psychology chapter 2 research methods quizlet

Psychology - Chapter 2 (Research Methods and Statistics)

2.1 Why Is Research Important?

Scientists are engaged in explaining and understanding how the world around them works, and they are able to do so by coming up with theories that generate hypotheses that are testable and falsifiable. Theories that stand up to their tests are retained and refined, while those that do not are discarded or modified. In this way, research enables scientists to separate fact from simple opinion. Having good information generated from research aids in making wise decisions both in public policy and in our personal lives.

2.2 Approaches to Research

The clinical or case study involves studying just a few individuals for an extended period of time. While this approach provides an incredible depth of information, the ability to generalize these observations to the larger population is problematic. Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in a natural setting and allows for the collection of valid, true-to-life information from realistic situations. However, naturalistic observation does not allow for much control and often requires quite a bit of time and money to perform. Researchers strive to ensure that their tools for collecting data are both reliable (consistent and replicable) and valid (accurate).

Surveys can be administered in a number of ways and make it possible to collect large amounts of data quickly. However, the depth of information that can be collected through surveys is somewhat limited compared to a clinical or case study.

Archival research involves studying existing data sets to answer research questions.

Longitudinal research has been incredibly helpful to researchers who need to collect data on how people change over time. Cross-sectional research compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.

2.3 Analyzing Findings

A correlation is described with a correlation coefficient, r , which ranges from -1 to 1. The correlation coefficient tells us about the nature (positive or negative) and the strength of the relationship between two or more variables. Correlations do not tell us anything about causation—regardless of how strong the relationship is between variables. In fact, the only way to demonstrate causation is by conducting an experiment. People often make the mistake of claiming that correlations exist when they really do not.

Researchers can test cause-and-effect hypotheses by conducting experiments. Ideally, experimental participants are randomly selected from the population of interest. Then, the participants are randomly assigned to their respective groups. Sometimes, the researcher and the participants are blind to group membership to prevent their expectations from influencing the results.

In ideal experimental design, the only difference between the experimental and control groups is whether participants are exposed to the experimental manipulation. Each group goes through all phases of the experiment, but each group will experience a different level of the independent variable: the experimental group is exposed to the experimental manipulation, and the control group is not exposed to the experimental manipulation. The researcher then measures the changes that are produced in the dependent variable in each group. Once data is collected from both groups, it is analyzed statistically to determine if there are meaningful differences between the groups.

Psychologists report their research findings in peer-reviewed journal articles. Research published in this format is checked by several other psychologists who serve as a filter separating ideas that are supported by evidence from ideas that are not. Replication has an important role in ensuring the legitimacy of published research. In the long run, only those findings that are capable of being replicated consistently will achieve consensus in the scientific community.

Ethics in research is an evolving field, and some practices that were accepted or tolerated in the past would be considered unethical today. Researchers are expected to adhere to basic ethical guidelines when conducting experiments that involve human participants. Any experiment involving human participants must be approved by an IRB. Participation in experiments is voluntary and requires informed consent of the participants. If any deception is involved in the experiment, each participant must be fully debriefed upon the conclusion of the study.

Animal research is also held to a high ethical standard. Researchers who use animals as experimental subjects must design their projects so that pain and distress are minimized. Animal research requires the approval of an IACUC, and all animal facilities are subject to regular inspections to ensure that animals are being treated humanely.

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Book Description: While Research Methods in Psychology is fairly traditional— making it easy for you to use with your existing courses — it also emphasizes a fundamental idea that is often lost on undergraduates: research methods are not a peripheral concern in our discipline; they are central. For questions about this textbook please contact [email protected]

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Research Methods in Psychology is adapted from a work produced by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. This adapted edition is produced by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing through the eLearning Support Initiative. For questions about this textbook please contact [email protected]

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Multiple Choice Quiz II


				control.
				precise instrumentation.
				description.
				creating change.


				dependent variable.
				control variable.
				independent variable.
				intervening variable.


				testability
				intuitive appeal
				circularity
				certainty


				quantitative research using the idiographic approach
				quantitative research using the nomothetic approach
				qualitative research using the idiographic approach
				qualitative research using the nomothetic approach


				Correlation does not imply causation.
				Correlation directly implies causation.
				Correlation and causation are synonymous.
				Correlation is unrelated to causation.


				manipulated.
				averaged.
				dependent.
				selected.


				reliable variables.
				independent variables.
				dependent variables.
				empiricals.


				external validity.
				internal validity.
				integrity.
				reproducibility.


				apply to a narrow range of subjects, conditions, and settings.
				apply to a wide range of subjects, conditions, and settings.
				are likely to replicate if the study is repeated.
				are likely to be difficult to interpret unambiguously.


				confirmation.
				precision.
				rigorous testing.
				parsimony.

