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• How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

• Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Table of contents

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

• Example research proposal #1: “A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management”
• Example research proposal #2: “Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use”

Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

• The proposed title of your project
• Your supervisor’s name
• Your institution and department

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

• Introduce your topic
• Give necessary background and context
• Outline your  problem statement  and research questions

To guide your introduction , include information about:

• Who could have an interest in the topic (e.g., scientists, policymakers)
• How much is already known about the topic
• What is missing from this current knowledge
• What new insights your research will contribute
• Why you believe this research is worth doing

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Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review  shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

• Comparing and contrasting the main theories, methods, and debates
• Examining the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches
• Explaining how will you build on, challenge, or synthesize prior scholarship

Following the literature review, restate your main  objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

• Improving best practices
• Informing policymaking decisions
• Strengthening a theory or model
• Challenging popular or scientific beliefs
• Creating a basis for future research

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

• Cost : exactly how much money do you need?
• Justification : why is this cost necessary to complete the research?
• Source : how did you calculate the amount?

To determine your budget, think about:

• Travel costs : do you need to go somewhere to collect your data? How will you get there, and how much time will you need? What will you do there (e.g., interviews, archival research)?
• Materials : do you need access to any tools or technologies?
• Help : do you need to hire any research assistants for the project? What will they do, and how much will you pay them?

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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17 Research Proposal Examples

A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

Watch my Guide: How to Write a Research Proposal

Get your Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

• Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
• Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
• Digital technologies in focus project
• Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
• Restorative Justice Practices
• Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

• A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
• The effect of musical preference on running performance
• Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

• Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
• The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
• Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

• Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
• Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
• Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

• Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
• Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Research Proposal Template

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Self-Actualization Examples (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Forest Schools Philosophy & Curriculum, Explained!
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Montessori's 4 Planes of Development, Explained!
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Montessori vs Reggio Emilia vs Steiner-Waldorf vs Froebel

8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

Thank you so much sir! ❤️

Very helpful 👌

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Dr. Muhamad Hariz Adnan

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Driven Digital Transformation

Research Proposal Example (Contoh dan Tips)

A ssalamualaikum dan apa kabar rakan-rakan semua. Dalam perkongsian ini, saya akan sentuh sedikit tentang Research Proposal Example (Contoh dan Tips)

Ada juga yang keliru dengan research proposal apabila nak memulakan pengajian Master . Mari saya terangkan…

Apa itu Research Proposal?

Research proposal bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kelulusan dari sesebuah institusi untuk memulakan atau meneruskan sesuatu kajian.  Panel-panel akan menilai kesesuaian tajuk, topik dan kesesuaian kajian kita jika boleh diteruskan atau perlukan perubahan.

Apa yang panel lihat semasa kita membentangkan research proposal ialah:

• Isi kandungan proposal
• Cara penulisan
• Kesesuaian kajian
• Kemahiran pelajar membuat pembentangan

Sebelum pelajar mendaftar Master di sesebuah universiti, pelajar perlu menyediakan proposal yang ringkas. Tetapi, apabila pelajar sudah mendaftar sebagai pelajar Master di universiti, mereka perlu untuk mempertahankan kajian mereka melalui research proposal yang lebih lengkap dan menunjukkan kemampuan menjalankan kajian tersebut.

Research proposal adalah satu dokumen atau proses yang sangat penting . Ini kerana ia akan memberi satu hala tuju kerana ianya antara dokumen yang pertama yang akan dinilai oleh panel yang pakar dan mendapat maklum balas yang berguna. Dari maklum balas itu, pelajar boleh gunakan untuk menentukan hala tuju kajian.

Nak Contoh Research Proposal

Saya akan kongsikan research proposal saya semasa buat PhD di Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS dahulu. Proposal saya ini diterima dengan baik semasa sesi pembentangan kali pertama. Research proposal saya ini juga telah digunakan sebagai research proposal contoh kepada pelajar-pelajar baharu Universiti Teknologi Petronas semasa kelas research methodology di peringkat universiti.

Dapatkan di sini:  Research Proposal PhD UTP Dr Hariz

Teknik menulis research proposal.

Tajuk proposal amatlah penting. Tajuk tersebut mestilah disusun mengikut susunan kepentingan perkataan. Perkataan yang lebih penting mestilah dihadapan. Tajuk yang baik perlulah jelas dan tepat dan merumuskan tentang kajian kita.

Abstrak pula boleh ditulis di peringkat akhir menyediakan proposal.

introduction: Mulakan proposal dengan bahagian “ introduction ” atau pengenalan. Anda boleh memasukkan gambar-gambar yang penting untuk menjelaskan perkara yang rumit di dalam proposal. Tetapi, jangan terlalu banyak menggunakan gambar. Cukup sekadar yang perlu. introduction perlu menerangkan latar belakang kajian supaya panel-panel dapat memahami kepentingan kajian ini dilakukan.

Literature Review: Bab kedua yang perlu dimuatkan ialah literature literature. Anda perlu menunjukkan bahawa terdapat “gap” atau lompong / jurang pada penyelesaian yang ada sekarang. Tujuan kajian adalah cuba untuk merapatkan lompong / jurang tersebut.  Anda boleh menunjukkan kajian-kajian yang sedia ada melalui jadual perbandingan di akhir bab Literature Review ini.

Research Methodology juga penting untuk menunjukkan bagaimana anda akan melaksanakan kajian tersebut. Ianya ibarat satu pelan ataupun rangka aktiviti-aktiviti yang akan dilaksanakan. Bahagian metodologi ini sangat penting kerana panel ingin melihat adakah kita sudah mempunyai pelan yang betul dan sesuai untuk melaksanakan kajian kita.

Diharap perkongsian ini bermanfaat untuk rakan-rakan yang baru hendak bermula menyediakan Research Proposal. Perjalanan Master dan PhD anda pastinya mencabar . Tetapi, dengan persediaan dan langkah yang betul, ianya akan menjadi lebih mudah.

Dr Muhamad Hariz

5 thoughts on “ research proposal example (contoh dan tips) ”.

Tq Dr. Perkongsian yang menarik. Boleh tak nanti Dr share tentang bagaimana cara terbaik untuk penulisan review paper.

Dr, saya senior librarian di sebuah PTA..saya berhasrat untuk sambung Phd bukan kerana gaji..tapi impian saya dan keluarga.. saya stuck. Saya mohon panduan Dr

Di mana tuan stuck sekarang?

Terima kasih Dr atas penjelasan yg cukup lengkap. Saya berhasrat utk menyambung pelajaran pd peringkat Master. In sha Allah akan diusahakan utk mencari topic yg sesuai dijdkan dlm proposal research saya nanti.

