chapter 5 title research paper

Thesis Writing: What to Write in Chapter 5

Table of contents, introduction.

This article tells what a budding researcher must include in Chapter 5-the Summary. It also includes the tense of the verb and the semantic markers, which are predominantly used in writing the summary, conclusions, and recommendations.

For others, writing Chapter 5 is the easiest part of thesis writing, but there are groups of students who would like to know more about it. If you are one of them, this article on how to write chapter 5 of your thesis is purposely written for you.

What to Write in Chapter 5

1. write the summary.

If you notice, all the parts mentioned above are already included in your Chapters 1- 4. So, the challenge is on how you are going to write and present it in Chapter 5 briefly.

Then, write sentences in  simple past  and always use  passive voice  construction rather than the active voice. You must also be familiar with the different semantic markers.

When I was enrolled in Academic Writing in my master’s degree, I learned that there are semantic markers which can be used in order not to repeat the same words or phrases such as  additionally, also, further, in addition to, moreover, contrary to, with regard to, as regards, however, finally, during the past ___ years, from 1996 to 2006, after 10 years, as shown in, as presented in, consequently, nevertheless, in fact, on the other hand, subsequently and nonetheless.

Next, you may use the following guide questions to check that you have not missed anything in writing the summary:

Finally, organize the summary of the results of your study according to the way the questions are sequenced in the statement of the problem.

2. Write the Conclusion or Conclusions

Once you have written the summary in Chapter 5, draw out a conclusion from each finding or result. It can be done per question, or you may arrange the questions per topic or sub-topic if there is any. But if your research is quantitative, answer the research question directly and tell if the hypothesis is rejected or accepted based on the findings.

As to grammar, make sure that you use the  present tense of the verb  because it comprises a general statement of the theory or the principle newly derived from the present study. So, don’t be confused because, in your summary, you use past tense, while in conclusion; you use the present tense.

3. Write the Recommendations

The recommendations must contain practical suggestions that will improve the situation or solve the problem investigated in the study.

First, it must be logical, specific, attainable, and relevant. Second, it should be addressed to persons, organizations, or agencies directly concerned with the issues or to those who can immediately implement the recommended solutions. Third, present another topic which is very relevant to the present study that can be further investigated by future researchers.

But never recommend anything that is not part of your study or not being mentioned in your findings.

Recommend nothing that is not part of your research or not being mentioned in your findings.

© 2014 July 29 M. G. Alvior | Updated 2024 January 10

Related Posts

Writing a literature review: evaluating websites as reliable sources of information, open access journals and blogs in research, writing a critique paper: seven easy steps, about the author, mary g. alvior, phd, 100 comments.

I am still having problem in organizing my summary and conclusion (my topic is dress code in public schools. to be more specific, at the Voinjama Public School. Can you help me with a sample?

Hello, Daryl. Thank you so much. About your request, I will find time to write about it. I got so busy the past months.

PLEASE HELP/GUIDE ME WHAT SHOULD I WRITE in my Chapter 5 .. your help is very much crucial as i have to submit thesis this weekend KULDEEP

Sorry, Aly. This is very late. Take your statement of the problem. the results for the statement of the problem will be the basis for your recommendation.

Hello, Jolven. Your recommendation must be based on your findings. So, if that is your title, and you found that the common causes are the ——-, then write a recommendation based on the causes.

SimplyEducate.Me Privacy Policy

• Chapter 5: Home
• Alignment of Dissertation Components for DIS-9904ABC

Dissertation Title Tips

Example of an effective title.

• Proofreading Service in the ASC This link opens in a new window
• Dissertation Publishing: ProQuest

The title of your dissertation is important, and it requires some thought. You should not spend an inordinate amount of time early on working on that task, rather, you should keep in mind that the title will likely evolve over time. The more you learn about your substantive topic, substantive issue, research methodology, and research design, the more informative you will be able to write your title.

The title may be the only thing a scholar reads when looking for scholarly papers as part of a literature search strategy. It serves in a gate keeping role as part of the decision as to whether the abstract will be read. A colon and semicolon format, which is called a title/subtitle format, is possibly the most common format for scholarly writing, especially the reporting of scientific findings. It certainly is the most informative. The Title generally identifies the substantive topic or issue, and the subtitle generally identifies the methodological approach, or sometimes a hint of the study's findings. There are other combinations of things that can be identified or emphasized in a title/subtitle format, but that approach serves as a nice starting place.

The more information at the onset you can provide your reader about the nature of your study the better. Not only do readers have to make decisions upfront about whether they are going to read your paper, they also make continued reassessments of whether they are going to continue reading your paper, and they use the title to evaluate how the information you are discussing reconciles with their idea of your study purpose, as manifest in the title. Scholars tend to be both curious and skeptical. Such is part of the scientific method. Scholars will not take what you say at face value, rather your words are under constant evaluation and reevaluation, and your title is the first impression you will make on your potential scholarly readers.

Police Use of Force: The Effect of Agency Socialization on Abuse of Force Incidents 

• What does it tell you the reader?
• What is the Substantive Topic?
• What is the Substantive Issue?
• What is the Dependent Variable?
• What is the Independent Variable?
• What is the Research Methodology?
• What is the Research Design?
• What is the Analytic Technique?
• What is the Sampling Frame?

Most scholars can get all of these questions answered with varying degree of certainty from that title, though determining the research design and analytic technique from that title would take inference and a knowledge of what the body of science in that area of inquiry finds acceptable and not acceptable for analytic techniques. Do you see the places that might be rewritten over the duration of writing the paper itself? How would you rewrite that title to be more informative?

All said, the more information you can provide your reader in the title about the nature of your study, the better. The more you think about what your title is conveying, the better handle you will have on your research, and the better you will be able to describe it to your reader.  

• << Previous: Alignment of Dissertation Components for DIS-9904ABC
• Next: Proofreading Service in the ASC >>
• Last Updated: Apr 19, 2023 12:55 PM
• URL: https://resources.nu.edu/c.php?g=1007181

© Copyright 2024 National University. All Rights Reserved.

Privacy Policy | Consumer Information

Research Guide

Chapter 5 sections of a paper.

Now that you have identified your research question, have compiled the data you need, and have a clear argument and roadmap, it is time for you to write. In this Module, I will briefly explain how to develop different sections of your research paper. I devote a different chapter to the empirical section. Please take into account that these are guidelines to follow in the different section, but you need to adapt them to the specific context of your paper.

5.1 The Abstract

The abstract of a research paper contains the most critical aspects of the paper: your research question, the context (country/population/subjects and period) analyzed, the findings, and the main conclusion. You have about 250 characters to attract the attention of the readers. Many times (in fact, most of the time), readers will only read the abstract. You need to “sell” your argument and entice them to continue reading. Thus, abstracts require good and direct writing. Use journalistic style. Go straight to the point.

There are two ways in which an abstract can start:

By introducing what motivates the research question. This is relevant when some context may be needed. When there is ‘something superior’ motivating your project. Use this strategy with care, as you may confuse the reader who may have a hard time understanding your research question.

By introducing your research question. This is the best way to attract the attention of your readers, as they can understand the main objective of the paper from the beginning. When the question is clear and straightforward this is the best method to follow.

Regardless of the path you follow, make sure that the abstract only includes short sentences written in active voice and present tense. Remember: Readers are very impatient. They will only skim the papers. You should make it simple for readers to find all the necessary information.

5.2 The Introduction

The introduction represents the most important section of your research paper. Whereas your title and abstract guide the readers towards the paper, the introduction should convince them to stay and read the rest of it. This section represents your opportunity to state your research question and link it to the bigger issue (why does your research matter?), how will you respond it (your empirical methods and the theory behind), your findings, and your contribution to the literature on that issue.