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AP Psychology Notes

Chapter Outlines
Chapter 2: Methods
Upon hearing research findings, the tendency to believe that you knew it all along
Has clear, practical applications
Explores questions that are of interest to psychologists
Not intended to have immediate real world applications
Expresses a relationship between two variables
The dependent variable depends on the independent variable
Things that can vary among the participants in the research
Aims to explain some phenomenon
Allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory
Explanations of how variables will be measured
it measures what the researcher set out to measure
it is accurate
it can be replicated
it is consistent
The individuals on which the research will be conducted
The process by which participants are selected
The group of participants
Includes anyone or anything that could possibly be selected in the sample
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Increases the likelihood of a representative sample
Allows researchers to generalize about their results
Allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria (ex. race)
Sample size uses proportions equal to that of the population
Conducted in a lab
Advantage- highly controlled
Conducted out in the world
Advantage- more realistic
Only way to show a cause-effect relationship
Preferred research method
(other than the independent variable)
The process by which participants are put into the experimental or control group
Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group
Limits the effect of participant-relevant confounding principles
Divide the sample into groups based on some criterion and assign half of each group to each condition
ex: gender
Ex: time of day, weather, presence of others
Each condition has to be equivalent with the exception of the independent variable
A situation-relevant confounding variable
The unconscious tendency for research members to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming the hypothesis
Neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research
Eliminates experimenter and subject bias
Only the subjects don’t know to which group they’ve been assigned
Minimizes demand characteristics and participant bias
cues about the purpose of a study that affect the participants’ responses
the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways
the tendency to try to give politically correct answers
Gets the treatment operationalized in the independent variable
Gets none of the independent variable
Without it, knowing the effects of the experimental treatment is impossible
Selecting a group of people on whom to experiment affects the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to them
giving the control group an inert drug
Using participants as their own control group
To eliminate order effects, have half do one order, the other half the other, then switch
Express a relationship between two variables
the presence of one predicts the presence of the other
the presence of one predicts the absence of the other
Do not imply causation
Cause and effect cannot be determined
The assignment of the independent variable is predetermined
Controls all other aspects of the research process
Asking people to fill out surveys
Investigates relationships, but not causation
No independent or dependent variables
Participant-relevant confounding variables can’t be controlled for
bring all participants to one place at one time to complete the survey
people who send the survey back
Observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them
Control is sacrificed
to get a realistic and rich picture of the participants’ behavior
manipulate independent variable
attempt to eliminate all confounding variables
Used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants
Findings can’t be generalized to a larger population
Often used to research clinical disorders
frequency polygons
Y-axis represents frequency
X-axis represents what you’re graphing
Mean, median, mode
Mean most common, but most affected by outliers/extreme scores
has high outliers
contains more low scores
the mean is higher than the median
low outliers
the mean is less than the median
Depict the diversity of a distribution
highest score minus lowest score
relate the average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean
the higher they are, the more spread out the distribution
the square root of the variance is the standard deviation
measure the distance of a score from the mean in units of standard deviation
scores above the mean have a positive z-score
600 on SAT: z-score of +1
one standard deviation from the mean- 68% of scores
two standard deviations- 95%
three standard deviations- 99.7%
indicate the distance of a score from zero
50 th percentile = z-score of 0
Range from -1 to +1
-1 = perfect negative correlation
+1 = perfect positive correlation
0 = weakest possible correlation
Correlations can be graphed using a scatter plot
drawn through it
To determine whether findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected
The extent to which the sample differs from the population
ANOVAs, MANOVAs, t-tests
Consider the magnitude of difference and size of sample
the smaller, the more significant the results
5% chance that results occurred by chance
Any type of academic research must first propose the study to this ethics board
animals chosen must be best suited to answer it
Must care for and house animals in a humane way
purchased from accredited companies
trapped in a humane way
Must design experimental procedures that employ the least amount of suffering feasible
participation must be voluntary
participants must know that they are involved in research and give consent
no extreme deception about the nature of the study
identity and actions of participants can’t be revealed
can’t identify participants as the source of any of the data
participants can’t be placed at significant mental/physical risk
participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

psychology chapter 2 research methods quizlet

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More ap psych chapter outlines.