Jika berminat sambung dalam bidang yang saya boleh supervise, boleh hubungi saya ya

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Home » Grant Proposal – Example, Template and Guide

Grant Proposal – Example, Template and Guide

Table of Contents

Grant Proposal

Grant Proposal is a written document that outlines a request for funding from a grant-making organization, such as a government agency, foundation, or private donor. The purpose of a grant proposal is to present a compelling case for why an individual, organization, or project deserves financial support.

Grant Proposal Outline

While the structure and specific sections of a grant proposal can vary depending on the funder’s requirements, here is a common outline that you can use as a starting point for developing your grant proposal:

• Brief overview of the project and its significance.
• Summary of the funding request and project goals.
• Key highlights and anticipated outcomes.
• Background information on the issue or problem being addressed.
• Explanation of the project’s relevance and importance.
• Clear statement of the project’s objectives.
• Detailed description of the problem or need to be addressed.
• Supporting evidence and data to demonstrate the extent and impact of the problem.
• Identification of the target population or beneficiaries.
• Broad goals that describe the desired outcomes of the project.
• Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives that contribute to the goals.
• Description of the strategies, activities, and interventions to achieve the objectives.
• Explanation of the project’s implementation plan, timeline, and key milestones.
• Roles and responsibilities of project staff and partners.
• Plan for assessing the project’s effectiveness and measuring its impact.
• Description of the data collection methods, tools, and indicators used for evaluation.
• Explanation of how the results will be used to improve the project.
• Comprehensive breakdown of project expenses, including personnel, supplies, equipment, and other costs.
• Clear justification for each budget item.
• Information about any matching funds or in-kind contributions, if applicable.
• Explanation of how the project will be sustained beyond the grant period.
• Discussion of long-term funding strategies, partnerships, and community involvement.
• Description of how the project will continue to address the identified problem in the future.
• Overview of the organization’s mission, history , and track record.
• Description of the organization’s experience and qualifications related to the proposed project.
• Summary of key staff and their roles.
• Recap of the project’s goals, objectives, and anticipated outcomes.
• Appreciation for the funder’s consideration.
• Contact information for further inquiries.

Grant Proposal Template

Here is a template for a grant proposal that you can use as a starting point. Remember to customize and adapt it based on the specific requirements and guidelines provided by the funding organization.

Dear [Grant-making Organization Name],

Executive Summary:

I. Introduction:

II. Needs Assessment:

III. Goals and Objectives:

IV. Project Methods and Approach:

V. Evaluation and Monitoring:

VI. Budget:

VII. Sustainability:

VIII. Organizational Capacity and Expertise:

IX. Conclusion:

Thank you for considering our grant proposal. We believe that this project will make a significant impact and address an important need in our community. We look forward to the opportunity to discuss our proposal further.

Grant Proposal Example

Here is an example of a grant proposal to provide you with a better understanding of how it could be structured and written:

Executive Summary: We are pleased to submit this grant proposal on behalf of [Your Organization’s Name]. Our proposal seeks funding in the amount of [Requested Amount] to support our project titled [Project Title]. This project aims to address [Describe the problem or need being addressed] in [Target Location]. By implementing a comprehensive approach, we aim to achieve [State the project’s goals and anticipated outcomes].

I. Introduction: We express our gratitude for the opportunity to present this proposal to your esteemed organization. At [Your Organization’s Name], our mission is to [Describe your organization’s mission]. Through this project, we aim to make a significant impact on [Describe the issue or problem being addressed] by [Explain the significance and relevance of the project].

II. Needs Assessment: After conducting thorough research and needs assessments in [Target Location], we have identified a pressing need for [Describe the problem or need]. The lack of [Identify key issues or challenges] has resulted in [Explain the consequences and impact of the problem]. The [Describe the target population or beneficiaries] are particularly affected, and our project aims to address their specific needs.

III. Goals and Objectives: The primary goal of our project is to [State the broad goal]. To achieve this, we have outlined the following objectives:

• [Objective 1]
• [Objective 2]
• [Objective 3] [Include additional objectives as necessary]

IV. Project Methods and Approach: To address the identified needs and accomplish our objectives, we propose the following methods and approach:

• [Describe the activities and strategies to be implemented]
• [Explain the timeline and key milestones]
• [Outline the roles and responsibilities of project staff and partners]

V. Evaluation and Monitoring: We recognize the importance of assessing the effectiveness and impact of our project. Therefore, we have developed a comprehensive evaluation plan, which includes the following:

• [Describe the data collection methods and tools]
• [Identify the indicators and metrics to measure progress]
• [Explain how the results will be analyzed and utilized]

VI. Budget: We have prepared a detailed budget for the project, totaling [Total Project Budget]. The budget includes the following key components:

• Personnel: [Salary and benefits for project staff]
• Supplies and Materials: [List necessary supplies and materials]
• Equipment: [Include any required equipment]
• Training and Capacity Building: [Specify any training or workshops]
• Other Expenses: [Additional costs, such as travel, marketing, etc.]

VII. Sustainability: Ensuring the sustainability of our project beyond the grant period is of utmost importance to us. We have devised the following strategies to ensure its long-term impact:

• [Describe plans for securing future funding]
• [Explain partnerships and collaborations with other organizations]
• [Outline community engagement and support]

VIII. Organizational Capacity and Expertise: [Your Organization’s Name] has a proven track record in successfully implementing projects of a similar nature. Our experienced team possesses the necessary skills and expertise to carry out this project effectively. Key personnel involved in the project include [List key staff and their qualifications].

IX. Conclusion: Thank you for considering our grant proposal. We firmly believe that [Project Title] will address a critical need in [Target Location] and contribute to the well-being of the [Target Population]. We are available to provide any additional information or clarification as required. We look forward to the

opportunity to discuss our proposal further and demonstrate the potential impact of this project.

Please find attached the required supporting documents, including our detailed budget, organizational information, and any additional materials that may be helpful in evaluating our proposal.

Thank you once again for considering our grant proposal. We appreciate your dedication to supporting projects that create positive change in our community. We eagerly await your response and the possibility of partnering with your esteemed organization to make a meaningful difference.