I reviewed the “Introduction Formulas” guidelines by Keith Head , David Evans and Jessica B. Hoel and compiled their ideas in this document, based on what my I have seen is used in papers in political economy, and development economics.

This is not a set of rules, as papers may differ depending on the methods and specific characteristics of the field, but it can work as a guideline. An important takeaway is that the introduction will be the section that deserves most of the attention in your paper. You can write it first, but you need to go back to it as you make progress in the rest of teh paper. Keith Head puts it excellent by saying that this exercise (going back and forth) is mostly useful to remind you what are you doing in the paper and why.

5.2.1 Outline

What are the sections generally included in well-written introductions? According to the analysis of what different authors suggest, a well-written introduction includes the following sections:

• Hook: Motivation, puzzle. (1-2 paragraphs)
• Research Question: What is the paper doing? (1 paragraph)
• Antecedents: (optional) How your paper is linked to the bigger issue. Theory. (1-2 paragraphs)
• Empirical approach: Method X, country Y, dataset Z. (1-2 paragraphs)
• Detailed results: Don’t make the readers wait. (2-3 paragraphs)
• Mechanisms, robustness and limitations: (optional) Your results are valid and important (1 paragraph)
• Value added: Why is your paper important? How is it contributing to the field? (1-3 paragraphs)
• Roadmap A convention (1 paragraph)

Now, let’s describe the different sections with more detail.

5.2.1.1 1. The Hook

Your first paragraph(s) should attract the attention of the readers, showing them why your research topic is important. Some attributes here are:

• Big issue, specific angle: This is the big problem, here is this aspect of the problem (that your research tackles)
• Big puzzle: There is no single explanation of the problem (you will address that)
• Major policy implemented: Here is the issue and the policy implemented (you will test if if worked)
• Controversial debate: some argue X, others argue Y

5.2.1.2 2. Research Question

After the issue has been introduced, you need to clearly state your research question; tell the reader what does the paper researches. Some words that may work here are:

• I (We) focus on
• This paper asks whether
• In this paper,
• Given the gaps in knoweldge, this paper
• This paper investigates

5.2.1.3 3. Antecedents (Optional section)

I included this section as optional as it is not always included, but it may help to center the paper in the literature on the field.

However, an important warning needs to be placed here. Remember that the introduction is limited and you need to use it to highlight your work and not someone else’s. So, when the section is included, it is important to:

• Avoid discussing paper that are not part of the larger narrative that surrounds your work
• Use it to notice the gaps that exist in the current literature and that your paper is covering

In this section, you may also want to include a description of theoretical framework of your paper and/or a short description of a story example that frames your work.

5.2.1.4 4. Empirical Approach

One of the most important sections of the paper, particularly if you are trying to infer causality. Here, you need to explain how you are going to answer the research question you introduced earlier. This section of the introduction needs to be succint but clear and indicate your methodology, case selection, and the data used.

5.2.1.5 5. Overview of the Results

Let’s be honest. A large proportion of the readers will not go over the whole article. Readers need to understand what you’re doing, how and what did you obtain in the (brief) time they will allocate to read your paper (some eager readers may go back to some sections of the paper). So, you want to introduce your results early on (another reason you may want to go back to the introduction multiple times). Highlight the results that are more interesting and link them to the context.

According to David Evans , some authors prefer to alternate between the introduction of one of the empirical strategies, to those results, and then they introduce another empirical strategy and the results. This strategy may be useful if different empirical methodologies are used.

5.2.1.6 6. Mechanisms, Robustness and Limitations (Optional Section)

If you have some ideas about what drives your results (the mechanisms involved), you may want to indicate that here. Some of the current critiques towards economics (and probably social sciences in general) has been the strong focus on establishing causation, with little regard to the context surrounding this (if you want to hear more, there is this thread from Dani Rodrick ). Agency matters and if the paper can say something about this (sometimes this goes beyond our research), you should indicate it in the introduction.

You may also want to briefly indicate how your results are valid after trying different specifications or sources of data (this is called Robustness checks). But you also want to be honest about the limitations of your research. But here, do not diminish the importance of your project. After you indicate the limitations, finish the paragraph restating the importance of your findings.

5.2.1.7 7. Value Added

A very important section in the introduction, these paragraphs help readers (and reviewers) to show why is your work important. What are the specific contributions of your paper?

This section is different from section 3 in that it points out the detailed additions you are making to the field with your research. Both sections can be connected if that fits your paper, but it is quite important that you keep the focus on the contributions of your paper, even if you discuss some literature connected to it, but always with the focus of showing what your paper adds. References (literature review) should come after in the paper.

5.2.1.8 8. Roadmap

A convention for the papers, this section needs to be kept short and outline the organization of the paper. To make it more useful, you can highlight some details that might be important in certain sections. But you want to keep this section succint (most readers skip this paragraph altogether).

5.2.2 In summary

The introduction of your paper will play a huge role in defining the future of your paper. Do not waste this opportunity and use it as well as your North Star guiding your path throughout the rest of the paper.

5.3 Context (Literature Review)

Do you need a literature review section?

5.4 Conclusion

• Privacy Policy

Home » Research Paper Title – Writing Guide and Example

Research Paper Title – Writing Guide and Example

Table of Contents

Research Paper Title

Research Paper Title is the name or heading that summarizes the main theme or topic of a research paper . It serves as the first point of contact between the reader and the paper, providing an initial impression of the content, purpose, and scope of the research . A well-crafted research paper title should be concise, informative, and engaging, accurately reflecting the key elements of the study while also capturing the reader’s attention and interest. The title should be clear and easy to understand, and it should accurately convey the main focus and scope of the research paper.

Examples of Research Paper Title

Here are some Good Examples of Research Paper Title:

• “Investigating the Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Academic Performance Among College Students”
• “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment: A Systematic Review”
• “The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis”
• “Exploring the Effects of Social Support on Mental Health in Patients with Chronic Illness”
• “Assessing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial”
• “The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Consumer Behavior: A Systematic Review”
• “Investigating the Link Between Personality Traits and Leadership Effectiveness”
• “The Effect of Parental Incarceration on Child Development: A Longitudinal Study”
• “Exploring the Relationship Between Cultural Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Adaptation: A Meta-Analysis”
• “Assessing the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Chronic Pain Management”.
• “The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis”
• “The Impact of Climate Change on Global Crop Yields: A Longitudinal Study”
• “Exploring the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Students”
• “The Ethics of Genetic Editing: A Review of Current Research and Implications for Society”
• “Understanding the Role of Gender in Leadership: A Comparative Study of Male and Female CEOs”
• “The Effect of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial”
• “The Impacts of COVID-19 on Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Comparison”
• “Assessing the Effectiveness of Online Learning Platforms: A Case Study of Coursera”
• “Exploring the Link between Employee Engagement and Organizational Performance”
• “The Effects of Income Inequality on Social Mobility: A Comparative Analysis of OECD Countries”
• “Exploring the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Mental Health in Adolescents”
• “The Impact of Climate Change on Crop Yield: A Case Study of Maize Production in Sub-Saharan Africa”
• “Examining the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis”
• “An Analysis of the Relationship Between Employee Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment”
• “Assessing the Impacts of Wilderness Areas on Local Economies: A Case Study of Yellowstone National Park”
• “The Role of Parental Involvement in Early Childhood Education: A Review of the Literature”
• “Investigating the Effects of Technology on Learning in Higher Education”
• “The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges”
• “A Study of the Relationship Between Personality Traits and Leadership Styles in Business Organizations”.