Chapter 1: History and Approaches
Chapter 3: Biological Bases of Behavior
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
Chapter 6: Learning
Chapter 7: Cognition
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology
Chapter 10: Personality
Chapter 11: Testing and Individual Differences
Chapter 12: Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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Chapter 2: Psychological Research

Learning objectives.

Explain the steps of the scientific method
Describe why the scientific method is important to psychology
Summarize the processes of informed consent and debriefing
Explain how research involving humans or animals is regulated
Differentiate between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research
Differentiate between descriptive, experimental, and correlational research
Explain the strengths and weaknesses of case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys
Describe the strength and weaknesses of archival research
Compare longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to research
Explain what a correlation coefficient tells us about the relationship between variables
Describe why correlation does not mean causation
Describe the experimental process, including ways to control for bias
Identify and differentiate between independent and dependent variables
Define reliability and validity
Describe the importance of distributional thinking and the role of p-values in statistical inference
Describe the role of random sampling and random assignment in drawing cause-and-effect conclusions
Describe replication and its importance to psychology
Describe the basic structure of a psychological research article

Children sit in front of a bank of television screens. A sign on the wall says, “Some content may not be suitable for children.”

Figure 1 . How does television content impact children’s behavior? (credit: modification of work by “antisocialtory”/Flickr)

Have you ever wondered whether the violence you see on television affects your behavior? Are you more likely to behave aggressively in real life after watching people behave violently in dramatic situations on the screen? Or, could seeing fictional violence actually get aggression out of your system, causing you to be more peaceful? How are children influenced by the media they are exposed to? A psychologist interested in the relationship between behavior and exposure to violent images might ask these very questions.

The topic of violence in the media today is contentious. Since ancient times, humans have been concerned about the effects of new technologies on our behaviors and thinking processes. The Greek philosopher Socrates, for example, worried that writing—a new technology at that time—would diminish people’s ability to remember because they could rely on written records rather than committing information to memory. In our world of quickly changing technologies, questions about the effects of media continue to emerge. Is it okay to talk on a cell phone while driving? Are headphones good to use in a car? What impact does text messaging have on reaction time while driving? These are types of questions that psychologist David Strayer asks in his lab.

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Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology

Student resources, multiple choice questions.

Revise your knowledge with these multiple choice quiz questions.

Chapter 2: Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals

Chapter 3: Research Methods

Chapter 4: Experimental Design

Chapter 5: Survey Design

Chapter 6: Descriptive Statistics

Chapter 7: Some Principles of Statistical Inference

Chapter 8: Examining Differences between Means: The t -test

Chapter 9: Examining Relationships between Variables: Correlation

Chapter 10: Comparing Two or More Means by Analysing Variances: ANOVA

Chapter 11: Analysing Other Forms of Data: Chi-square and Distribution-free Tests

Chapter 12: Classical Qualitative Methods

Chapter 13: Contextual Qualitative Methods

Chapter 14: Research Ethics

Chapter 15: Conclusion: Managing Uncertainty in Psychological Research

Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology

Description.

intro to psychology
nova southeastern university
psychology and life
college level

	over 8 years ago

Resource summary

Operational definition
Correlation
Debriefing.
Informed consent.
Peer review.
Control procedures.
Placebo control.
Independent variable.
Double-blind control.
Dependent variable.
Correlational design.
Operational definition.
Within-subjects design.
Between-subjects design.
Correlation coefficient.
Negative correlation.
Positive correlation.
Placebo effect.
Standardization
Reliability
Self-report
Operational
A within-subjects design.
A correlational design.
Self-report measures.
Naturalistic observation.

Question 10

A risk/gain assessment.
Informed debriefing.
Operational definitions.

