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the problem.

5. Literature Review

Literature review is a technique that involves reviewing existing literature and research on the topic of interest. It is an effective technique for defining a problem because it helps the researcher to identify knowledge gaps and determine the most appropriate research methodology and design.

Tips for Identifying Research Questions

Once the problem has been defined, the next step is to identify specific research questions that can be answered through the research project. Here are some tips for identifying research questions:

• Keep the research questions clear and focused.
• Ensure that the research questions are specific and measurable.
• Make sure that the research questions are relevant and significant to the research problem.
• Ensure that the research questions are feasible and can be answered through the research project.

In conclusion, defining a problem is a crucial step in the research process. Techniques such as brainstorming, mind mapping, problem tree analysis, SWOT analysis, and literature review can be used to help define the problem. Additionally, tips for identifying research questions such as keeping the questions clear and focused, ensuring that they are specific and measurable, and making sure that they are relevant and feasible can be helpful in formulating research questions.

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Syllabus – Research Methodology

01 Introduction To Research Methodology

• Meaning and objectives of Research
• Types of Research
• Research Approaches
• Significance of Research
• Research methods vs Methodology
• Research Process
• Criteria of Good Research
• Problems faced by Researchers
• Techniques Involved in defining a problem

02 Research Design

• Meaning and Need for Research Design
• Features and important concepts relating to research design
• Different Research design
• Important Experimental Designs

03 Sample Design

• Introduction to Sample design
• Censure and sample survey
• Implications of Sample design
• Steps in sampling design
• Criteria for selecting a sampling procedure
• Characteristics of a good sample design
• Different types of Sample design
• Measurement Scales
• Important scaling Techniques

04 Methods of Data Collection

• Introduction
• Collection of Primary Data
• Collection through Questionnaire and schedule collection of secondary data
• Differences in Questionnaire and schedule
• Different methods to collect secondary data

05 Data Analysis Interpretation and Presentation Techniques

• Hypothesis Testing
• Basic concepts concerning Hypothesis Testing
• Procedure and flow diagram for Hypothesis Testing
• Test of Significance
• Chi-Square Analysis
• Report Presentation Techniques