How to choose Research Paper Title

Choosing a research paper title is an important step in the research process. A good title can attract readers and convey the essence of your research in a concise and clear manner. Here are some tips on how to choose a research paper title:

• Be clear and concise: A good title should convey the main idea of your research in a clear and concise manner. Avoid using jargon or technical language that may be confusing to readers.
• Use keywords: Including keywords in your title can help readers find your paper when searching for related topics. Use specific, descriptive terms that accurately describe your research.
• Be descriptive: A descriptive title can help readers understand what your research is about. Use adjectives and adverbs to convey the main ideas of your research.
• Consider the audience : Think about the audience for your paper and choose a title that will appeal to them. If your paper is aimed at a specialized audience, you may want to use technical terms or jargon in your title.
• Avoid being too general or too specific : A title that is too general may not convey the specific focus of your research, while a title that is too specific may not be of interest to a broader audience. Strive for a title that accurately reflects the focus of your research without being too narrow or too broad.
• Make it interesting : A title that is interesting or provocative can capture the attention of readers and draw them into your research. Use humor, wordplay, or other creative techniques to make your title stand out.
• Seek feedback: Ask colleagues or advisors for feedback on your title. They may be able to offer suggestions or identify potential problems that you hadn’t considered.

Purpose of Research Paper Title

The research paper title serves several important purposes, including:

• Identifying the subject matter : The title of a research paper should clearly and accurately identify the topic or subject matter that the paper addresses. This helps readers quickly understand what the paper is about.
• Catching the reader’s attention : A well-crafted title can grab the reader’s attention and make them interested in reading the paper. This is particularly important in academic settings where there may be many papers on the same topic.
• Providing context: The title can provide important context for the research paper by indicating the specific area of study, the research methods used, or the key findings.
• Communicating the scope of the paper: A good title can give readers an idea of the scope and depth of the research paper. This can help them decide if the paper is relevant to their interests or research.
• Indicating the research question or hypothesis : The title can often indicate the research question or hypothesis that the paper addresses, which can help readers understand the focus of the research and the main argument or conclusion of the paper.

Advantages of Research Paper Title

The title of a research paper is an important component that can have several advantages, including:

• Capturing the reader’s attention : A well-crafted research paper title can grab the reader’s attention and encourage them to read further. A captivating title can also increase the visibility of the paper and attract more readers.
• Providing a clear indication of the paper’s focus: A well-written research paper title should clearly convey the main focus and purpose of the study. This helps potential readers quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests.
• Improving discoverability: A descriptive title that includes relevant keywords can improve the discoverability of the research paper in search engines and academic databases, making it easier for other researchers to find and cite.
• Enhancing credibility : A clear and concise title can enhance the credibility of the research and the author. A title that accurately reflects the content of the paper can increase the confidence readers have in the research findings.
• Facilitating communication: A well-written research paper title can facilitate communication among researchers, enabling them to quickly and easily identify relevant studies and engage in discussions related to the topic.
• Making the paper easier to remember : An engaging and memorable research paper title can help readers remember the paper and its findings. This can be especially important in fields where researchers are constantly inundated with new information and need to quickly recall important studies.
• Setting expectations: A good research paper title can set expectations for the reader and help them understand what the paper will cover. This can be especially important for readers who are unfamiliar with the topic or the research area.
• Guiding research: A well-crafted research paper title can also guide future research by highlighting gaps in the current literature or suggesting new areas for investigation.
• Demonstrating creativity: A creative research paper title can demonstrate the author’s creativity and originality, which can be appealing to readers and other researchers.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Research Contribution – Thesis Guide

Theoretical Framework – Types, Examples and...

Future Research – Thesis Guide

Chapter Summary & Overview – Writing Guide...

How to Cite Research Paper – All Formats and...

Research Paper Format – Types, Examples and...

• Contact sales (+234) 08132546417
• Have a questions? [email protected]
• Latest Projects

Project Materials

Writing chapter 5 of your research topic.

Need help with a related project topic or New topic?  Send Us Your Topic 

DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL

Others find writing Chapter 5 to be the easiest portion of a research topic writing process, however other students are interested in learning more, if you fall into that category, this post was specifically intended for you. In this article, we will explain what a researcher needs to include in Chapter 5 of a research

Your Chapter 5 summary contains the study’s goals, the problem statement, the respondents, the sampling techniques, the research method(s), the statistical treatment(s), and any tested hypotheses if any; and\results, If you’ve noticed, your Chapters 1 through 4 already contain all the elements indicated above, Therefore, the issue is in how you will write and explain it briefly in Chapter 5, the essential points need to be highlighted first, before moving on and the specifics don’t need to be thoroughly explained, you must refrain from copying and pasting your writing from earlier chapters and keep it brief and basic, please!

Then, always compose sentences in the simple past and avoid using active voice wherever possible. Additionally, you need to be familiar with the various semantic indicators, and to make sure you didn’t miss anything while writing the summary of your research topic, use the following discussion questions as a guide:

• What is the study’s purpose? Who or what is its primary focus?
• When and where did the investigation take place?
• Which research technique was employed?
• How were the study’s data collected?
• the selection process for the respondents;
• What statistical techniques were used to handle the collected data? What conclusions can you draw from the presented and analyzed data?
• Finally, arrange the summary of your study’s findings by the order in which the problem statement’s questions are presented.

When writing the conclusion of your chapter 5 of your research topic 

After you have completed Chapter 5’s summary, conclude from each finding or result, you can organize the questions by question or, if there are any, by project topic or subtopic. However, if your study is quantitative, immediately respond to the research question and indicate whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected in light of the results.

Make careful use of the verb’s present tense in grammar because it includes a general description of the theory or principle recently deduced from the present investigation. Don’t be confused because you utilized the past tense in your summary yet the present tense in your conclusion.

When writing the recommendation in chapter 5 of your research topic 

The recommendations must include doable advice that will help the situation or resolve the issue the study looked into, it must first be sensible, precise, reachable, and pertinent. Second, it should be addressed to the people, groups, or organizations who are directly involved with the problems or to those who can quickly put the suggested solutions into practice.

Third, provide a different subject that is extremely pertinent to the current study and that future scholars may want to explore more. However, never give advice that is not supported by your research or your findings, However, certain universities, particularly in the Philippines, mandate that students follow a particular research format. As a result, as a student, you are required to follow the rules established by your institution or university.

The last and most distinctive chapter of your research paper is this one, Before this, the majority of the chapters could be created quickly by using a template with specific guidelines for each component however, this chapter is the one where you have the most freedom to express your individuality, In this final chapter, you want to explain to the reader what your findings mean and you highlight the main ideas to remember as a result of your thorough investigation, you explain how your findings can benefit people in the actual world and follow-up studies in the area and you are free to express your thoughts about your findings and come to your conclusions.

This chapter reviews your findings from other chapters, summarizes your interpretations, and shows how your study will change how people now think about the topic and use it in practical ways. This chapter is essential for concluding your points and supporting your study and everything you’ve said up to this point has been leading up to this chapter, in which you give your strongest and most significant statement highlighting the study’s findings.

Avoid these Common Errors When Writing Chapter 5 of your research topic

Not adding enough thoughts concerning the study when writing your research topic Chapter 5 is one of the worst mistakes that is frequently committed, it is simple to locate a research paper with more than 100 pages that just have three paragraphs in Chapter 5’s implications so do not make this error! Give a thorough explanation of your research’s applicability and ramifications and to help the reader comprehend your goals and why they are significant, you use all of your knowledge and be honest about your research.

Aside from leaving out too much of the end, another error is to laboriously summarize the earlier parts, even though the conclusion must summarize the earlier facts, it should be done neatly and briefly rather than in time-wasting rants because the purpose of the summary is to set the stage and establish context for the main body of the chapter.

Including fresh material in this section is another error that is frequently made, your reader can get confused because of this, any data required to support the conclusion need to have been presented sooner. Instead, offer any additional justifications for your research in the comments area.

Another error that novices and even some professionals frequently commit is failing to analyze the research constraints, it demonstrates your understanding of the research topic and your thorough consideration of the big picture to make a mention of the research’s limits so Include explicit comments of what the research does and does not do without going overboard with the flaws of your work.