• Detailed Budget
• Organizational Information
• Additional Supporting Documents]

Grant Proposal Writing Guide

Writing a grant proposal can be a complex process, but with careful planning and attention to detail, you can create a compelling proposal. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you through the grant proposal writing process:

• Carefully review the grant guidelines and requirements provided by the funding organization.
• Take note of the eligibility criteria, funding priorities, submission deadlines, and any specific instructions for the proposal.
• Familiarize yourself with the funding organization’s mission, goals, and previous projects they have supported.
• Gather relevant data, statistics, and evidence to support the need for your proposed project.
• Clearly define the problem or need your project aims to address.
• Identify the specific goals and objectives of your project.
• Consider how your project aligns with the mission and priorities of the funding organization.
• Organize your proposal by creating an outline that includes all the required sections.
• Arrange the sections logically and ensure a clear flow of ideas.
• Start with a concise and engaging executive summary to capture the reader’s attention.
• Provide a brief overview of your organization and the project.
• Present a clear and compelling case for the problem or need your project addresses.
• Use relevant data, research findings, and real-life examples to demonstrate the significance of the issue.
• Clearly articulate the overarching goals of your project.
• Define specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives that align with the goals.
• Explain the strategies and activities you will implement to achieve the project objectives.
• Describe the timeline, milestones, and resources required for each activity.
• Highlight the uniqueness and innovation of your approach, if applicable.
• Outline your plan for evaluating the project’s effectiveness and measuring its impact.
• Discuss how you will collect and analyze data to assess the outcomes.
• Explain how the project will be sustained beyond the grant period, including future funding strategies and partnerships.
• Prepare a comprehensive budget that includes all the anticipated expenses and revenue sources.
• Clearly justify each budget item and ensure it aligns with the project activities and goals.
• Include a budget narrative that explains any cost assumptions or calculations.
• Review your proposal multiple times for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy.
• Ensure that the proposal follows the formatting and length requirements specified by the funder.
• Consider seeking feedback from colleagues or experts in the field to improve your proposal.
• Gather all the necessary supporting documents, such as your organization’s background information, financial statements, resumes of key staff, and letters of support or partnership.
• Follow the submission instructions provided by the funding organization.
• Submit the proposal before the specified deadline, keeping in mind any additional submission requirements, such as online forms or hard copies.
• If possible, send a thank-you note or email to the funding organization for considering your proposal.
• Keep track of the notification date for the funding decision.
• In case of rejection, politely ask for feedback to improve future proposals.

Importance of Grant Proposal

Grant proposals play a crucial role in securing funding for organizations and projects. Here are some key reasons why grant proposals are important:

• Access to Funding: Grant proposals provide organizations with an opportunity to access financial resources that can support the implementation of projects and initiatives. Grants can provide the necessary funds for research, program development, capacity building, infrastructure improvement, and more.
• Project Development: Writing a grant proposal requires organizations to carefully plan and develop their projects. This process involves setting clear goals and objectives, identifying target populations, designing activities and strategies, and establishing timelines and budgets. Through this comprehensive planning process, organizations can enhance the effectiveness and impact of their projects.
• Validation and Credibility: Successfully securing a grant can enhance an organization’s credibility and reputation. It demonstrates to funders, partners, and stakeholders that the organization has a well-thought-out plan, sound management practices, and the capacity to execute projects effectively. Grant funding can provide validation for an organization’s work and attract further support.
• Increased Impact and Sustainability: Grant funding enables organizations to expand their reach and increase their impact. With financial resources, organizations can implement projects on a larger scale, reach more beneficiaries, and make a more significant difference in their communities. Additionally, grants often require organizations to consider long-term sustainability, encouraging them to develop strategies for continued project success beyond the grant period.
• Collaboration and Partnerships: Grant proposals often require organizations to form partnerships and collaborations with other entities, such as government agencies, nonprofit organizations, or community groups. These collaborations can lead to shared resources, expertise, and knowledge, fostering synergy and innovation in project implementation.
• Learning and Growth: The grant proposal writing process can be a valuable learning experience for organizations. It encourages them to conduct research, analyze data, and critically evaluate their programs and initiatives. Through this process, organizations can identify areas for improvement, refine their strategies, and strengthen their overall operations.
• Networking Opportunities: While preparing and submitting grant proposals, organizations have the opportunity to connect with funders, program officers, and other stakeholders. These connections can provide valuable networking opportunities, leading to future funding prospects, partnerships, and collaborations.

Purpose of Grant Proposal

The purpose of a grant proposal is to seek financial support from grant-making organizations or foundations for a specific project or initiative. Grant proposals serve several key purposes:

• Funding Acquisition: The primary purpose of a grant proposal is to secure funding for a project or program. Organizations rely on grants to obtain the financial resources necessary to implement and sustain their activities. Grant proposals outline the project’s goals, objectives, activities, and budget, making a compelling case for why the funding organization should invest in the proposed initiative.
• Project Planning and Development: Grant proposals require organizations to thoroughly plan and develop their projects before seeking funding. This includes clearly defining the problem or need the project aims to address, establishing measurable goals and objectives, and outlining the strategies and activities that will be implemented. Writing a grant proposal forces organizations to think critically about the project’s feasibility, anticipated outcomes, and impact.
• Communication and Persuasion: Grant proposals are persuasive documents designed to convince funding organizations that the proposed project is worthy of their investment. They must effectively communicate the organization’s mission, vision, and track record, as well as the specific problem being addressed and the potential benefits and impact of the project. Grant proposals use evidence, data, and compelling narratives to make a strong case for funding support.
• Relationship Building: Grant proposals serve as a platform for organizations to establish and strengthen relationships with funding organizations. Through the proposal, organizations introduce themselves, highlight their expertise, and demonstrate their alignment with the funding organization’s mission and priorities. A well-written grant proposal can lay the foundation for future collaborations and partnerships.
• Accountability and Evaluation: Grant proposals outline the expected outcomes, objectives, and evaluation methods for the proposed project. They establish a framework for accountability, as organizations are expected to report on their progress and outcomes if awarded the grant. Grant proposals often include plans for project evaluation and monitoring to assess the project’s effectiveness and ensure that the funding is being used appropriately.
• Sustainability and Long-Term Planning : Grant proposals often require organizations to consider the long-term sustainability of their projects beyond the grant period. This includes identifying strategies for continued funding, partnerships, and community involvement. By addressing sustainability in the proposal, organizations demonstrate their commitment to long-term impact and the responsible use of grant funds.

