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Open Access Theses and Dissertations

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Indexes over 4 million graduate-level electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) freely available from over 1,100 institutions worldwide . Search for keywords from titles, author names, abstracts, subjects, university/publisher and more. Use More search options to limit searches to a particular field, language, and date range. The search results will include links to full-text theses/dissertations residing on the original hosting site, usually the institutional repository of the school that granted the degree.

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The eHealth MSc

There are three components of the full-time, thesis option:

• 5 one-term courses
• Development and oral defence of a written thesis
• Eight-month internship

You must successfully complete 5, one-term graduate courses (4 compulsory and 1 elective).

The required courses are:

• Statistics for eHealth
• Fundamentals of eHealth and the Canadian Healthcare System
• Management Issues in eHealth
• Modern Software Technology for eHealth

You can choose your fifth course from a list of approved electives .

Your thesis project requires that you:

• Explore a topic in considerable depth.
• Plan and carry out a research project.
• Write up and present your findings.
• Defend your findings in a public forum.

You choose the topic of your thesis in consultation with your supervisor, who is determined after you are admitted. Your thesis will be evaluated by your supervisor and two other examiners.

Detailed thesis requirements are outlined in Section 3 of the  Graduate Studies Calendar .

There are three terms throughout the year.

• Fall: September to December
• Winter: January to April
• Spring: May to August

Course work is usually finished during the first two terms. Preliminary research on your thesis should start by the second term. Your thesis should be completed and defended within 24 months (6 terms).

The program must be completed within 36 months. Students complete their internships in their third and fourth terms (May to December).

Application Cycle:  September 15, 2023 – January 14, 2024

Admissions Webinars:

Sheila Richardson and Margaret Leyland will share information about the program, the internship, and the application process.

Please review the material on the How to Apply website before you begin your application.

Read about the application process and admission requirements on the eHealth website.

How Do I Find Theses & Dissertations?

• Theses & Dissertations @ McMaster

McMaster Theses & Dissertations

• Borrowing Theses & Dissertations

Find McMaster Theses in the Library Catalogue

Location of theses, borrowing theses, author search using a personal name, author search using a mcmaster university department, things to remember when performing departmental searches, subject search using library of congress subject headings (lcsh), subject search using medical subject headings (mesh), call number.

McMaster theses in all formats (print, microfiche or online) are listed in McMaster's  library catalogue . Theses can be searched by title, author (personal name or department), subject (LCSH or MeSH), keyword(s) or call number.

McMaster theses are located in various areas of  MILLS (Humanities and Social Sciences),  INNIS  (Business),  THODE  (Science and Engineering) and  HEALTH SCIENCES  libraries. The library and location of a particular McMaster thesis will be noted in the library catalogue. Theses available online can be accessed by clicking on the link in the library catalogue record.

McMaster theses in print format can be borrowed with a valid McMaster identification card (e.g. faculty, staff, current students, external borrowers, etc.). The availability or circulation status (e.g. checked out) of a thesis will be noted in the library catalogue.

ALL McMaster theses are searchable by the title of the thesis. If you know the exact title of a thesis, or  some  of the words in the title, use one of the  Title  indexes in the library catalogue.

NOTE: To ensure that you have retrieved a thesis in your search results, view the full details and look for the words  Thesis--McMaster University  in the NOTES.

ALL McMaster theses are searchable by the personal name of the author. If you know the proper name of the author, use the  Author  index in the library catalogue.

SOME McMaster theses can be searched using MCMASTER UNIVERSITY and the department within which the degree program was offered as an author.

To browse through a list of departments, select the  Author  index in the library catalogue and type MCMASTER UNIVERSITY DEPT OF. This search strategy will result in a list of McMaster departments with thesis entries.

Department vs. Degree

It is important to distinguish between a department and the degree program. For example, the department of Classics has offered graduate programs in Classics, Classical Studies, Greek, Latin and Roman Studies. If you were looking for a thesis completed by a student who received a Master in Classical Studies, the appropriate department would be the Department of Classics.

Department Missing

Not all McMaster theses are searchable by department. In some libraries, it was not until ca. 1991 that it became mandatory to have the McMaster department as a searchable field. This means that in Mills, Innis and Thode libraries, all theses written from  1990 to the present , and all theses written  prior to 1983  (since this latter category was entered into the Library Catalogue beginning in September 1991), can be searched by department. However, most theses written  between 1983 and 1989  cannot be accessed in this type of search.