Another typical error is overstating or understating the magnitude of your claims.

Latest Updates

Growth of capital market and its consequences on a developing economy, efficiency of capital market in the economic development of nigeria, effectiveness of monetary policy as an instrument for economic development., leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed .

Advertisements

• Hire A Writer
• Plagiarism Research Clinic
• International Students
• Project Categories
• WHY HIRE A PREMIUM RESEARCHER?
• UPGRADE PLAN
• PROFESSIONAL PLAN
• STANDARD PLAN
• MBA MSC STANDARD PLAN
• MBA MSC PROFESSIONAL PLAN

Prepare for your exams

• Guidelines and tips

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

For each uploaded document

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Connect with the world's best universities and choose your course of study

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

A Guide in Writing A Research Paper: Chapter 5, Lecture notes of Environmental science

A research paper is an essay in which you explain what you have learned after exploring your topic in depth. In a research paper, you include information from sources such as books, articles, interviews, and Internet sites. You also use your own ideas, knowledge, and opinions.

Typology: Lecture notes

Uploaded on 05/18/2022

5 documents

Related documents

Partial preview of the text.

Lecture notes

Study notes

Document Store

Latest questions

Biology and Chemistry

Psychology and Sociology

United States of America (USA)

United Kingdom

Sell documents

Seller's Handbook

How does Docsity work

United States of America

Terms of Use

Cookie Policy

Cookie setup

Privacy Policy

Sitemap Resources

Sitemap Latest Documents

Sitemap Languages and Countries

Copyright © 2024 Ladybird Srl - Via Leonardo da Vinci 16, 10126, Torino, Italy - VAT 10816460017 - All rights reserved

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Related Papers

Human movement science

Peter H . Wilson

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Imran Mushtaq

Linda Isherwood

CLIC Note, to be …

Barbara Dalena , D. Adams

R. Tomás 1 , E. Adli 1 , I. Ahmed 2 , PK Ambatu 3 , D. Angal-Kalinin 4 , R. Barlow 4&6 , JP Baud 5 , ... B. Bolzon 5 , H. Braun 1 , H. Burkhardt 1 , GC Burt 4 , R. Corsini 1 , B. Dalena 1 , AC Dexter 3 , ... V. Dolgashev 7 , K. Elsener 1 , JL Fernandez Hernando 4 , G. Gaillard 5 , N. Geffroy ...

Hormone Research in Paediatrics

Jillian Bryce

Background: Research and audit are vital for the management of Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (DSD). Clinical networks have a strong potential to drive these activities with the development of care standards including patient experience data and peer-observation of clinical care provision. Summary: Following the 2005 Consensus Workshop that stressed the need for the regular collection and sharing of data across geographical boundaries, the current I-DSD registry was initially launched in 2008. Over a decade later, this registry and its associated network play an increasingly important role in supporting research, training, and benchmarking of care and service. Patient registries can also facilitate the development of local circles of patients and parents with similar conditions who can support each other. Key Messages: The case for participating in standardized data collection and exchange for DSD has now been made and should be standard practice in centres that care for p...

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

Michael E . Stone

Address given in Sydney in Sept. 2014 to the Australian Friends of the Hebrew University and the Sir Zelman Cowan Universities Fund.

Advances in urology

Juerg C Streuli

Brian Cuthbertson

Alejandra De la Cruz

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Andreas Cebulla

Afzal Malik

Norlita Nemenzo

Iasir Journals

Erik Bohemia

Paul Sweatman

The ocular surface

Harminder Dua

Philippe Bisch

Reint Geuze , bouwien engelsman , Marina M. Schoemaker

Saadika Khan

Modi Mwatsama

leonel martinez martinez

Misha Zumaya

Kelly DeRango

Daniella Tilbury

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

Katrine Schepelern Johansen

Linda Berry

Decision Support Systems

probir banerjee

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

Rik Van Lunsen , Ellen Laan

Joseph Huscroft

ALIGARH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Graduate Research Hub

• Preparing my thesis
• Incorporating your published work in your thesis
• Examples of thesis and chapter formats when including publications

The following examples are acceptable ways of formatting your thesis and chapters when including one or more publications.

Essential requirements

All theses with publications must have the following:

• Declaration
• Preface – noting collaborations, and contributions to authorship
• Acknowledgements
• Table of contents
• List of tables, figures & illustrations
• Main text/chapters
• Bibliography or list of references

Main text examples

• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Literature review
• Chapter 3: Methods
• Chapter 4: Paper 1 & general discussion
• Chapter 5: Paper 2
• Chapter 6: Regular thesis chapter – results
• Chapter 7 : Regular thesis chapter/general discussion tying in published and unpublished work
• Chapter 8: Conclusion
• Appendices - May include CD, DVD or other material, also reviews & methods papers
• Chapter 2: Methods
• Chapter 3: Paper 1
• Chapter 4: Regular thesis chapter
• Chapter 6: Regular thesis chapter, final preliminary study
• Chapter 7: General discussion
• Chapter 5: Regular thesis chapter
• Chapter 6: Regular thesis chapter
• Chapter 7: Regular thesis chapter, final preliminary study
• Chapter 8: General discussion
• Chapter 4: Paper 2 - e.g. data paper, including meta analyses
• Chapter 5: Paper 3
• Chapter 6: Paper 4
• Chapter 7: Paper 5
• Chapter 3: Major paper
• Chapter 4: Normal thesis chapter, final preliminary study
• Chapter 5: General discussion

Chapter examples

• Introduction – including specific aims and hypotheses
• Introduction – including specific aims, hypotheses
• Methods – results (including validation, preliminary) not included in the paper
• Results (including validation, preliminary) not included in paper
• Discussion – expansion of paper discussion, further method development
• Resources for candidates
• Orientation and induction
• Mapping my degree
• Principles for infrastructure support
• Peer activities
• Change my commencement date
• Meeting expectations
• Working with my supervisors
• Responsible Research & Research Integrity
• Guidelines for external supervisors
• Pre-confirmation
• Confirmation
• At risk of unsatisfactory progress
• Unsatisfactory progress
• Add or drop coursework subjects
• Apply for leave
• Return from leave
• Apply for Study Away
• Return from Study Away
• Change my study rate
• Check my candidature status
• Change my current supervisors
• Request an evidence of enrolment or evidence of qualification statement
• Change my project details
• Change department
• Transfer to another graduate research degree
• Late submission
• Withdraw from my research degree
• Check the status of a request
• Re-enrolment
• Advice on requesting changes
• Extension of candidature
• Lapse candidature
• How to cancel a form in my.unimelb
• Resolving issues
• Taking leave
• About Study Away
• Finishing on time
• Accepting an offer for a joint PhD online
• Tenured Study Spaces (TSS) Usage Guidelines
• Tenured Study Spaces Procedures
• Research skills
• Academic writing and communication skills
• Building professional and academic networks
• Research internships
• Commercialising my research
• Supplementary PhD Programs
• Writing my thesis
• Thesis with creative works
• Research Integrity in my Thesis
• Graduate researchers and digital assistance tools
• TES Statuses
• Submitting my thesis
• Depositing multiple components for your final thesis record
• The Chancellor's Prize
• TES Graduate Researcher FAQs
• Career planning
• Publishing my research
• Getting support
• Key graduate research contacts
• Melbourne Research Experience Survey
• Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching (QILT)
• Current Students

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

In this last chapter, I focus on preparing your paper for submission. I provide a basic template for graduate papers that will help you format your title page and the body of your paper. You will also learn to properly format your reference list.

You are not typically required to provide an abstract, table of contents, list of figures, or list of tables in course assignments unless specifically specified by the instructor. These are often required for theses and other culminating activities of graduate programs, however. Please refer to the university’s thesis guidelines and the APA Manual for information on how to format them.