When to Write a Grant Proposal

Knowing when to write a grant proposal is crucial for maximizing your chances of success. Here are a few situations when it is appropriate to write a grant proposal:

• When There is a Funding Opportunity: Grants become available through various sources, including government agencies, foundations, corporations, and nonprofit organizations. Keep an eye out for grant announcements, requests for proposals (RFPs), or funding cycles that align with your organization’s mission and project goals. Once you identify a relevant funding opportunity, you can begin writing the grant proposal.
• When You Have a Well-Defined Project or Program: Before writing a grant proposal, it’s important to have a clearly defined project or program in mind. You should be able to articulate the problem or need you are addressing, the goals and objectives of your project, and the strategies and activities you plan to implement. Having a solid project plan in place will help you write a more compelling grant proposal.
• When You Have Conducted Research and Gathered Data: Grant proposals often require evidence and data to support the need for the project. Before writing the proposal, conduct thorough research to gather relevant statistics, studies, or community assessments that demonstrate the significance and urgency of the problem you aim to address. This data will strengthen your proposal and make it more persuasive.
• When You Have a Strong Organizational Profile: Funding organizations often consider the credibility and capacity of the applying organization. Before writing a grant proposal, ensure that your organization has a strong profile, including a clear mission statement, track record of accomplishments, capable staff or volunteers, and financial stability. These factors contribute to the overall credibility of your proposal.
• When You Have the Time and Resources to Dedicate to Proposal Writing: Writing a grant proposal requires time, effort, and resources. It involves conducting research, developing project plans, creating budgets, and crafting compelling narratives. Assess your organization’s capacity to commit to the grant proposal writing process. Consider the timeline, deadline, and any additional requirements specified by the funding organization before deciding to proceed.
• When You Have Identified Potential Partnerships or Collaborators: Some grant proposals may require or benefit from partnerships or collaborations with other organizations or stakeholders. If your project can be enhanced by partnering with other entities, it’s important to identify and secure these partnerships before writing the grant proposal. This demonstrates a collaborative approach and can strengthen your proposal.
• When You Are Committed to Project Evaluation and Accountability: Grant proposals often include requirements for project evaluation and reporting. If you are willing and able to commit to evaluating the project’s outcomes, tracking progress, and reporting on the use of funds, it is an appropriate time to write a grant proposal. This shows your dedication to transparency, accountability, and responsible use of grant funds.

Also see Proposal

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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What’s Included: Research Proposal Template

Our free dissertation/thesis proposal template covers the core essential ingredients for a strong research proposal. It includes clear explanations of what you need to address in each section, as well as straightforward examples and links to further resources.

The research proposal template covers the following core elements:

• Introduction & background (including the research problem)
• Literature review
• Research design / methodology
• Project plan , resource requirements and risk management

The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

PS – if you’d like a high-level template for the entire thesis, you can we’ve got that too .

Research Proposal Template FAQS

What types of research proposals can this template be used for.

The proposal template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the vast majority of dissertations and theses (especially those within the sciences), whether they are qualitative or quantitative in terms of design.

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the introduction chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. These are typically minor, but it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level proposal?

This template can be used for a research project at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require the research proposal to be more extensive/comprehensive, but the structure will typically remain the same.

How long should my research proposal be?

The length of a research proposal varies by institution and subject, but as a ballpark, it’s usually between 1,500 and 3,000 words.

To be safe, it’s best to check with your university if they have any preferences or requirements in terms of minimum and maximum word count for the research propsal.

How detailed should the methodology of the proposal be?

You don’t need to go into the fine details of your methodology, but this section should be detailed enough to demonstrate that your research approach is feasible and will address your research questions effectively. Be sure to include your intended methods for data collection and analysis.

Can I include preliminary data or pilot study results in my proposal?

Generally, yes. This can strengthen your proposal by demonstrating the feasibility of your research. However, make sure that your pilot study is approved by your university before collecting any data.

Can I share this template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, we kindly request that you reference this page as your source.

What format is the template (DOC, PDF, PPT, etc.)?

The research proposal template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

Do you have templates for the other chapters?

Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .

Can Grad Coach help me with my dissertation/thesis?

Yes, you’re welcome to get in touch with us to discuss our private coaching services .

Further Resources: Proposal Writing

The template provides step-by-step guidance for each section of your research proposal, but if you’d like to learn more about how to write up a high-quality research proposal, check out the rest of our free proposal-related resources:

• Research Proposal 101
• Examples of research proposals
• How To Find A Research Topic
• How To Find A Research Gap
• Developing Your Golden Thread
• How To Write A Research Proposal
• 8 Common Proposal Writing Mistakes

You can also visit the Grad Coach blog for more proposal-related resources.

If you’d prefer 1-on-1 support with your research proposal, have a look at our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the research process, step by step.

Project Plan Template for R&D

• Great for beginners
• Ready-to-use, fully customizable Subcategory
• Get started in seconds

• Organize project planning in one place
• Streamline tasks and deadlines for clarity on progress
• Collaborate effectively with busy teams from start to finish

Benefits of a Research And Development Project Plan Template

• Improved communication and coordination
• Reduced uncertainty and risk
• Greater team productivity
• More effective planning and budgeting
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Main Elements of a Project Plan Template for R&D

• Project goals
• Stakeholder engagement plan
• Detailed timeline
• Resource allocation
• Marketing plans

How to Use a Research And Development Project Plan Template

1. establish objectives., 2. assemble the team., 3. develop a timeline., 4. track progress periodically., related project plan templates.

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Writing an impactful FRGS proposal - examples

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abdul rahim

Beginnings (American Holistic Nurses' Association)

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Holuphumiee Adegbaju

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S M Mukarram Jahan

A research proposal is a serious statement that addresses a researcher’s intent to conduct a study on a phenomenon and a plan about how to perform the research. Students usually undertake research under the guidance of a supervisor from faculty in tandem with assistance and supervision of other faculty members. Thus, the proposal should be a clear statement of intent that aims at elucidating the plan of research to make it feasible and acceptable for all parties concerned. The most essential characteristic of a research proposal is that it should be sufficient to present the researcher’s idea or question and expected outcomes with clarity and definition (the what). It should also make a case for the reason the researcher’s focus of study is significant and the value that it will bring to the discipline under study (the why).

Aksha Memon

A research proposal is a pre-written document which gives an overview of the research tactics. It gives a general idea of the objectives to be achieved and the ways and means to achieve it. Writing research proposal is however a challenging feat. Due to lack of clear guidance from any source, there are many substandard research proposals which are placed before evaluation committee. The researcher came across various people who had no clear understanding of the process and structure of research proposal or research design. This problem has led the researcher to develop a framework to guide the prospective researchers in framing their research design based on the following research questions.1) what is the procedure of writing the research proposal 2) what are the components of the research proposal.So, to give a clear picture about the problem the paper is divided into two parts I) Procedure of writing the research proposal II) Components of the research proposal. The procedure for writing the research proposal is discussed with regards to: 1) Identifying the problem 2) Deciding on the topic 3) Deciding the locale of study 4) Deciding on the data needs 5) Planning the source of data collection 6) Plotting down ways to collect data 7) Identifying methods for analyzing data collection 8) Establishing a basis for designing the Proposal. While the components of research proposal are discussed with regards to : 1) Cover page 2) Abstract 3) Keywords 4) Introduction 5) Review of literature 6) Statement of problem 7) Objectives of the study 8) Hypothesis of the study 9) Period of study 10) Methodology 11) Data analysis 12) Limitation of the study 13) Chapter framework 14) References 15) Appendices.