Departmental Changes

It is also important to remember that some departments have changed over time. Departments may have split, merged or simply been renamed. When this occurred, the Library Catalogue provides  See also:  or  Related author references directing you to other relevant departments you may wish to search.

If you are unable to locate a McMaster department using the  Author  index, try entering MCMASTER along with a word that describes a field of study in the  Author  index.

SOME McMaster theses can be searched using subject headings. In   MILLS ,  INNIS  and  THODE  libraries, Master and PhD. theses from  1983 to the present  have been assigned  Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and/or subject keywords.

• All Bachelor theses and most Master and Ph.D theses  before 1983  have only been assigned the generic subject heading MCMASTER UNIVERSITY DISSERTATIONS.
• Theses from  1983 to 2000  have been assigned both the generic subject heading and LCSH.
• Theses from  2001 onward  have been assigned LCSH and/or subject keywords.

In the  HEALTH SCIENCES   library, theses have been assigned  Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) .

NOTE: Many health sciences theses have also been assigned the generic medical subject heading DISSERTATIONS ACADEMIC MCMASTER UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES  

If you do NOT know the EXACT Library of Congress or Medical Subject Headings for your topic, try the  Subject  index in the library catalogue.

NOTE: To ensure that you have retrieved a thesis in your search results, view the full details and look for the words  Thesis --McMaster University  in the NOTES field.

If you are unable to locate a thesis using the  Title ,  Author , and  Subject  indexes in the library catalogue, select the  Keyword  index and enter the words MCMASTER and THESIS along with any information you might have about the thesis (e.g., word(s), date(s), department(s), author(s)).

To combine search words, try the  Advanced Search  in the library catalogue. 

Most McMaster theses are searchable by their call numbers in the library catalogue. Theses may have two types of call numbers. All McMaster Master and Ph.D. theses that have been fully catalogued have full  Library of Congress (LC)  or National Library of Medicine (NLM) call numbers such as WK 815 .N162a 2003. Use the  Search for words: in Standard No./Call No.  or  Search begins with ... Call Number- LC/NLM  indexes in the library catalogue.

All Bachelors theses and most Master and some Ph.D. theses before 1983 and after 2004 have short call numbers such as THESIS GN 968149. For short call numbers, a call number search must be prefaced with the word THESIS plus the call number. Use the  Search for words: in Standard/Call No.  or  Search begins with ... Call Number - Local  indexes in the library catalogue.

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43 Facts About Bratsk

Written by Elvira Llamas

Modified & Updated: 29 May 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

• Industrial Center Facts
• Industrialization Facts
• Russia Facts
• Russian Architecture Facts
• Siberia Facts
• Tourism Facts

Bratsk, a city located in the Irkutsk Oblast region of Russia, is a hidden gem worth exploring. With a rich history and a vibrant culture, Bratsk offers a unique experience to its visitors. From breathtaking natural landscapes to architectural wonders, there is something for everyone in this enchanting city.

In this article, we will uncover 43 fascinating facts about Bratsk that will pique your curiosity and make you want to pack your bags and embark on an adventure. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or someone who appreciates art and culture , Bratsk has it all. So, let’s dive into this incredible city and discover what makes it so special!

Key Takeaways:

• Bratsk, a city in Russia, boasts a rich history, stunning landscapes, and a vibrant community, offering a unique experience for residents and visitors alike.
• With its impressive hydroelectric power station, beautiful natural reserves, and diverse cultural scene, Bratsk is a city poised for promising growth and development.

Bratsk is a city in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.

Located in Siberia, Bratsk is situated on the Angara River and is known for its breathtaking natural landscapes.

The city of Bratsk was founded on August 26, 1947.

It was established as a residential settlement for the workers of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station.

Bratsk is home to one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.

The Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station has a capacity of 4,500 MW and plays a significant role in Russia’s energy production.

The population of Bratsk is approximately 246,000 people.

It is the third-largest city in Irkutsk Oblast, after Irkutsk and Angarsk.

The name “Bratsk” is derived from the word “brothers”.

It symbolizes the unity and cooperation of the workers who contributed to the construction of the city.

Bratsk experiences a continental climate with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.

The average temperature in January is around -19°C (-2°F), while in July , it reaches an average of 18°C (64°F).

The Bratsk Reservoir, created by the damming of the Angara River, is one of the largest artificial lakes in the world.

It covers an area of 5,470 square kilometers (2,110 square miles ) and provides opportunities for various water activities.