Please pay very careful attention to the final formatting of your paper. In a graduate course, failure to set the margins correctly or to use a hanging indent for your reference list could result in a lower grade. If the same errors exist in a paper you submit for publication to a professional journal, the submission could be rejected without review.

It is important to leave yourself at least three to four hours to complete the final formatting and proofreading of your paper. You may not need this much time, but I am almost always surprised at how much longer a task like this takes than I initially anticipated. After working hard to draft, revise, and edit your paper, it would be a shame to lose marks on these final details.

I also introduce a process for reviewing and final editing of your paper. I highlight the importance of peer review and provide tips for being an effective peer reviewer. By the end of the chapter, you should have everything you need to create high quality academic papers.

• Using headings to group key points
• Formatting headings

Order of document components

• Formatting the title page
• Tables and figures
• Setting up your reference list

Peer review

• Professional editing

Creating appropriate headings

Your first task is to create appropriate headings for various sections of your paper. You may want to nest your headings according to their level of importance or the broader thematic clusters you created. The APA Manual provides a standard way to structure headings. Read APA Manual sections 3.02 to 3.03 to see the levels of headings and formatting used in professional writing. There are two steps to setting up appropriate headings.

Grouping key points under meaningful headings

Adding headings is another way to provide structure to the paper to ensure that the reader catches the meaning and flow of your argument. The key to using headings effectively is to select headings that flow naturally from your thesis statement and highlight the key points in your argument. If you have used appropriate structuring skills, you should be able to clearly identify the key points in your argument. You may create a heading for each key point (if you have only 4-6 points in your paper) or you may cluster several key points or subpoints together under broader themes.

In Table 5.1, I have provided the thesis statement and key points in the argument from a hypothetical graduate paper. In this case, the purpose of the paper is to support the need for further research in a particular area (e.g., highlight a research problem). The topic I have chosen is “Stresses on graduate health disciplines students.” Notice that, at this point, I have synthesized and integrated the literature to support each of my key points, including my thesis statement, because they reflect more than just my own ideas. Each key point is the first sentence in one of the sections of my paper, some of which have several paragraphs in them.

Table 5.1. Matching Headings to Thesis and Arguments

Note : The sample thesis statement, argument, and citations provided here have been constructed for the purpose of illustration and do not necessarily reflect the current scholarly literature.

The argument in Table 5.1 only has one level of headings throughout. However, there may be times when you require several levels of headings to highlight your argument, particularly for longer papers. In Table 5.2, I have taken the heading structure above and added another level of heading based on the subpoints in my paper. Notice that only two of the sections require additional headings.

Table 5.2. Headings and Subheadings

Here are some basic decision rules for generating appropriate headings:

• Topics of similar importance or breadth should be at the same heading level.
• If you want to create subheadings within a section, there should be a minimum of two subheadings (two subsections) under each main heading.
• Do not simply create a heading for every key point in your argument. Several related key points may be clustered under a single heading, especially if each key point is presented in a single paragraph.
• If certain points of the argument logically group together in a subsection, create a heading to introduce them.
• Choose a heading that captures the meaning of that section of the paper. I encourage you to be creative, but if you choose “Cat Up a Tree” as your heading, you may want to add a subheading to clarify your meaning, “Cat Up a Tree: Everyone Needs Help Now and Then.”

There is no right way of wording your headings; however, there are more or less effective ways. You should choose a structure that will make the flow of your argument most clear to your readers. You may also want to return to the assignment criteria to ensure that your heading structure makes the link to the assessment criteria clear.

Once you have finalized the structure of your headings, write them out without the key points and refine the wording. Notice in Table 5.2 that all of my headings and subheadings begin with a noun except for “Balancing Education and Work,” so I would choose to reword it as “Education and Work Balance” to ensure parallelism in my headings.

The Purdue University Online Writing Lab – Four Main Components for Effective Outline provides some additional tips for creating effective headings.

Formatting headings according to APA style

Once you have established the layout and wording of your headings, ensure that you place them in your paper using the APA formatting guidelines. The APA Manual (3.03) provides examples of how to format headings. Use the following guidelines to select an appropriate style of heading:

• Count the number of levels in your heading structure. In Table 5.1 there was only one level; in 5.2 there are two levels.
• Refer to the APA Manual for the styles of headings that apply to those levels of heading structures (in this case, two levels).
• Rework your heading structure to match the appropriate heading styles. Pay attention to centring or indenting, capitalization, and punctuation in each style of heading.

Figure 5.1 illustrates how my paper might look if I used the headings and subheadings from Table 5.2.

Figure 5.1 . Formatting headings and subheadings.

For additional examples of how various levels of headings should appear in your paper, see the University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Centre – APA Headings . Please note that the size of the headings and spacing have been increased in this example to make the headings stand out. Do not do this in your paper!

Complete Exercise 1 to test your ability to create appropriate APA-style headings for papers with various organizational structures (levels of headings). Suggested responses are provided in the Exercise 1 Feedback . If you are still struggling with the use of appropriate headings, reread the appropriate sections of the APA Manual .

Formatting your document

Your next task in the final editorial process is to make sure that your whole document is properly formatted. Read sections 8.03 and 8.07 in the APA Manual . There are a few simple guidelines that you must follow:

• Make sure your document is displayed on letter-size pages.
• Set the view to page layout.
• Set your margins to one inch in all directions.
• Use Times New Roman font, size 12 throughout.
• Set the line spacing to double (or 2).
• Make sure no extra line space is added between paragraphs.
• Save your document using the file name template – “last name _ course number and section _ assignment number”, e.g., “Collins_FHD631A_Assignment3.docx.”

Set margins and page size:

• On a PC, go to the “Page Layout” tab in Word. Use the “Margins” and “Orientation” selections.
• On a Mac, go to the “Format” menu in Word and select “Document.” Use the “Margins” and “Layout” (select “Page Setup” at the bottom of this page) tabs.

Select page layout view:

• Go to the “View” menu and select “Print Layout” (on a PC) or “Page Layout” on a Mac.

Set line spacing:

• Go to the “Format” menu and select “Paragraph.”
• Hit “Control-a” to select all (or “Command-a” on your Mac) to select all text in your document. Then select the font type and size from the “Formatting” menu bar

Please note: The formatting of your thesis or other culminating experience in your graduate program may differ slightly from these norms. Please review the information in the APA Manual , specifically the chapter titled “Publication Process” and the specific guidelines of your university or faculty. See the AU Faculty of Graduate Studies Format for Theses and Dissertations .

Complete Exercise 2 to experiment with setting up a word document to properly format your paper.

The contents of your document should be presented in a specific order. Please note that each of these elements begins on a new page:

• Body of paper

I have not included tables and figures as separate entries. For papers in most graduate programs, tables and figures may be integrated into the text of your paper rather than being placed at the end of the document as indicated in the APA Manual (see the tables and figures discussion below). In addition, you must be very careful with the use of appendices. Do not put anything in an appendix that is essential to the grading of your paper; in other words, do not use this as a way to by-pass a page maximum. Appendices should include supplementary or background material, and they are rarely used in graduate papers.

Here is how to keep parts of your paper on specific pages:

• Set your cursor in front of the heading or first line of the page.
• Go to the “Insert” tab and select “Page break.”
• Insert a page break only between each of these major sections of your paper (title page, body, and references).
• Do not put page breaks within the body of your paper.
• Click on the heading.
• Click on “Format” then “Paragraph” then “Line and Page Breaks.”
• Enable the “Keep with next” check box.
• Click on the paragraph.
• Select “Format” then “Paragraph” then “Line and page breaks.”
• Enable the “Keep lines together” check box.