Parlindungan Pardede

S Vasantha Kumari

A research proposal is a written document specifying what a researcher intends to study and written before beginning the research which communicate research problem and proposed methods of solving it. A research proposal should be built on a concrete plan to conduct academic or scientific research. Types of proposals include internal, external, solicited, unsolicited, preproposals, continuation or non-competing and renewal or competing. Purpose of a Research Proposal is to convince the organization and readers .Characteristics need to be based on attention, interest, desire and action. Qualities of good proposal include specific scope, realistic nature, appropriate credentials, fulfill needs, beneficial, short and simple. Need for good preparation of proposal is vital in formulating proposal, assisting researcher and improving the research quality. Functions of Proposal consists to synthesize critical thinking, clarifies own thinking, refine proposed research, communicate ideas, open thinking and negotiation between researcher and involved parties. Basic composition of Proposal needs a beginning, middle and an end. Typical proposal format includes title, abstract, introduction, background, preliminary studies, research methodology, budget, curriculum vitae for principal investigators, appendix and human subjects. Proposal development strategies and writing tips includes use of outline , listings, visuals, forecasting , internal summaries , significant issues , sequencing components , review , edit , proof read , avoiding overkill point and errors. Proposals are turned down when problems are trivial, complex, nebulous, diffuse without clear aim, lack of sufficient evidence, imagination and originality.

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5 Judul Skripsi Pengembangan (Research and Development)

kali ini saya akan bagikan 5 Judul Skripsi Teknik lengkap dengan metode penelitiannya. Setelah beberapa lalu saya memposting artikel referensi 10+ judul skripsi sosial lengkap dengan metode penelitiannya.

5 Judul Skripsi Pengembangan Lengkap

1. perancangan aplikasi kajian islam berbasis android di universitas negeri padang (studi kasus lembaga dakwah kampus), metode yang digunakan :.

Metode  yang  dilakukan  dalam  pembuatan  tugas  akhir  dengan  menggunakan  analisis sistem dan perancangan   sistem. 

Analisis sistem ialah tahapan   awal   dalam   proses pengembangan  sistem  yang  dilakukan  setelah  perencanaan  sistem,  proses  selanjutnya  yaitu dengan  perancangan  sistem  informasi  itu  sendiri. 

Tujuan  dari  analisis  sistem  adalah  untuk memperjelas langkah kerja dan konsep perancangan dengan unsur-unsur yang terlibat dalam sistem,  dimulai  dari  pengelolaan  sistem,  pengguna  sistem,  serta  perangkat-perangkat  yang dibutuhkan  dan  digunakan  dalam  proses  pembuatan  sistem.  Berikut  gambaran  analisis 

permasalahan dan solusi yang terlampir dalam tabel berikut :

Setelah analisis sistem, tahapan berikutnya adalah perancangan sistem. Perancangan sistem adalah aktivitas atau kegiatan yang menggambarkan, merencanakan, membuat sketsa atau pengaturan secara rinci dari beberapa elemenyang terpisah menjadi suatu kesatuan yang utuh.

Aplikasi ini memiliki tiga actor yaitu admin, user, dan mediator. Admin bisa mengatur waktu, input menu ibadah, input doa harian, data kajian, data tanya jawab, menghitung zakat, dan menerima database user ataupun mediator. User dimulai dengan registrasi dan login.

Lalu, user bisa diskusi tentang kajian dan mengoreksi bacaan. Selain itu, user bisa menghitung zakat. Antara user dan mediator hanya fungsional sajayang membedakan dimana mediator sebagai fasilitator dalam diskusi tanya jawab dan mengoreksi bacaan user.

gambar di atas menjelaskan bahwa masing-masing entitas memiliki atribut pendukung yang dibutuhkan dalam perancangan basisdata. Dan masing-masing entitas berelasi denganentitas yang lain dalam sistem.

2. Pengembangan Trainer Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) dan Elektropneumatik untuk Siswa SMK N 1 Bukittinggi

Metode yang digunakan:.

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan (research and development R&D).

Subyek penelitian dan pengembangan ini adalah media pembelajaran trainer, dan responden penelitian adalah siswa kelas XII yang terdiri dari 30siswa dan Guru Mata Pelajaran jurusan TITL di SMKN 1 Bukittinggi pada tahun ajaran 2019/2020.

Model pengembangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pengembangan 4-D (Trianto, 2010) yang mempunyai 4 tahapan yaitu tahap I define, tahap II design, tahap IIIdevelop, dan tahap IVdisseminate.Namun pada penelitian ini tahapan penelitian dibatasi hanya sampai pada tahap III developyaitu pengembangan produk trainertanpa dilanjutkan ke tahap penyebaran.

Instrument penilaian yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data penelitian yang berhubungan dengan validitas, praktikalitas, dan efektifitas media pembelejaran dalam hal ini yaitu trainer yang dikembangkan.

Instrument penelitian yang digunakan adalah angket validitas, angket praktikalitas, dan angket efektvitas. Analisa validitas dan praktikalitas dilakukan setelah mendapatkan hasil dari angket validasi dan kepraktisan yang telah diisi oleh validator. Pemberian nilai validitas dan praktikalitas dengan cara:

selanjutnya nilai skor disesuaikan dengan tabel :

Uji coba efektifitas trainer PLC dan Elektropneumatik bertujuan untuk melihat tingat keefektifan traineryang dikembangkan yang dilakukan dengan cara melakukan uji coba pemakaian terhadap siswa kelas XII pada mata pelajaran PLCdan Pneumatik.

Efektifitas media diperoleh dengan menggunakan kriteria rubrikpenilaian pada proses praktikum PLC dan Pneumatik.Trainerdapat dikatakan efektif jika sebanyak ≥85% siswa memenuhi KKM. Untuk mengetahui presentase klasikal siswa dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus:

3. Pengembangan Trainer Programmable Logic Control (PLC) Berbasis Microcontroller untuk Siswa SMK N 1 Bukittinggi

Penelitian ini termasuk kedalam jenis penelitian dan pengembangan (Researc and Development).

Subyek dari penelitian ini adalah produkyang berupa Trainer PLC berbasis Microcontroller dan responden yaitu guru mata pelajaran PLC dan siswa jurusan Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik SMK Negeri 1 Bukittinggi yang berjumlah 30 orang.

Model penelitian dan pengembangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model 4D (Trianto, 209). Penelitian model 4D memiliki empat tahapan yaitu tahapan pendefinisian (Define), tahap (Desain), tahapan pengembangan (Develop) dan tahapan penyebaran (Disserminate), namun pada penelitian ini dibatasi hanya sampai tahap pengembangan (Develop).