Bratsk is a major transportation hub in Siberia.

It has a well-developed railway system and is connected to other cities in the region through an extensive network of roads.

The city of Bratsk is known for its vibrant cultural scene.

It is home to several theaters, museums, and art galleries that showcase the rich history and traditions of the region.

Bratsk is surrounded by picturesque natural landscapes, including dense forests, mountains, and rivers.

The area offers opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing , and wildlife watching.

The Bratsk Dam, which forms the Bratsk Reservoir, was completed in 1967.

It stands at a height of 124 meters (407 feet) and is an impressive engineering feat.

The construction of the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station required the relocation of several villages and towns.

Efforts were made to ensure the smooth transition and well-being of the affected residents.

Bratsk has a diverse economy, with industries including energy, metallurgy, forestry, and agriculture.

The city’s development is closely tied to the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station and the surrounding natural resources.

Bratsk is home to several educational institutions, including universities, colleges, and vocational schools.

It serves as an educational center for the region, attracting students from different parts of Siberia .

The people of Bratsk are known for their warm hospitality and welcoming nature.

Visitors to the city often praise the friendly atmosphere and genuine kindness of the locals.

Bratsk has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from various ethnic groups living in the area.

The city celebrates traditional festivals, music, and dance, reflecting the diversity of its population .

The Bratsk Fortress is an important historical landmark in the city.

It dates back to the 17th century and serves as a reminder of Bratsk’s significant role in the region’s history.

Bratsk is known for its delicious cuisine, which features traditional Siberian dishes as well as Russian favorites.

Visitors can enjoy hearty soups, smoked fish , and locally sourced berries and mushrooms.

The Bratsk Museum of Local Lore showcases the history, culture, and natural wonders of the region.

It is a must-visit for those interested in learning more about Bratsk and its surroundings.

Bratsk has a well-developed sports infrastructure and supports various athletic activities.

The city has produced many talented athletes who have competed at national and international levels.

Bratsk is surrounded by beautiful nature reserves and national parks.

These protected areas are home to a wide range of flora and fauna, offering breathtaking sights for nature enthusiasts.

The Bratskaya street, one of the main streets in the city, is lined with shops, restaurants, and cafes.

It is a popular spot for locals and tourists to stroll, shop, and enjoy a meal.

Bratsk has a well-developed healthcare system, with modern hospitals and clinics.

The city prioritizes the health and well-being of its residents by providing quality medical facilities.

The Bratsk Opera and Ballet Theater is a cultural hub in the city, hosting performances by talented artists.

It showcases ballets, operas, and other musical events , attracting audiences from near and far.

Bratsk has a vibrant music scene, with local bands and musicians performing a variety of genres.

Music lovers can enjoy live performances at venues throughout the city.

The annual Bratsk International Film Festival celebrates the art of cinema.

It attracts filmmakers, industry professionals, and film enthusiasts from around the world.

The Bratsk Circus is a popular entertainment venue, featuring thrilling acrobatic performances and animal shows.

It offers fun-filled experiences for both children and adults.

Bratsk has a strong sense of community, with various civic organizations and volunteer groups working towards the betterment of the city.

Citizens actively participate in initiatives aimed at improving the environment, education, and social welfare.

The beautiful Bratsk City Park is a favorite spot for leisurely walks, picnics, and outdoor activities.

It offers a tranquil escape from the bustling city life.

Bratsk is known for its stunning sunsets, which paint the sky with vibrant colors.

The breathtaking views make for memorable moments and great photo opportunities.

The local markets of Bratsk are vibrant hubs of trade, showcasing a variety of local produce and goods.

Visitors can explore the stalls and sample fresh fruits, vegetables, and handicrafts.

Bratsk is an important center for scientific research and innovation.

The city is home to various research institutes and laboratories that contribute to advancements in different fields.

The Bratsk State University offers a wide range of educational programs across various disciplines.

It attracts students not only from Bratsk but also from other parts of Russia and abroad.

Bratsk is a city that embraces technology and digital connectivity.

The city’s infrastructure is well-equipped to meet the demands of the digital age.

Bratsk hosts various cultural events throughout the year, including music festivals, art exhibitions, and theatrical performances.

The city’s calendar is filled with opportunities to immerse oneself in the vibrant cultural scene.

Bratsk is a city where old traditions and modernity coexist harmoniously.

While the city embraces progress, it also values and preserves its rich cultural heritage.

Bratsk is surrounded by vast forests, making it an ideal destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.