Selecting a title

By the time you have organized your paper into a continuous and logical argument and framed that argument within a clear heading structure, you are unlikely to make other major changes to your original purpose or thesis statement. So, now is the time to select an appropriate title for your paper. As you create your title, pay attention to the following criteria:

• Descriptiveness : State the topic clearly and succinctly. Identify the core content.
• Brevity : Keep your title to 10 to 12 words. Draft your title and then eliminate extra words that do not add new meaning.
• Breadth : Indicate the scope or breath of the topic, providing a summary of the content of the paper.
• Creativity : Do not simply restate your purpose or thesis statement in the assignment heading.
• Responsiveness : Attend to the particular audience of the writing.

You should also be able to easily shorten the title to create a running head for your paper.

Analyze the title I used in Figure 5.1, “Optimizing the Success of Health Disciplines Graduate Students,” against the criteria above. Make any improvements that you feel are appropriate. Come up with a shortened version that could be used as a running head.

Each paper must have a separate title page, set up as follows:

• A page header: In the upper left-hand corner of each page, insert a brief version of your title (50 characters maximum, all uppercase) and, on the same line in the upper right-hand corner, insert the page number. Note: On the title page ONLY, include “Running head:” in front of the short title. Do not type this on each page of the document; insert it only once using the header function in Word.
• Information about your paper: Centre this information in the middle of the title page, double space, and include the following. Do not bold or italicize any of this information.

Title of the Paper

Course Number – Section letter – Semester Year

Assignment Number: Assignment Name

This is how to create a page header:

• Go to the “Insert” tab in Word and select “Header.” Use the normal “Home” tab functions to align your text to the right in the header. Click on the Page Number on the “Insert” tab to insert the page number.
• Do not type in the page number manually; if you do, it will not automatically change as the pages advance.
• To create a different header (e.g., running head) for page 2 forward, click on “Format” then “Document.” Choose the “Layout” window and select “Different First Page.”

See Figure 5.2 for an example of how to set up your title page and the first page of your document. For additional details on how to prepare a title page (especially for documents you are submitting for publication), read Section 8.03 of the APA Manual .

Figure 5.2 . Running head, title page, and first page of your paper.

Complete Exercise 3 to continue the process of properly formatting your paper. Use Figure 5.2 to guide you and to double-check your set up.

Formatting the body of the paper

The body of your paper should flow continuously from one page to the next. Here are some formatting guidelines for editing this part of your paper. You may also want to review Sections 8.03 and 8.07 and the sample papers at the end of Chapter 2 of the APA Manual .

• Place your title on the first line of the first page of text (typically page 2), above the first paragraph of your text. Do not insert an “Introduction” heading; begin the text of the introduction directly below the title. See Figure 5.2 above. Remember to double-space everything.
• Set the indent for your paragraphs to 0.5 inches ( 1.27 centimeters ). Although the APA Manual suggests that you use the Tab key, I find it much easier to automate the indent function (see Tech Tip below). Note: For level 1 and 2 headings, you will want to remove the indent.
• Insert only one space after the period between sentences (see Section 4.01 of the APA Manual ). Although two spaces are recommended in the  APA Manual for draft manuscripts, published works typically have one space. I recommend that you stick with one space in most of your writing, unless specifically instructed to add the extra space.
• Review your headings to ensure they are all double-spaced, without any additional space before or after them. Do not start a new page unless your heading falls on the last line of a page with no text below it.
• Double-check your quotations 40 words or more to ensure they are block-indented 0.5 inches ( 1.27 centimeters ) from the left margin.
• Only include numbered lists within your paper to highlight a series of sequential points, where numbering them provides more clarity. Lists within a sentence are numbered as (a) point one . . ., (b) point two . . ., and (c) point three. . . . If there are commas within the points, use semicolons to separate them. Points listed in separate paragraphs are numbered as illustrated in Figure 5.3. Note that the punctuation will differ if the points are not each full sentences – see the APA Manual section 3.04. If there is no chronological relationship among the points, use bullets rather than numbers, as I have done in the list you are now reading.

Figure 5.3 . Example of seriation of points with logical progression.

There are two ways to create a paragraph indentation:

• Highlight all of your text. Go to the “Page layout” tab in Word and select the arrow in the “Paragraph” area. On the pop-up page, under “Indentation,” select “First line” from the drop-down menu under “Special.” The next box should automatically change to “0.5 inches;” if it does not, change it.
• Go to the “View” tab in Word and ensure that the “Ruler” is selected. You should see a ruler at the top of your Word document. Highlight all of your text and place your mouse on the top triangle of the left ruler mark. Drag the top portion to the 0.5 inch ( 1.27 centimeters ) mark on the ruler.

Use either of these approaches to remove extra spacing after headings or between paragraphs:

• Highlight the appropriate text. Go to “Format” and select “Paragraph.” Under “Spacing” ensure that both “Before” and “After” spacing is set to “0 pt.”
• Click on the Line Spacing box in the middle of the lower row of boxes, select “Line Spacing Options” from the bottom of the drop down menu, and then select “Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style.”

Complete Exercise 4 to continue to build your paper, focusing on format within the body of the paper. Check out Figure 5.4 below to double-check your work.

Figure 5.4 . Formatting within the body of the paper.

Inserting tables and figures.

For most graduate papers, you will likely not included tables and figures. However, if you do, I suggest you insert them directly into the body of your paper not into an appendix as suggested in the APA Manual (5.04 to 5.30). The APA guidelines are intended primarily for submission of papers to professional journals; once the journals publish the papers, the tables are inserted into the article. Inserting tables and figures directly into the body of the paper makes the paper more readable. Refer to the APA Manual if you need guidance for setting up tables and figures. A sample table and figure have been added to page 5 of our evolving sample paper in Figures 5.5 and 5.6 to demonstrate how you would insert these directly into your graduate paper. Arial font, size 11, may be used within figures or tables. Some formatting tips are provided in APA Manual Section 8.07 and in the Sample Papers section at the end of Chapter 2.

Figure 5.5 . Inserting figures within the body of the paper.

Figure 5.6 . inserting tables within the body of the paper., formatting your reference list.

In Chapter 4 , you learned how to format references for various sources of information. You now have to organize your individual references into a complete reference list. The APA Manual provides a number of criteria for ordering entries in a reference list, which are summarized in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3. Ordering reference list entries

Exercise 5 provides you with an opportunity to practice correctly ordering references. Once you have completed this exercise, compare your responses to Exercise 5 Answers .

To complete the formatting of your reference list, follow these basic APA rules:

• Start the reference list on a new page.
• Centre the “References” heading (no bold).
• Double-space all entries.
• Use hanging indents (0.5 inches or 1.27 centimeters) for each entry.

Create a hanging indent.

Do not use the tab key to indent the second and subsequent lines of a reference. Instead, create a hanging indent. There are two ways to do this:

• Highlight all reference entries. Go to the “Page Layout” tab in Word and select “Paragraph.” On the pop-up page, under “Indentation,” select “Hanging” from the drop-down menu under “Special.” The next box should automatically change to “0.5 inches;” if it does not, change it.
• Go to the “View” menu in Word and ensure that the “Ruler” is selected. You should see a ruler at the top of your Word document. Highlight all reference entries, and place your mouse on the bottom triangle of the left ruler mark. Drag the bottom portion to the 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) mark on the ruler.