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892035481	When scientists study people in the "field," what method of observation are they using?	naturalistic	0
892035482	When setting up experimental and control groups, how do researchers decide which participants should be in which group?	Researchers assign people randomly to one group or the other.	1
892035483	Under what circumstances, according to the American Psychological Association, are psychologists allowed to deceive participants in an experiment?	when the benefits of the study outweigh the harm	2
892035484	What do scientists need in order to support a theory?	evidence	3
892035485	Why is taking a placebo sometimes as effective as taking a medication?	The participant's expectations affected the results.	4
892035486	Which one of the following methods do scientists use to analyze the data they gather from their studies?	correlation	5
892035487	True or false: In an experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect.	False	6
892035488	the measure of how closely one thing is related to another	correlation	7
892035489	the whole group that is the subject of a study	target population	8
892035490	the research method in which participants are observed over a long period of time	longitudinal observation	9
892035491	an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group	case study	10
892035492	a group of individuals selected by chance from the target population	random sample	11
892035493	True or False: The first step of the scientific process is to form a hypothesis.	False	12
892035494	How is standard deviation determined?	by measuring the distance of every score to the mean.	13
892035495	To accurately predict the outcome of a national election, what group should researchers survey?	random sample of voters	14
892035496	True or False: The conclusions researchers draw based on their observations are useful in the validation of psychological theories.	True	15
892035497	The longitudinal method is concerned with observing how participants...	...change over time	16
892035498	What is one reason that survey interviews and questionnaires may not be completely accurate?	Respondents may not give honest answers.	17
892035499	Which of the following is a problem associated with volunteer bias?	Volunteers are more willing than other people to disclose information.	18
892035500	Which is one way that researchers ensure that a sample represents a target population?	selecting people at random from the target population	19
892035501	A Skinner box and a maze are examples of what?	laboratories	20
892035502	In what type of sample are subgroups in the population represented proportionally?	stratified	21
892035503	Observing the way people behave at a zoo is an example of...	naturalistic observation.	22
892035504	In the experimental method, how is the control group different than the experimental group?	The control group does not receive the treatment.	23
892035505	What is one of the major drawbacks of the longitudinal method?	Participants in the study may drop out.	24
892035506	In an experiment, what factor do researchers manipulate in order to determine its effect?	independent variable	25
892035507	True or false: People who volunteer to participate in studies may skew the results of a study.	True	26
892035508	Why is it sometimes useful to conduct double-blind studies?	Researchers may have biases that affect their observations.	27
892035509	Why are scientists cautious about making generalizations from case studies?	Case studies cannot always be replicated.	28
892035510	Why might scientists repeat a study under slightly different circumstances than the original?	to form a research question	29
892035511	What do psychologists do after they analyze their research observations?	draw conclusions	30
892035512	True or false: The testing method of observation investigates human behavior through personality, aptitude, and intelligence tests?	True	31
892035513	True of false: One common method of observation is the testing method.	True	32
892035514	What is an example of a negative correlation?	The greater the stress, the poorer the health.	33
892035515	What is one disadvantage of the cross-sectional method of observation?	Researchers cannot be sure what factors account for differences among participants.	34
892035516	Which of the following best describes a hypothesis?	educated guess	35
892035517	What is a method researchers use to gather information from many people about a particular subject?	survey (either questionnaires or interviews)	36
892035518	Why do psychologists sometimes study animals or people in laboratory settings?	to control the environment	37
892035519	Which is the best description of the cross-sectional method of observation?	comparing participants in different age groups	38
892035520	Why is it important for scientists to be able to replicate the results of a study?	to confirm the findings of the original study.	39

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Chapter 2 Research Methods

10th - 12th grade, social studies.

12 questions

Introducing new Paper mode

No student devices needed. Know more

In what type of study does a researcher study an individual subject in depth?

Naturalistic observation

Laboratory observation

What does it mean if two variables have a positive correlation?

As one variable increases, so does the other

As one variable increases, the other decreases

The correlation between the two variables is 0

The correlation between the two variables is greater than 1.0

Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?

4. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt This research method is a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other Correlational Experiments Case Study Survey Observational
5. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research? Institutional Review Board Approval Informed Consent Confidentiality Debriefing
6. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent? Keep information about participants confidential Allow participants to choose whether to take part Provide participants with a pre-experimental explanation of the study Protect participants from potential harm
7. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). Experiments Case Study Survey Observational Correlational
8. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt The disadvantage of this method of descriptive research is that the data is limited to only answering the question(s) asked. These limitations lead to biases, ambiguous conclusions, and low participation rates among research populations. Survey Observational Correlational Experiments Case Study
9. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt A frequency distribution is a way to present data visually in a table depicts a correlation between two variables using a histiogram is the same thing as a scattergram typically lists the frequency of each score on the horizontal axix
10. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt You psychology professor wants to describe the average score on your first psychology test. Which measure of central tendency is your professor most likely to use? mean median mode harmonic mean

When scores are "bunched up"in the center of a distribution, the

mean will be relatively low

standard deviation will be relatively low

correlation coefficiaent will be a negative number

standard deviation will be relatively high

12. Multiple Choice Edit 45 seconds 1 pt The symmetric, bell shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population is known as scatter plot normal distribution frequency polygon histogram