Hiking, camping, and wildlife spotting are popular activities in the area.

The Bratsk Philharmonic Orchestra is renowned for its exceptional performances and talented musicians.

It enchants audiences with a diverse repertoire that includes classical, contemporary, and traditional pieces.

Bratsk takes pride in its strong educational system, which emphasizes the importance of knowledge and skills.

It prepares the younger generation for bright futures and successful careers.

Bratsk is a city that celebrates diversity and promotes inclusivity.

It values the contributions of people from different backgrounds and fosters a sense of unity among its residents.

The Bratsk Mosque is an important religious landmark in the city.

It serves as a place of worship for the Muslim community and represents the city’s religious tolerance.

Bratsk is a city with a strong sense of environmental consciousness.

Efforts are made to protect and preserve the natural resources and promote sustainable practices.

Bratsk is a city that holds great potential for growth and development.

With its rich resources, vibrant community, and forward-thinking outlook, it is poised for a promising future.

In conclusion, these 43 facts about Bratsk showcase the fascinating history, natural wonders, and cultural significance of this city. From being home to one of the world’s largest hydroelectric power stations to boasting stunning landscapes like Lake Baikal and the Taiga forests, Bratsk has something for everyone. Its rich history, with traces of ancient civilizations and Soviet-era industrial development, adds a unique charm to the city.Whether you’re interested in adventure tourism, exploring historical sites, or simply immersing yourself in the local culture, Bratsk offers a myriad of experiences. The city’s warm hospitality, friendly locals, and delicious local cuisine make it a memorable destination for travelers.Don’t miss the opportunity to witness the breathtaking beauty of Bratsk. Visit this city and unlock its hidden gems, unforgettable experiences, and the chance to create lifelong memories.

Q: When is the best time to visit Bratsk?

A: The best time to visit Bratsk is during the summer months of June to August when the weather is pleasant and outdoor activities are in full swing.

Q: How do I get to Bratsk?

A: Bratsk can be reached by air through the Bratsk Airport, which has regular flights from major cities in Russia. Alternatively, you can also travel by train or bus from neighboring cities.

Q: Are there any popular attractions in Bratsk?

A: Yes , Bratsk is known for its popular attractions such as the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station, Lake Baikal, Taiga forests, and the Bratsk Reservoir.

Q: Is Bratsk safe for tourists?

A: Yes, Bratsk is generally safe for tourists. However, it is always advisable to take necessary precautions and be aware of your surroundings, especially in crowded areas.

Q: What are some traditional dishes to try in Bratsk?

A: Some traditional dishes to try in Bratsk include Siberian pelmeni, omul fish, stroganina, and local berry desserts.

Bratsk's stunning landscapes beckon nature enthusiasts to explore the wonders of the taiga biome, where cold climates shape unique ecosystems. This Russian city shares its rich history and culture with other fascinating destinations like Orenburg, inviting travelers to discover the depth and diversity of Russia's urban tapestry. Bratsk's massive hydroelectric power plant stands as a testament to human ingenuity, harnessing the immense potential of flowing water to power homes and industries, showcasing the transformative impact of hydroelectric technology .

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The Current Territorial Differentiation of the Industry of Irkutsk Oblast

N. a. ippolitova.

1 Sochava Institute of Geography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia

2 Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia

M. A. Grigoryeva

This article discusses recent changes in the development of industrial production in Irkutsk oblast from 2010 to 2019. Industry is the basic component in the economic complex; it provides about half of the region’s gross added value and is characterized by a multi-sectoral structure formed primarily on the basis of using natural resources and cheap electricity. It is pointed out that in the last decade, a significant change in the structure of industry has led to a structural simplification of its sectoral composition with a significant shift toward the raw materials sector. Cities remain the leading centers of concentration of the manufacturing industry. The grouping of municipalities according to the level of industrial development was carried out according to the available statistical data: the calculated share of the employed in industry and the volume of shipped products of large and medium-sized organizations. On the basis of their ratio, groups of regions with intensive development of the extractive industries, primarily the oil and gas sector, as well as territories in which the industrial profile was formed in Soviet times but underwent transformations under the influence of changes in the market, were identified. A group of regions with very low industrial development has been identified, in which economic activities are mainly related to agriculture, logging, transport, and tourism. It is shown that some of the municipalities have changed their position in the groups when compared to 2010. The rest of the composition is relatively stable. It was found that in the first and fourth groups a change in priority in the development of types of economic activity occurred, whereas the second and third groups show a change in their proportions. Large business contributes to the extremely uneven distribution of investments across the oblast in the implementation of investment projects.