For references that include a DOI or URL, you must decide whether to include active hyperlinks (e.g., embedded links such that the reader is taken directly to the webpage when they click on the DOI or URL). I usually leave the links active until this last step, so that I can double check that I have included the correct DOI or URL for each entry. Then if the paper will only be read in print form, remove all the hyperlinks. For papers submitted and/or read electronically, you may want to include the links so the reader can find your sources easily; however, you may want to change the format to avoid distraction (see below). For course assignments, I recommend keeping the links visible, so that the reader can access the resource easily. Here are a few tips for formatting both DOIs and URLs:

•  The APA Style blog suggests changing the font to black, removing bold font, and removing the underline, so that active links do not distract from other content in the reference list. However, for course assignments, I recommend you simply leave the links as is.
• For active links, do not break the links by inserting spaces or line breaks because the DOI or URL will no longer be functional. The active link may be maintained by clicking “Shift + Enter” where you want to split or break the URL.
• If you are removing the hyperlinks, you can insert breaks into the DOI or URL to carry it over neatly to the next link. Do not insert a “-” (dash); instead, use the “Return” (or “Enter”) button to carry over to the next line.
• Place the line break in hyperlinks before a slash, dash, or other punctuation.
• Double-check your links right before you submit the paper. If one no longer works, try to find the new URL for it or replace the source with something else.
• Whether you leave or remove hyperlinks, do so consistently throughout the reference list.

If you choose to remove hyperlinks, here are the steps:

• Using a Mac, hit the control key and click on the URL, select “Edit hyperlink” and then select “Remove link.”
• Using a PC, right click on the URL and select “Remove hyperlink.”

See Figure 5.7 for an example of how the reference list in my fictional paper is formatted. The following pages, provide additional information:

• APA Style – Should Hyperlinks Be Used in APA Style?
• APA Style – Should Links Be Live in APA Style?

Figure 5.7 . Formatting a reference list with active hyperlinks.

Complete Exercise 6 to add references to the paper you are building. Compare your formatting to Figure 5.7 above.

Once you have reached this stage, you have a final product that has been carefully edited and formatted. I hope you feel very pleased with the work you have done! Now it is time to set your paper aside for a few days or even a week before you do the final proofread.

I am constantly amazed at how many times I can read over the same piece of writing and still find writing or formatting errors. The problem is that I am not reading with fresh eyes. I see what I have in my mind, not what is actually on the page. It is very important for me to set a document aside for a significant period of time (as least several days) before I do my final proofread.

I have also found that having someone else read over my work is essential. I have several colleagues whom I work with regularly, and we review each other’s work. I also negotiate with my spouse and friends to review documents—as long as the content will not bore them to death! Your classmates are a very important resource to ensure your success in academic writing. Please share your work before your instructor sees it. You will learn from the feedback you receive, and you will learn from providing feedback to others.

Final review

Once you have set your paper aside and cleared your head, you will find it easier to catch your own errors or to identify areas where the paper does not flow as well as you would like. Here are a few tips for proofreading that you may find useful:

• On your first review, skip the introduction and conclusion. Read only the first and last sentence of each paragraph in the body of your paper to make sure you have used topic sentences (key points) and structuring skills effectively and have articulated your argument clearly.
• Then reread the introduction and conclusion. What you say you will do in the introduction should be apparent in the flow of your arguments and summarized briefly in the conclusion.
• Finally, carefully read through each paragraph to ensure that you have followed all the writing and editorial guidelines provided in the course. You may want to try reading your paper aloud to highlight for yourself any run-on sentences (you will run out of breath) or complex, repetitive, or unclear wording.
• Go back to the checklists in the summaries of previous chapters to make sure you have not missed anything.
• Print your paper and review all structural elements of the formatting: page layout, spacing, order of components, and so on.
• Run a final spell check and grammar check.
• Fowler, Aaron, and McArthur (2005) suggested that you read your paper backwards, one sentence at a time, to review the grammatical structure and punctuation of each sentence (this will prevent you from being distracted by the points you are trying to make).

The Purdue University Online Writing Lab – Where Do I Begin? provides some additional ideas about how to proofread effectively.

I strongly recommend that you set up a buddy system early on in your program or in each of your classes. Find at least one person ready to exchange papers and do a peer review before you submit them. Work out a timeline and stick to it. You may want to use the questions at the end of each chapter as a guide for your peer review process. The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center –  Conducting Peer Reviews provides some useful tips.

Professional Editing

Students sometimes choose to hire a professional editor for their graduate papers. Some programs will have specific regulations related to this practice. Generally, there is a distinction made between the following points:

• Copy editing (e.g., corrections of spelling, grammar, and formatting); and
• Substantive editing (e.g., addition of content, reworking ideas, changing overall conceptualization, and refining or altering the nature of your arguments).

In most programs, you are free to use an editor for copy editing, once you have completed your paper. The downside of this practice is that it is very expensive, and it may take away from your own mastery of these professional writing skills. However, if you use it as a learning experience, integrating the feedback you receive to improve your writing, it can be beneficial.

On the other hand, most graduate programs do not permit you to engage an editor for substantive editing, because the final paper is no longer evidence of your work, your writing skills, or your critical thought. Even when you engage in peer review, you must take responsibility to integrate the feedback and revise your paper.

Depending on the breadth and depth of the changes introduced made by an editor, you may be putting yourself in a position where your ownership of your work is called into question. It is considered cheating to have someone else write or rewrite parts of your paper for you.

The Vanguard University APA Style Guide – APA Style Essentials provides a useful summary of some of the formatting rules outlined in this chapter. You may also want to review the APA Style – B asics of APA Style Tutorial . If any questions about the formatting of your paper arise from your final proofread, remember that there is a sample paper provided in the APA Manual (see the end of Chapter 2). It is also available online and is a bit easier to read in this format: See the Sample One-Experiment Paper . You can answer many of your formatting questions by following the examples provided in the sample paper in this chapter as well as the one provided by APA.

Here are some additional questions for editorial reflection based on the principles in this chapter:

• Do your margins and font size reflect APA formatting?
• Is your title page accurately formatted?
• Have you placed a running head appear on each page, and is it different after the first page?
• Have you placed page numbers in the upper right corner of each page?
• Have you double-spaced the entire paper?
• Have you deleted unnecessary white space between headings or paragraphs?
• Have you indented paragraphs, text in lists, and block quotations 05. inches (1.27 centimeters)?
• Have you placed references on a separate page?
• Have you double-spaced all references and used a hanging indent?
• Do all of your active hyperlinks lead to the correct sources?

Congratulations! You have now covered the basics of professional writing in considerable detail. I hope this will put you well on the path of mastering the principles that will enable you to think and write critically, respect the work of others in your writing, clearly articulate and support your position, communicate you ideas effectively, and follow the APA guidelines for formatting your work.

Chapter 5. How do I structure and format my paper? Copyright © 2016 by Sandra Collins is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Exploring Electric Vehicle Adoption Research Through Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization

• Conference paper
• First Online: 29 June 2024
• Cite this conference paper

• Harbansh Singh 14 ,
• Vedant Singh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-5322 15 ,
• Bhaskar Dhiman   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3036-1539 16 &
• Nitin Kumar 17  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 974))

Included in the following conference series:

• International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems

Electric vehicle adoption (EVA), as a green transportation option to reduce the release of greenhouse gases, is getting a lot of interest on a worldwide scale. Unfortunately, the worldwide social acceptance of EVA confronts considerable challenges. This paper’s main goal is to conduct a Bibliometric evaluation of 1379 research papers extracted from the Scopus database (2019–2023). Using the Biblioshiny, Cite Space, VOS Viewer, and Microsoft Excel applications, the bibliometric analysis and intellectual topography of EVA were conducted. The study highlights influential authors, prolific nations, highly cited articles, significant journals, co-occurrence analyses, and research trends. To provide academics with a more comprehensive understanding of EVA research, the study finishes by recommending topics for further investigation and prospective areas for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Get 10 units per month
• Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
• 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
• Cancel anytime
• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

IEA (2021) Global EV outlook 2021—accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic. Global EV Outlook 2021, p 101

Google Scholar  

Meinshausen M et al (2022) Realization of Paris Agreement pledges may limit warming just below 2 °C. Nature 604(7905):304–309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04553-z

