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Research Project – Definition, Writing Guide and Ideas

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Research Project

Definition :

Research Project is a planned and systematic investigation into a specific area of interest or problem, with the goal of generating new knowledge, insights, or solutions. It typically involves identifying a research question or hypothesis, designing a study to test it, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on the findings.

Types of Research Project

Types of Research Projects are as follows:

Basic Research

This type of research focuses on advancing knowledge and understanding of a subject area or phenomenon, without any specific application or practical use in mind. The primary goal is to expand scientific or theoretical knowledge in a particular field.

Applied Research

Applied research is aimed at solving practical problems or addressing specific issues. This type of research seeks to develop solutions or improve existing products, services or processes.

Action Research

Action research is conducted by practitioners and aimed at solving specific problems or improving practices in a particular context. It involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners, and often involves iterative cycles of data collection and analysis, with the goal of improving practices.

Quantitative Research

This type of research uses numerical data to investigate relationships between variables or to test hypotheses. It typically involves large-scale data collection through surveys, experiments, or secondary data analysis.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research focuses on understanding and interpreting phenomena from the perspective of the people involved. It involves collecting and analyzing data in the form of text, images, or other non-numerical forms.

Mixed Methods Research

Mixed methods research combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative research, using multiple data sources and methods to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

Longitudinal Research

This type of research involves studying a group of individuals or phenomena over an extended period of time, often years or decades. It is useful for understanding changes and developments over time.

Case Study Research

Case study research involves in-depth investigation of a particular case or phenomenon, often within a specific context. It is useful for understanding complex phenomena in their real-life settings.

Participatory Research

Participatory research involves active involvement of the people or communities being studied in the research process. It emphasizes collaboration, empowerment, and the co-production of knowledge.

Research Project Methodology

Research Project Methodology refers to the process of conducting research in an organized and systematic manner to answer a specific research question or to test a hypothesis. A well-designed research project methodology ensures that the research is rigorous, valid, and reliable, and that the findings are meaningful and can be used to inform decision-making.

There are several steps involved in research project methodology, which are described below:

Define the Research Question

The first step in any research project is to clearly define the research question or problem. This involves identifying the purpose of the research, the scope of the research, and the key variables that will be studied.

Develop a Research Plan

Once the research question has been defined, the next step is to develop a research plan. This plan outlines the methodology that will be used to collect and analyze data, including the research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Collect Data

The data collection phase involves gathering information through various methods, such as surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, or secondary data analysis. The data collected should be relevant to the research question and should be of sufficient quantity and quality to enable meaningful analysis.

Analyze Data

Once the data has been collected, it is analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques or other methods. The analysis should be guided by the research question and should aim to identify patterns, trends, relationships, or other insights that can inform the research findings.

Interpret and Report Findings

The final step in the research project methodology is to interpret the findings and report them in a clear and concise manner. This involves summarizing the results, discussing their implications, and drawing conclusions that can be used to inform decision-making.

Research Project Writing Guide

Here are some guidelines to help you in writing a successful research project:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that you are interested in and that is relevant to your field of study. It is important to choose a topic that is specific and focused enough to allow for in-depth research and analysis.
• Conduct a literature review : Conduct a thorough review of the existing research on your topic. This will help you to identify gaps in the literature and to develop a research question or hypothesis.
• Develop a research question or hypothesis : Based on your literature review, develop a clear research question or hypothesis that you will investigate in your study.
• Design your study: Choose an appropriate research design and methodology to answer your research question or test your hypothesis. This may include choosing a sample, selecting measures or instruments, and determining data collection methods.
• Collect data: Collect data using your chosen methods and instruments. Be sure to follow ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants if necessary.
• Analyze data: Analyze your data using appropriate statistical or qualitative methods. Be sure to clearly report your findings and provide interpretations based on your research question or hypothesis.
• Discuss your findings : Discuss your findings in the context of the existing literature and your research question or hypothesis. Identify any limitations or implications of your study and suggest directions for future research.
• Write your project: Write your research project in a clear and organized manner, following the appropriate format and style guidelines for your field of study. Be sure to include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
• Revise and edit: Revise and edit your project for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Be sure to proofread for spelling, grammar, and formatting errors.
• Cite your sources: Cite your sources accurately and appropriately using the appropriate citation style for your field of study.