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COMMENTS

Psychology: Chapter 2, Research Methods Flashcards
a five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgement. 1-developing a hypothesis, 2-performing a controlled test, 3-gathering objective data, 4-analyzing the results, 5-publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results. an approach to research that relies on ...
Psychology Chapter 2: Research Methods Flashcards
2. Correlation Coefficients- the statistics that psychologists use to measure correlations, range in value from -1.0 to 1.0. A correlation coefficient of -1.0 is a perfect negative correlation whereas a correlation coefficient of +1.0 is a perfect positive correlation. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like research ...
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Serendipity. The occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way. Variable. Something that can be measured or manipulated by an experimenter. Operational Definitions. -Qualify (describe) and quantify (measure) variables. -Allow abstract concepts, such as happiness, to be measured.
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Research Methods in Psychology: Multiple Choice Quiz I
A correlational study is uniquely useful for meeting which of the following goals of the scientific method? A) description: B) creating change ... events, or things vary together. C) one study uses applied research and a second study uses basic research. D) a measurement is both reliable and valid. ... Home > Chapter 2 > Multiple Choice Quiz I ...
2.2 Approaches to Research
Compare longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to research. Compare and contrast correlation and causation. There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it. Some methods rely on observational techniques.
Ch. 2 Summary
2.4 Ethics. Ethics in research is an evolving field, and some practices that were accepted or tolerated in the past would be considered unethical today. Researchers are expected to adhere to basic ethical guidelines when conducting experiments that involve human participants. Any experiment involving human participants must be approved by an IRB.
Research Methods in Psychology
Download this book. While Research Methods in Psychology is fairly traditional— making it easy for you to use with your existing courses — it also emphasizes a fundamental idea that is often lost on undergraduates: research methods are not a peripheral concern in our discipline; they are central. For questions about this textbook please ...
Research Methods in Psychology: Multiple Choice Quiz II
A researcher tests whether students learn better with an active learning teaching method or with a traditional teaching method. In this example, the teaching method is a(n) A) dependent variable. B) control variable. C) independent variable. D) intervening variable.
Chapter 2: Introduction
Chapter 2: Introduction. Here is the abstract of a 2014 article in the journal Psychological Science. Taking notes on laptops rather than in longhand is increasingly common. Many researchers have suggested that laptop note taking is less effective than longhand note taking for learning. Prior studies have primarily focused on students ...
Chapter 2: Methods
Chapter 2: Methods. Sample. The group of participants. Population. Includes anyone or anything that could possibly be selected in the sample. Random Selection. Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Increases the likelihood of a representative sample. Stratified Sampling.
Chapter 2: Psychological Research
Describe why the scientific method is important to psychology. Summarize the processes of informed consent and debriefing. Explain how research involving humans or animals is regulated. Differentiate between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method research. Differentiate between descriptive, experimental, and correlational research.
Multiple Choice Questions
Revise your knowledge with these multiple choice quiz questions. Chapter 2: Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals. Chapter 3: Research Methods. Chapter 4: Experimental Design. Chapter 5: Survey Design. Chapter 6: Descriptive Statistics. Chapter 7: Some Principles of Statistical Inference. Chapter 8: Examining Differences between Means ...
Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology
Question 4. Question. Rahul is serving as a research assistant. In the first phase of the experiment, Rahul gives each participant a can of cola or a can of caffeine-free cola. In the second phase of the experiment, Rahul times the participants with a stopwatch while they play a video game. It sounds like this study is lacking a (n)
Psychology Chapter 2 Quiz Flashcards
Chapter 2. Terms : Hide Images. 892035481. When scientists study people in the "field," what method of observation are they using? naturalistic. 0. 892035482. When setting up experimental and control groups, how do researchers decide which participants should be in which group?
AP Psych Unit 2 Research Methods
AP Psych Unit 2 Research Methods quiz for 11th grade students. Find other quizzes for Social Studies and more on Quizizz for free!
Chapter 2 Research Methods
1 pt. What does it mean if two variables have a positive correlation? As one variable increases, so does the other. As one variable increases, the other decreases. The correlation between the two variables is 0. The correlation between the two variables is greater than 1.0. 3. Multiple Choice. 45 seconds.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: What is Psychological Science 2 Finding Research in Less Scholarly Places Reading the original form of research is the best way to get a thorough and accurate report of scientific evidence. • Other sources for reading about psychological research include nonacademic books, websites, popular newspapers, and magazines. •