Instrument yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa angket. Ada angket yang digunakan untuk mengukur kevalidan dari produk trainer yang dikembangkan dan ada angket yang digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepraktissan dari produk trainer yang dikembangkan, selain itu ada rubric penilaian untuk siswa yang praktikum menggunakan produk trainer yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat keefektifan produk trainer sebagai media dalam praktikum pada mata pelajaran PLC.

Validator dari trainer PLC berbasis Microcontroller terdiri dari satu orang ahli media pembelajaran dan dua orang ahli dalam mata pelajaran PLC. Sedangkan praktisi dari media trainer berbasis microcontroller ini adalah seorang guru mata pelajaran PLC dan 10 orang siswa darijurusan Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik di SMK Negeri 1 Bukittinggi.

Uji efektivitas didapatkan dari penilaian kerja siswa pada saat praktikum menggunakan trainer PLC berbasis Microcntroller.

Uji efektivitas didapatakan dengan menerapkan media trainer PLC berbasis Microcontroller pada satu kali pertemuan dengan responden 30 orang siswa kelas XII jurusan Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik SMK Negeri 1 Bukittinggi.

Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah Teknik analisis deskriptif yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan data hasil uji validasi, praktikalitas dan efektivitas dari penerapan trainer PLC berbasis Microcontroller pada saat praktikum mata pelajaran PLC.

Untuk menghitung validitas dan praktikalitas dapat menggunakan rumus:

Nilai validasi dan praktikalitas dapat dikategorikan sesuai dengan tabel dibawah :

Produk trainer yang dikembangkan dikatakan efektif apabila siswa yang tuntas pada saat praktikum ≥ 85%. Untuk mengetahui persentase dari ketuntasan siswa dapat dihitung menggunakan rumus:

4. Audit Tata Kelola Informasi Digital Library Universitas Negeri Padang Menggunakan Framework COBIT5 Fokus Domain EDM (Evaluate, Direct and Monitor) Studi Kasus Perpustakaan Universitas Negeri Padang

Metode yang digunakannya adalah :.

Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kombinasi (mixed method). Penelitian dilakukan di Unit Kerja UPT Perpustakaan Universitas Negeri Padang.

Informan penelitian diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. peneliti memilih teknik Purposive Samplingyang mampu menetapkan kriteria-kriteria dan pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu, sehingga dalam penelitian ini yang diperoleh sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan peneliti.

Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah kepala UPT Perpustakaan UNP Padang. Jenisdata terdiri dari data primer, yaitu data yang diperoleh langsung sebagai hasil observasi (pengamatan) dan interview (wawancara) yang dilakukan terhadap “Audit Tata Kelola Informasi Digital Library UniversitasNegeri Padang MenggunakanFramework Cobit5 Fokus Domain EDM (Evaluate,Direct,And Monitor)”.

Selanjutnya data sekunder, yaitu dokumentasi atau studi pustaka sebagai sumber penunjang yang mendorong penelitian ini. Sumber data yaitu pimpinan perpustakaan UNP Padang sebagai informan dan responden. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, studi dokumentasi dan angket.

Analisis data adalah analisis kualitatif, pengukuran TI COBIT 5 dan pengukuran resiko TI.

5. Rancang Bangun Penggerak Otomatis Panel Surya Menggunakan Sensor LDR Berbasis Arduino Uno

Metode yang digunakan adalah :.

A. Perancangan Alat

Pada sistem ini, mikrokontroller Arduino Uno yang menjadi pusat kerja alat otomatis, panel surya sebagai penerima cahaya dan sensor LDR sebagai pendeteksi cahaya, motor Servo sebagai alat pengerak arah panel surya, LCD sebagai alat tampilan outputnya data.

Alat ini memiliki keterkaitan satu sama lain, sehingga dapat menghasilkan suatu sistem kerja otomatisasi yang benar.

Diagram Blok RangkaianDalam perancangan dan pembuatan alat dibutuhkan suatu diagram blok yang berfungsi untuk bisa menerangkan sistem secara keseluruhan dan masing-masing blok mempunyai fungsi tertentu , berikut blok diagram berserta alur kerjanya untuk sistem keamanan pintu ruangan :

Berdasarkan diagram blok gambar 1dapat kita ketahui terdapat beberapa blok yang fungsi masing-masingnya yaitu :

• Mikrokontroler Arduino UNOMikrokontroler Arduino UNO pada alat ini berfungsi sebagai pusat pengendali yang akan mengontrol keseluruhan sistem pada alat Tracking Solar Cellini agar saling keterkaitan satu dengan yang lainnya.
• Sensor LDRSensor arus pada alat ini akan membaca besaran arus pada output panel surya dan akan ditampilkan pada LCD.
• Sensor ArusSensor arus pada alat ini akan membaca besaran arus pada output panel surya dan akan ditampilkan pada LCD.
• Sensor Tegangan Sensor tegangan pada alat ini berfungsi untuk membaca besar tegangan yang diterima dari panel surya dan akan ditampilkan pada LCD.
• Motor ServoMotor Servo pada alat ini berfungsi sebagai pengarah panel surya yang akan dideteksi oleh sensor LDR. Motor Servo ini akan mengarahkan panel surya ketika cahaya matahari sudah dideteksi oleh sensor LDR.
• LCD, LCD 4 X 20 pada alat ini berfungsi sebagai alat menampilkan output data dari keseluruhan sensor yang dipasang. Dari LCD ini kita akan mengetahui sudut pergerakan panel surya, dan mengetahui jumlah arus masuk dari panel surya.
• Kebutuhan SoftwareSoftwareyang digunakan dalam Tracking Solar Cellberdasarkan pancahayaan dan berat ini adalah arduino IDE dan bahasa pemograman C++.

B. Flowchart

C. Prinsip Kerja Alat

Panel surya yang dihubungkan oleh beberapa sensor yang akan mendeteksi sudut intensitas cahaya maksimal. Dalam alat ini digunakan motor servo sebagai penggerak.

Pergerakan motor secara horizontal yaitu dari timur menuju barat sesuai dengan arahpergerakan matahari serta gerakan memutar. Arduino uno akan mengatur pergerakan motor sesuai dengan besaran masukan dari beberapa sensor LDR yang terpasang.

Sensor yang digunakan berjumlah 4 (empat) sensor yang dipasang pada 4 sudut sisi panel surya.

Pengujian akan dilakukan dalam dua tahap sebagai perbandingan data yaitu pengujian panel surya yang diposisikan satu arah (statis) dan pengujian panel surya dengan pergerakan (dinamis) berdasarkan pergerakan matahari.