INTRODUCTION

Irkutsk oblast, one of the key industrial regions of Siberia, has great industrial and natural resource potential, which, together with its competitive advantages, make it possible to occupy a leading position among other regions of the country. Research by N.N. Klyuev [ 1 ] shows that Irkutsk oblast is one of the ten Russian regions that maximized the volume of industrial production from 1990 to 2017.

The modern industrial structure of Irkutsk oblast is made up of several basic industries, including the electric power industry, mining and timber processing complexes, nonferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, as well as mechanical engineering and metalworking. With the start of oil and gas production, the oil and gas industry has developed.

Currently, the spatial development of Irkutsk oblast is based on large territorial production centers located in Irkutsk, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Angarsk, Sayansk, Ust-Ilimsk, Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsk, Taishet, Ust-Kut, and Bodaibo, where over 55% of the region’s population lives. These territories account for more than 85% of the added value produced in the region, and about 60% of investments [ 2 ].

The development of industrial production and its territorial features have been widely considered by domestic geographers at different times. It is worth noting the works devoted to the period of industrialization of the eastern territories [ 3 ], economic development [ 4 ], and issues of the location and development of certain industries [ 5 , 6 ]. In recent years, the main attention has been paid to the study of industry in the sectoral context [ 7 – 11 ], as well as using the theory of territorial production complexes [ 12 , 13 ]. The use of an integrated approach makes it possible to determine structural changes in the industry of the regions [ 14 ].

At the regional level, there are many methods and approaches to the construction of typologies and groupings for the socioeconomic development of territories, and in particular industrial development. Consideration of the intraregional level of industrial development in the scientific literature is less common, for example [ 15 – 18 ], which increases the relevance of this research, which is of an applied nature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The information base of the study, which covers 2010–2019, was the materials of the Federal State Statistics Service, including databases of indicators of municipalities and official sites of local governments (analytical and forecast reports).

It is assumed in this work that at present industrial production includes the following sections of OKVED-2: Extraction of minerals (B); Manufacturing industries (C); Provision of electricity, gas and steam; air conditioning (D); Water supply; sewerage, waste collection, and disposal, and pollution elimination activities (E). According to OKVED, in 2010 industrial production consisted of the following types of activities: Extraction of minerals (C); Manufacturing (D); Production and distribution of electricity, gas, and water (E). We note that the work did not take into account the subsection Forestry and logging, which is included in the section Agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing, and fish farming (A), although logging is a specialization of individual municipalities of the region.

The statistical data used at the municipal level (shipped goods of its own production, performed works and services on its own; the average number of employees of organizations by type of economic activity; investments in fixed assets) are given by Rosstat for large and medium-sized organizations, excluding small businesses. For example, the difference between the volume of products shipped for large and medium-sized organizations and for the full range of organizations is 5.6%, and for those employed in industrial production it is about 15%.

Due to the fact that according to the indicator called shipped goods of our own production, performed works and services on our own (without subjects of municipalities), information on certain types of economic activity is not published for 29 out of 42 municipalities of Irkutsk oblast in order to ensure the confidentiality of primary statistical data [ 19 ], the materials posted on the official websites of the corresponding municipalities were taken into account.

This work used comparative geographical and statistical research methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the structure of gross value added in Irkutsk oblast, industry accounted for 31.7% in 2010, and 44.8% in 2018. The specific weight of the volume of shipped products of the region in Russia increased from 1.4% in 2010 to 1.7% in 2019, due to the fact that the volume of mining operations increased nine times. The average annual number of workers employed in the industrial sector decreased by 3.6%.

In 2010–2019, the production index in Irkutsk oblast, based on the results of its retrospective recalculation by Rosstat, did not fall below 100%, reaching its maximum value in 2010, 113.3%, and the minimum value in 2019, 100.4% ( Fig. 1 ). Growth rates of the industrial production index in 2010–2012, were due to significant volumes of mining (especially hydrocarbons). The drop in production volumes in 2019 is associated with a decrease in the production of crude oil, metal ores, and due to the current federal emergency in the region in the summer of 2019 (flooding of settlements) and coal. The trend continued in 2020 under the influence of external and internal factors (Russian participation in the agreement with the OPEC + countries and, accordingly, the restriction on oil production, as well as restrictions on the part of Russian Railways in accepting coal for export). Against the background of this situation, the manufacturing industry in 2020, in contrast, showed an increase in production (in particular, the contribution was made by Pharmasynthez, which began to produce medicines for the treatment of coronavirus infection).