Article   Google Scholar  

Singh V, Singh T, Higueras-Castillo E, Liebana-Cabanillas FJ (2023) Sustainable road transportation adoption research: a meta and weight analysis, and moderation analysis. J Clean Prod 392:136276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136276

Singh D, Paul UK, Pandey N (2023) Does electric vehicle adoption (EVA) contribute to clean energy? Bibliometric insights and future research agenda. Clean Responsible Consum 8:100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2022.100099

Pandey A, Asif M (2022) Assessment of energy and environmental sustainability in South Asia in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 165:112492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112492

Corradi C, Sica E, Morone P (2023) What drives electric vehicle adoption? Insights from a systematic review on European transport actors and behaviours. Energy Res Soc Sci 95:102908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102908

Anastasiadou K, Gavanas N (2022) State-of-the-art review of the key factors affecting electric vehicle adoption by consumers. Energies 15(24):9409. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249409

Singh V, Singh V, Vaibhav S (2020) A review and simple meta-analysis of factors influencing adoption of electric vehicles. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 86(August):102436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102436

Kumar RR, Alok K (2020) Adoption of electric vehicle: a literature review and prospects for sustainability. J Clean Prod 253:119911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119911

Li W, Long R, Chen H, Geng J (2017) A review of factors influencing consumer intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 78(April):318–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.076

Bhat FA, Verma A (2023) A bibliometric analysis and review of adoption behaviour of electric vehicles. Transp Dev Econ 9(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-022-00175-2

Bryla P, Chatterjee S, Ciabiada-Bryła B (2023) Consumer adoption of electric vehicles: a systematic literature review. Energies 16(1):205. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010205

Pinto K, Bansal HO, Goyal P (2022) A comprehensive assessment of the techno-socio-economic research growth in electric vehicles using bibliometric analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(2):1788–1806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17148-4

Qin Y, Xu Z, Wang X, Škare M (2022) Green energy adoption and its determinants: a bibliometric analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 153:111780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111780

Moher D et al (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

Page MJ et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Tranfield D, Denyer D, Smart P (2003) Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. Br J Manag 14(3):207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375

van Eck NJ, Waltman L (2010) Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics 84(2):523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3

Gurzki H, Woisetschläger DM (2017) Mapping the luxury research landscape: a bibliometric citation analysis. J Bus Res 77:147–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.11.009

Koseoglu MA (2016) Growth and structure of authorship and co-authorship network in the strategic management realm: evidence from the Strategic Management Journal. BRQ Bus Res Q 19(3):153–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2016.02.001

Article   MathSciNet   Google Scholar  

Cheng F-F, Huang Y-W, Yu H-C, Wu C-S (2018) Mapping knowledge structure by keyword co-occurrence and social network analysis. Libr Hi Tech 36(4):636–650. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-01-2018-0004

Turatto F, Mazzalai E, Pagano F, Migliara G, Villari P, De Vito C (2021) A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on the early phase of COVID-19 in Italy. Front Public Heal 9(June):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.666669

Su HN, Lee PC (2010) Mapping knowledge structure by keyword co-occurrence: a first look at journal papers in Technology Foresight. Scientometrics 85(1):65–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11192-010-0259-8/FIGURES/3

Kovács A, Van Looy B, Cassiman B (2015) Exploring the scope of open innovation: a bibliometric review of a decade of research. Scientometrics 104(3):951–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11192-015-1628-0/METRICS

Aria M, Cuccurullo C (2017) Bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J Informetr 11(4):959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007

Saint Akadiri S, Adewale Alola A, Olasehinde-Williams G, Udom Etokakpan M (2020) The role of electricity consumption, globalization and economic growth in carbon dioxide emissions and its implications for environmental sustainability targets. Sci Total Environ 708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134653

Yang XG et al (2019) Asymmetric temperature modulation for extreme fast charging of lithium-ion batteries. Joule 3(12):3002–3019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.021

Baars J, Domenech T, Bleischwitz R, Melin HE, Heidrich O (2021) Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials. Nat Sustain 4(1):71–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00607-0

Al-Ogaili AS et al (2019) Review on scheduling, clustering, and forecasting strategies for controlling electric vehicle charging: challenges and recommendations. IEEE Access 7:128353–128371. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2939595

Brilliantova V, Thurner TW (2019) Blockchain and the future of energy. Technol Soc 57:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.11.001

Huang X, Ge J (2019) Electric vehicle development in Beijing: an analysis of consumer purchase intention. J Clean Prod 216:361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.231

Qiao Q, Zhao F, Liu Z, Hao H (2019) Electric vehicle recycling in China: economic and environmental benefits. Resour Conserv Recycl 140:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.003

Wang N, Huang Y, Fu Y, Chen L (2022) Does lead userness matter for electric vehicle adoption? An integrated perspective of social capital and domain-specific innovativeness. J Consum Behav 21(6):1405–1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2087

Funke S, Sprei F (2019) How much charging infrastructure do electric vehicles need? A review of the evidence and international comparison. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 77:224–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2019.10.024

Chang Y-W, Huang M-H, Lin C-W (2015) Evolution of research subjects in library and information science based on keyword, bibliographical coupling, and co-citation analyses. Scientometrics 105(3):2071–2087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1762-8

Fonteyn P, Lizin S, Maes W (2020) The evolution of the most important research topics in organic and perovskite solar cell research from 2008 to 2017: a bibliometric literature review using bibliographic coupling analysis. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 207:110325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110325

Setiawan AD, Zahari TN, Purba FJ, Moeis AO, Hidayatno A (2022) Investigating policies on increasing the adoption of electric vehicles in Indonesia. J Clean Prod 380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135097

Singh V, Singh H, Dhiman B, Kumar N, Singh T (2023) Analyzing bibliometric and thematic patterns in the transition to sustainable transportation: uncovering the influences on electric vehicle adoption. Res Transp Bus Manag 50:101033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.101033

Das HS, Rahman MM, Li S, Tan CW (2020) Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: a technological review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 120:109618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109618

Wu W, Lin B, Xie C, Elliott RJR, Radcliffe J (2020) Does energy storage provide a profitable second life for electric vehicle batteries? Energy Econ 92:105010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105010

Singh H, Singh V, Singh T, Higueras-Castillo E (2023) Electric vehicle adoption intention in the Himalayan region using UTAUT2—NAM model. Case Stud Transp Policy 11:100946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.100946

Yang Z, Huang H, Lin F (Jul 2022) Sustainable electric vehicle batteries for a sustainable world: perspectives on battery cathodes, environment, supply chain, manufacturing, life cycle, and policy. Adv Energy Mater 12(26). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200383

Damaj IW, Serhal DK, Hamandi LA, Zantout RN, Mouftah HT (2021) Connected and autonomous electric vehicles: quality of experience survey and taxonomy. Veh Commun 28:100312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2020.100312

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Abhilashi University, Chail-Chowk, Mandi, 175045, India

Harbansh Singh

Amrita School of Business, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, 560035, India

Vedant Singh

TRAMIET Tanda, Nerchowk, Mandi, 175021, India

Bhaskar Dhiman

Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri-Garhwal, 246194, Uttarakhand, India

Nitin Kumar

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vedant Singh .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India

Dipak Kumar Kole

School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Subhadip Basu

Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Dariusz Plewczynski

Debotosh Bhattacharjee

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Cite this paper.

Singh, H., Singh, V., Dhiman, B., Kumar, N. (2024). Exploring Electric Vehicle Adoption Research Through Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization. In: Kole, D.K., Roy Chowdhury, S., Basu, S., Plewczynski, D., Bhattacharjee, D. (eds) Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems. COMSYS 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 974. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2611-0_5

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2611-0_5

Published : 29 June 2024

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-97-2610-3

Online ISBN : 978-981-97-2611-0

eBook Packages : Engineering Engineering (R0)

Share this paper

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research