D. Rancangan Fisik Alat

Rancangan fisik alat bertujuan agar memudahkan dalam memberikan gambaran bentuk sistem yang akan dirancang. Rancangan fisik alat dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah

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A.G. File No. 2023-013

Pursuant to Elections Code Section 9005, we have reviewed the proposed measure (A.G. File No. 23-0013, Amendment #1) that would authorize $5 billion in state general obligation bonds for mental health-related research and therapies involving certain psychedelic substances.

Research and Development (R&D) Process Has Three Key Stages. The first stage in the R&D process usually entails “basic research,” which is theoretical in nature, focusing on discovering new knowledge in a field. The second stage typically entails “applied research,” which takes what is known and applies it to solving a specific problem. The third stage, “development,” occurs when a promising idea for a product (such as a medical treatment) emerges from applied research. R&D is conducted mainly by businesses (including pharmaceutical companies), research institutes, and universities. Whereas businesses tend to focus on the latter stages of the R&D process, research institutes and universities tend to focus on the earlier stages.

Medical R&D Often Involves Clinical Trials . In the medical field, the development stage typically includes animal and human clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and side effects of new drugs. The federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves pharmaceutical drugs that have been found safe and effective through clinical trials. The time line from research in a field to clinical trials to manufacturing a new, related drug can stretch across many years.

R&D Involving Certain Substances Must Follow Heightened Safety Protocols. Research studies and clinical trials are regulated, meaning they must follow certain protocols to promote the safety of participants. Multiple agencies are involved in setting regulations and reviewing proposed studies and clinical trials. Certain substances—those that generally are illegal, have not yet been shown to have medical value, and are at high risk of abuse—have the most regulatory restrictions. Currently, these heightened regulatory restrictions generally apply to psychedelic substances. At the federal level, the FDA and the Drug Enforcement Agency, among other agencies, are involved in the regulatory and review process. In addition, at the state level, the Research Advisory Panel of California, housed within the Department of Justice, reviews studies involving certain substances, including psychedelic substances.

R&D Often Involves Intellectual Property Agreements. These agreements establish who owns and controls any new resulting research discoveries, such as a new drug. If a new drug emerges from the R&D process and is approved by the FDA, the creators can seek to patent (or own) it. Those who own patents, in turn, can generate revenue from licenses and royalty payments. Licenses allow others specified access to a new drug (or other intellectual property), typically for a one-time, upfront fee. Royalty payments allow the creators to receive a share of the ongoing profit derived from usage of the new drug.

Some R&D Focuses on the Effects of Psychedelic Substances. Psychedelic substances can impact a person’s brain and central nervous system and produce changes in perception, mood, and cognitive processes. Some psychedelic substances are found in nature (including certain herbs, seeds, and mushrooms), whereas others are created in laboratories. Researchers continue to study the impact of specific psychedelic substances. Some of this work focuses on the impact of these substances on certain mental health issues, including trauma, depression, anxiety, and addiction. To date, the FDA has approved one psychedelic drug (a nasal spray involving esketamine) for mental health purposes.

R&D Is Funded by a Few Main Sources. Both the private and public sectors fund R&D. Private businesses collectively contribute the greatest amount toward R&D. In 2021, businesses collectively contributed nearly 75 percent of the estimated $792 billion in R&D funding nationally. The federal government is by far the largest source of public funding for R&D—accounting for 19 percent of all R&D funding in 2021.The federal government provides funding for its own R&D centers, universities, and in partnership with businesses. Nationally, other government funding sources accounted for 1 percent of R&D funding, with higher education institutions and nonprofit organizations accounting for the remainder.

California Supports Some R&D Directly. Though a relatively small fund source, California state government also provides some R&D support. About half of the state’s support involves tax credits to encourage businesses to conduct R&D, with the other half of state support generally provided as direct R&D grants. The state allocates grant funding to several agencies, including the University of California—its public research university system. Other agencies, including the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) and California Energy Commission, also receive state support for certain R&D activities.

State Can Sell Bonds to Finance Some Activities. The state collects tax revenue to fund many of its government services and facilities. It deposits most tax revenue into its General Fund, which it in turn uses to pay for education, prisons, health care, and other public services (including some research). It also uses General Fund revenue to make many of its debt payments. The state can borrow funds for purposes such as constructing facilities, which have high upfront costs but provide benefits over several decades. In these cases, the state issues bonds, which investors buy. The state uses the bond funds to build the facility, then repays investors, typically over a 30-year period. The state’s associated debt payments entail paying back the principal (the amount initially borrowed) as well as paying interest costs on the bonds. General obligation bonds—a common type of state bond—require voter approval. In addition to borrowing for the purpose of constructing facilities, voters approved general obligation bonds for stem cell research administered by CIRM in 2004 and 2020.

Creates a New State Institute. The proposed measure adds an article to the California Constitution as well as several statutory sections establishing the Treatments, Research, Education, Access, and Therapies (TREAT) Institute. The TREAT Institute would be governed by an independent board appointed by various state leaders. Board members would serve in the dual capacity of being executive officers of the Institute, with particular board members overseeing particular divisions of the Institute. The measure also creates two work groups (one focused on R&D and the other focused on care providers) that serve in an advisory capacity.

Focuses on R&D Related to Using Psychedelic Substances to Treat Mental Health Issues. The measure creates a state constitutional right to conduct research in California using all psychedelic substances (natural and synthetic), except for peyote. (The State Constitution currently is silent on this issue.) Substances that could be studied include psilocybin (magic mushrooms), ibogaine, LSD, MDMA (molly or ecstasy), ketamine, and cannabis. The measure specifies that the TREAT Institute is to award funding to support research, clinical trials, training, and education relating to the use of these substances for the treatment of mental health issues. The Institute is to support all stages of the R&D process and is to establish its own associated state regulatory standards and oversight.

Authorizes State Bonds to Fund R&D. The measure authorizes the state to sell a total of $5 billion in general obligation bonds to support TREAT activities. The state may issue no more than $500 million in bonds in any calendar year. The bond funds are intended primarily to support R&D, with no more than 6 percent of total bond funds allowed for administrative costs. The measure would provide the TREAT Institute with an initial $6 million General Fund loan so it could commence its operations, followed by annual General Fund loans of $150 million if the first bonds are not sold in the first fiscal year following passage of the initiative. The Institute would be required to repay these loans within 12 months after the sale of the first bonds. Besides these provisions, the measure specifies that bond proceeds are to cover all associated debt payments for the first five years.