The production indices of Irkutsk oblast, %. Types of economic activity: 1 , industrial production; 2 , mining; 3 , manufacturing; 4 , supply of electricity, gas and steam; air conditioning.

Transformational processes, which differ in intensity and direction in different periods, have formed the modern structure of the region’s industry, whose leading industries are: extraction of crude oil and natural gas, which accounts for 35.2% of the volume of shipped products; energetics , 10.3; metallurgical production, 9.1; production of paper and paper products, 4.7; wood processing, 4.5%. In 2010, the leading positions were occupied by the energy sector, 18.3%; production of machinery, equipment, vehicles, 16.3; metallurgical production, 15.3; extraction of fuel and energy minerals, 8.9; and chemical production, 7.6%.

The average number of employees of organizations (excluding small businesses) and the volume of goods, works, and services shipped by large and medium-sized organizations were used as indicators that characterize the level of development of industrial production in 42 regional municipalities in 2010 and 2019.

The ratio of these indicators made it possible to distinguish four groups of municipalities by the level of industrial development (high, medium, low, and very low) in 2010 and 2019. ( Figs. 2, 3 ).

The distribution of the share of people employed in industry and the volume of industrial production of large and medium-sized organizations in Irkutsk oblast in 2010

The distribution of the share of employed in industry and the volume of industrial production of large and medium-sized organizations in Irkutsk oblast in 2019

In 2019, compared to 2010, there was a transition of a number of territories of the region from one group to another. In three municipalities (Ust-Kutsky, Katangsky, and Alarsky districts) there was an increase in the level of industrial development, and in the other three municipalities (Angarsk, Shelekhovsky district, and Usolye-Sibirskoe) a decrease occurred.

The Highly developed group (Katangsky, Ust-Kutsky regions, and Bratsk) is characterized by high values of the share of people employed in industrial production and the volume of shipped products. It accounts for 21.2% of those employed in industrial organizations of the region (rotation work is also used) and 48.4% of investments in fixed assets. The northern regions continue to increase their concentration of the volume of shipped products in the region by the type of economic activity mining (2010, 43.8%; 2019, 73.6%). Oil and gas condensate production increased by 5.4 times, from 3.3 million tons in 2010 to 17.9 million tons in 2019. Oil produced from fields in the north of the region is fed to the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline system; it is delivered to the Far East and then exported to China and other countries of the Asia–Pacific region. The main companies represented on the territory of these municipalities are Verkhnechonskneftegaz, Dulisma, and the Irkutsk Oil Company. The latter is the largest taxpayer to the regional budget (in 2018, the share of its contributions was 12.5%). Generally, oil producing enterprises provided 46% of all income tax revenues in 2018 in the structure of tax revenues of the consolidated budget of the region.

Industrial production in Bratsk is associated with the activities of such processing enterprises as RUSAL Bratsk (in 2019 it provided 38% of the aluminum production in Russia), the Ilim Group in Bratsk, and the Bratsk Ferroalloy Plant, which form the industrial image of the city. During the period an increase in the volume of shipped products in the manufacturing sector was noted in Bratsk (2010, 22.6%; 2019, 29.9%), which allows it to remain a large industrial hub of the region.

Group with an average level of development (the Angarsk, Svirsk, Sayansk, Ust-Ilimsk, Irkutsk, Bodaibinsky, Shelekhovsky, Nizhneilimsky, and Tulunsky districts) is distinguished by a high share of those employed in industry and an average volume of industrial production. About half of the region’s population lives in these municipalities, they produce 40.6% of industrial production, and concentrate 61.5% of those employed in the industrial sector, as well as 38.4% of investments. The group includes almost all major industrial centers in the region. Unlike the previous case, the sectoral composition of this group is more diverse and is represented by enterprises of nonferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, pulp and paper, nuclear, pharmaceutical, and food industries (Irkutsk Aluminum Plant, Irkutsk Aviation Plant, Angarsk Petrochemical Company, Angarsk Polymer Plant, Sayanskkhimplast, Ilim Group in Ust-Ilimsk, Angarsk Electrolysis Chemical Plant, Pharmasintez, etc.). The production profile of these territories was formed back in the Soviet era, but at the present stage enterprises continue to play a significant role in the socioeconomic development of the region, especially for export-oriented industries.

The mining sector is represented by gold mining at ore and alluvial deposits (Polyus Verninskoe, Vysochaishy, Druza, Lenzoloto, etc., which provided more than 9% of the gold mining in Russia), iron ore (Korshunovsky GOK), and coal (Tulunugol open pit).

A separate place in this group is occupied by Irkutsk, the administrative center of the region with a diversified industry, which is the center of the emerging agglomeration of the same name. For Irkutsk, there is a significant increase in shipped products by the type of economic activity supply of electricity, gas, and steam, and air conditioning (in 2010, 27.9%, and in 2019, 87.4%). This increase is explained by a peculiarity of statistical accounting: most of the products produced on the territory of the region for this type of economic activity are attributed to the city. In reality, Irkutsk produces 25 times less of them. We note that almost all large energy companies, except for Vitimenergo, are registered in the regional center.

The low development group (Usolye-Sibirskoe, Winter, Tulun, Cheremkhovo, Kirensky, Zhigalovsky, Nizhneudinsky, Usolsky, Mamsko-Chuisky, Zalarinsky, Kazachinsko-Lensky, Taishetsky, Ust-Ilimsky, Bratsky, Nukutsky, Alarsky, Slyudyansky, Chunsky, Chunkhovsky, and Irkutsky) is the most numerous and heterogeneous in its composition. It is characterized by a small share of those employed in the industrial production of the region and a low volume of goods shipped. This group accounts for 8.8% of the volume of shipped goods, works, and services of the region, 16.8% of those employed in industry, and 12.7% of investments. In more than half of the municipalities, the leading type of economic activity is manufacturing, which is represented by medium-sized and large companies: a branch of the Ilim Group in the Bratsk District, Knauf Gips Baikal, Rusforest Magistralny, Usolye Salt Extraction and Processing Shop (part of Russol), and others.

Mining predominates in six municipalities (Gazprom Dobycha Irkutsk, IOC, Nedra mining company (GPK), Tyretsky salt mine, Cheremkhovugol open pit, etc.); in Tulunsky district, it is power engineering, and in Mamsko-Chuysky, it is water supply. At the end of 2022, gas is planned to be supplied from the Kovykta field (Irkutsk gas production center) to the Power of Siberia gas trunkline, which is oriented to external consumption (China).

The group includes territories both with industrial enterprises closed in the post-Soviet period and with new industrial facilities that have just begun to function. Single-industry towns (Usolye-Sibirskoye, Cheremkhovo, and Tulun) were given the status of a territory of advanced socioeconomic development to support the economy.

The very low development group (Osinsky, Kuytunsky, Bayandaevsky, Olkhonsky, Balagansky, Kachugsky, Bokhansky, Ekhirit-Bulagatsky, Ust-Udinsky, and Ziminsky districts). This accounts for only 0.1% of the volume of products produced in the region, 0.5% of those employed in industrial organizations of the region, 0.5% of investments in fixed assets. The industry is mainly represented by food. The districts specialize in agriculture, logging, and recreational activities. There are no large companies; small business prevails.

In the first and fourth groups, the priorities in the development of types of economic activity changed, and in the second and third groups, their proportions changed ( Fig. 4 ).

The change in the structure of types of economic activities by groups of municipalities of Irkutsk oblast in 2010 and 2019, %. Types of economic activity: 1 , mining; 2 , manufacturing industries; 3 , supply of electricity, gas and steam; air conditioning; 4 , water supply, sewerage, waste collection and disposal, activities to eliminate pollution.

From 2010 to 2019, the volume of shipped products and investments increased by 3.4 and 3.8 times, respectively (on average per one municipal district) (see Table 1 ), with a decrease in the population and employed in the industrial sector. The greatest change in these indicators is noted in the first and second groups.

Industrial development indicators by groups of municipalities of Irkutsk oblast in 2010 and 2019 (on average for one municipality)

The regional industry is dominated by local organizations of various sizes, a quarter of the large and medium-sized companies are controlled by holding companies such as Gazprom, Rosneft, Polyus, Ilim Group, Rosatom, Rostekh, Mechel, Renova, En+ Group, and RUSAL.

In recent years, as a result of the active development of oil and gas resources, the process of complex formation has begun 1 : for example, IOC is building a polymer plant in Ust-Kut (commissioning is planned in 2024) and is building the Ust-Kutsk gas processing plant for the supply of raw materials (to be launched in 2021).