Requires Award Recipients Be Subject to Intellectual Property Agreements. Businesses, universities, and others that receive awards from the TREAT Institute are to be subject to intellectual property agreements intended to balance the potential financial returns to the state with those conducting the R&D. To this end, TREAT award recipients generally must share a portion of the revenue they receive from any new discoveries they develop from R&D funded by the TREAT Institute. For the first 15 years of TREAT’s existence, all associated royalty revenues are to be used for more R&D on psychedelic substances as well as TREAT’s administrative costs. Beginning in year 16, 5 percent of royalty revenues are to be deposited into the General Fund for the broad benefit of the state. The share given to the state is to increase by 5 percentage points a year for each of the next four years—reaching 25 percent of royalty revenues by year 20. The remainder of royalty revenues are to continue being available for R&D and the TREAT Institute’s administrative costs.

Fiscal Effects

Annual State Costs of $220 Million for 30 Years to Repay the Bonds. We estimate the cost to repay the bonds (both principal and interest) would average about $220 million General Fund each year for 30 years, with costs totaling $6.6 billion over the period. Given inflationary effects over the 30-year period, the total cost of the bonds is projected to be about 10 percent more expensive than if the state paid in cash. The annual payments would be less than 1 percent of state General Fund revenue. Assuming no other state bonds were enacted, the state’s debt load would remain moderate according to various measures.

About $100 Million in Initial Bond Payments Paid by Bond Proceeds. We estimate a total of about $100 million in bond funds would be used to pay bond costs from 2025 through 2029. The total amount of bond funds available for the main activities of the initiative would be affected accordingly—reduced from $5 billion to an estimated $4.9 billion. During this initial five-year period, the state General Fund would not incur associated costs. The state’s annual General Fund payments would commence in 2030.

State Could Receive Some Revenue From New Discoveries. If TREAT award recipients discover new drugs, the state would receive some associated revenue. Because the R&D process can be lengthy, the state likely would not derive such revenue in the initial few years after TREAT-funded R&D commenced. Moreover, the amount of revenue derived in this way is uncertain. Many times, R&D does not lead to new discoveries, but, in a few cases, new discoveries (such as a new drug) are very lucrative. The amount the state receives also will be affected by the specific terms of the intellectual property agreements that the TREAT Institute negotiates with TREAT award recipients.

Other Possible Fiscal Effects. The measure could result in indirect fiscal effects on state and local governments. For example, to the extent the measure results in new mental health treatments that are more cost-effective than existing treatments, state and local governments could experience savings in some programs such as Medi-Cal, the state’s subsidized health care program for low-income people. Alternatively, government costs could increase if promising new treatments are more expensive or if more staff are needed to support their implementation. The magnitude and direction of these and other indirect effects are unknown.

Summary of Fiscal Effects. This initiative would have the following major, direct fiscal effect:

• Average state costs of about $220 million each year for 30 years, with costs totaling $6.6 billion over the period. 

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More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

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Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .

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Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.

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Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.

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Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.

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EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence

The use of artificial intelligence in the EU will be regulated by the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive AI law. Find out how it will protect you.

As part of its digital strategy , the EU wants to regulate artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure better conditions for the development and use of this innovative technology. AI can create many benefits , such as better healthcare; safer and cleaner transport; more efficient manufacturing; and cheaper and more sustainable energy.

In April 2021, the European Commission proposed the first EU regulatory framework for AI. It says that AI systems that can be used in different applications are analysed and classified according to the risk they pose to users. The different risk levels will mean more or less regulation.

Learn more about what artificial intelligence is and how it is used

What Parliament wants in AI legislation

Parliament's priority is to make sure that AI systems used in the EU are safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory and environmentally friendly. AI systems should be overseen by people, rather than by automation, to prevent harmful outcomes.

Parliament also wants to establish a technology-neutral, uniform definition for AI that could be applied to future AI systems.

Learn more about Parliament’s work on AI and its vision for AI’s future

AI Act: different rules for different risk levels

The new rules establish obligations for providers and users depending on the level of risk from artificial intelligence. While many AI systems pose minimal risk, they need to be assessed.

Unacceptable risk

Unacceptable risk AI systems are systems considered a threat to people and will be banned. They include:

• Cognitive behavioural manipulation of people or specific vulnerable groups: for example voice-activated toys that encourage dangerous behaviour in children
• Social scoring: classifying people based on behaviour, socio-economic status or personal characteristics
• Biometric identification and categorisation of people
• Real-time and remote biometric identification systems, such as facial recognition

Some exceptions may be allowed for law enforcement purposes. “Real-time” remote biometric identification systems will be allowed in a limited number of serious cases, while “post” remote biometric identification systems, where identification occurs after a significant delay, will be allowed to prosecute serious crimes and only after court approval.

AI systems that negatively affect safety or fundamental rights will be considered high risk and will be divided into two categories:

1) AI systems that are used in products falling under the EU’s product safety legislation . This includes toys, aviation, cars, medical devices and lifts.

2) AI systems falling into specific areas that will have to be registered in an EU database:

• Management and operation of critical infrastructure
• Education and vocational training
• Employment, worker management and access to self-employment
• Access to and enjoyment of essential private services and public services and benefits
• Law enforcement
• Migration, asylum and border control management
• Assistance in legal interpretation and application of the law.

All high-risk AI systems will be assessed before being put on the market and also throughout their lifecycle. People will have the right to file complaints about AI systems to designated national authorities.

Transparency requirements

Generative AI, like ChatGPT, will not be classified as high-risk, but will have to comply with transparency requirements and EU copyright law:

• Disclosing that the content was generated by AI
• Designing the model to prevent it from generating illegal content
• Publishing summaries of copyrighted data used for training

High-impact general-purpose AI models that might pose systemic risk, such as the more advanced AI model GPT-4, would have to undergo thorough evaluations and any serious incidents would have to be reported to the European Commission.

Content that is either generated or modified with the help of AI - images, audio or video files (for example deepfakes) - need to be clearly labelled as AI generated so that users are aware when they come across such content.

Supporting innovation

The law aims to offer start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises opportunities to develop and train AI models before their release to the general public.

That is why it requires that national authorities provide companies with a testing environment that simulates conditions close to the real world.

The Parliament adopted the Artificial Intelligence Act in March 2024 . It will be fully applicable 24 months after entry into force, but some parts will be applicable sooner:

• The ban of AI systems posing unacceptable risks will apply six months after the entry into force
• Codes of practice will apply nine months after entry into force
• Rules on general-purpose AI systems that need to comply with transparency requirements will apply 12 months after the entry into force

High-risk systems will have more time to comply with the requirements as the obligations concerning them will become applicable 36 months after the entry into force.

More on the EU’s digital measures

• Cryptocurrency dangers and the benefits of EU legislation
• Fighting cybercrime: new EU cybersecurity laws explained
• Boosting data sharing in the EU: what are the benefits?
• EU Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act
• Five ways the European Parliament wants to protect online gamers
• Artificial Intelligence Act

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