RUSAL invested and attracted large investments in the construction of the Taishet aluminum plant (the launch was postponed to 2021), as well as the Taishet anode factory, which will meet the plant’s needs for baked anodes. The Ilim Group will build a pulp and cardboard mill in Ust-Ilimsk by 2023, which will increase the production of unbleached packaging materials. These and other projects, which were initiated by big business and are in an active stage, attract investments to the municipalities of the region ( Fig. 5 ).

The share of investments in fixed assets of large and medium-sized organizations of Irkutsk oblast, %. Municipalities: 1 , Irkutsk; 2 , Katangsky district; 3 , Bratsk; 4 , Angarsk; 5 , Usolye-Sibirskoye; 6 , Ust-Kutsky district; 7 , Taishetsky district; 8 , others.

In 2010 the share of investments of the five leading municipalities in the region was 71.2%, while by 2019 the concentration increased to 78.8%. In 2017–2019 investment growth rates increased, on average, in most municipalities (85.7%), especially in municipalities of the third group, the Tulun, Ust-Ilimsky, Kuytunsky, and Cheremkhovsky districts. Per capita investment rates are the highest for municipalities of the first and second groups, Katangsky, Ust-Kutsky, and Bodaibinsky northern regions, which is explained by the large volumes of investments made by large companies in the development of natural resources and the low population density.

CONCLUSIONS

In the last decade, an increase in the share of the raw materials sector (by four times) with a significant decrease in the share of mechanical engineering (by four times), chemical production (by almost two times), energy, and metallurgy determines the structural shifts in the region’s economy. The shift towards the extractive sector, which is more focused on the export of raw materials, structurally simplifies the sectoral composition of industry.

The existing main territories for gold and iron ore mining (Bodaibinsky, Nizhneilimsky regions), as well as peripheral northern regions (Katangsky, Ust-Kutsky), areas for the development of oil and gas resources, have increased their importance and increased concentration in industrial production. In 2019, they accounted for the largest volume of shipped products in the extraction of minerals, 89.1% (2010, 50.6%). This is also facilitated by the pipeline system, the main ESPO oil pipeline and the Power of Siberia gas pipeline (its section under construction in the region), as well as the increased demand for hydrocarbons in the markets of the Asia–Pacific region. The development of the oil and gas industry attracted labor resources from other regions of the country (Western Siberia, the Republic of Tatarstan, etc.). In 2019, the number of workers on a rotational basis exceeded 25 000 people per quarter, of which more than 30% are residents of the region.

The cities, the leading industrial centers of the region (Bratsk, Irkutsk, Angarsk, Shelekhov, Ust-Ilimsk, and Sayansk), whose large enterprises were created in Soviet times, have adapted to changing conditions and still retain their stability. In 2019, they formed 87% of the shipped products of the manufacturing industry (in 2010, 90.5%). Other cities (Tulun, Zima, and Usolye-Sibirskoye) lost their importance as a result of the closure of city-forming enterprises in the post-Soviet period; in 2013, Baikalsk was added to them. As a regional center, Irkutsk is statistically attributed to a significant volume of shipped goods, works, and services in the energy sector (2019, 87.4%), which complicates the territorial analysis of this industry.

To identify intraregional differentiation of the level of industrial development in 2010 and 2019 four groups of medical organizations were identified, which are different in composition depending on the distribution of quantitative criteria (the share of people employed in industrial production and the volume of shipped products of large and medium-sized organizations). Six MOs changed their position in the groups, while the rest retained their positions,

Over the past 10 years, only five municipalities (Irkutsk, Bratsk, Angarsk, Katangsky, and Ust-Kutsky districts) have concentrated more than two-thirds of their investments in fixed assets, which indicates the extreme unevenness of their distribution. Basically, the resource advantages of the region in the implementation of large investment projects in gas chemistry, nonferrous metallurgy, timber processing, pulp and paper production, and mining are used by large businesses that control significant enterprises. However, investment activity has little effect on improving socioeconomic conditions, which has been noted by other researchers [ 14 , 21 ].

The work was carried out at the expense of the state assignment (АААА-А21-121012190019-9).

1 According to P.Ya. Baklanov, the processes of the initial formation and subsequent development of territorial combinations of nodal elements, various enterprises (or territorial-production complexes) are complex formation [ 20 , p. 213].

Contributor Information

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M. A. Grigoryeva, Email: ur.xednay@9irgram .