Examples of Research Projects

Some Examples of Research Projects are as follows:

• Investigating the effects of a new medication on patients with a particular disease or condition.
• Exploring the impact of exercise on mental health and well-being.
• Studying the effectiveness of a new teaching method in improving student learning outcomes.
• Examining the impact of social media on political participation and engagement.
• Investigating the efficacy of a new therapy for a specific mental health disorder.
• Exploring the use of renewable energy sources in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change.
• Studying the effects of a new agricultural technique on crop yields and environmental sustainability.
• Investigating the effectiveness of a new technology in improving business productivity and efficiency.
• Examining the impact of a new public policy on social inequality and access to resources.
• Exploring the factors that influence consumer behavior in a specific market.

Characteristics of Research Project

Here are some of the characteristics that are often associated with research projects:

• Clear objective: A research project is designed to answer a specific question or solve a particular problem. The objective of the research should be clearly defined from the outset.
• Systematic approach: A research project is typically carried out using a structured and systematic approach that involves careful planning, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
• Rigorous methodology: A research project should employ a rigorous methodology that is appropriate for the research question being investigated. This may involve the use of statistical analysis, surveys, experiments, or other methods.
• Data collection : A research project involves collecting data from a variety of sources, including primary sources (such as surveys or experiments) and secondary sources (such as published literature or databases).
• Analysis and interpretation : Once the data has been collected, it needs to be analyzed and interpreted. This involves using statistical techniques or other methods to identify patterns or relationships in the data.
• Conclusion and implications : A research project should lead to a clear conclusion that answers the research question. It should also identify the implications of the findings for future research or practice.
• Communication: The results of the research project should be communicated clearly and effectively, using appropriate language and visual aids, to a range of audiences, including peers, stakeholders, and the wider public.

Importance of Research Project

Research projects are an essential part of the process of generating new knowledge and advancing our understanding of various fields of study. Here are some of the key reasons why research projects are important:

• Advancing knowledge : Research projects are designed to generate new knowledge and insights into particular topics or questions. This knowledge can be used to inform policies, practices, and decision-making processes across a range of fields.
• Solving problems: Research projects can help to identify solutions to real-world problems by providing a better understanding of the causes and effects of particular issues.
• Developing new technologies: Research projects can lead to the development of new technologies or products that can improve people’s lives or address societal challenges.
• Improving health outcomes: Research projects can contribute to improving health outcomes by identifying new treatments, diagnostic tools, or preventive strategies.
• Enhancing education: Research projects can enhance education by providing new insights into teaching and learning methods, curriculum development, and student learning outcomes.
• Informing public policy : Research projects can inform public policy by providing evidence-based recommendations and guidance on issues related to health, education, environment, social justice, and other areas.
• Enhancing professional development : Research projects can enhance the professional development of researchers by providing opportunities to develop new skills, collaborate with colleagues, and share knowledge with others.

Research Project Ideas

Following are some Research Project Ideas:

Field: Psychology

• Investigating the impact of social support on coping strategies among individuals with chronic illnesses.
• Exploring the relationship between childhood trauma and adult attachment styles.
• Examining the effects of exercise on cognitive function and brain health in older adults.
• Investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on decision making and risk-taking behavior.
• Exploring the relationship between personality traits and leadership styles in the workplace.
• Examining the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating anxiety disorders.
• Investigating the relationship between social comparison and body dissatisfaction in young women.
• Exploring the impact of parenting styles on children’s emotional regulation and behavior.
• Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for treating depression.
• Examining the relationship between childhood adversity and later-life health outcomes.

Field: Economics

• Analyzing the impact of trade agreements on economic growth in developing countries.
• Examining the effects of tax policy on income distribution and poverty reduction.
• Investigating the relationship between foreign aid and economic development in low-income countries.
• Exploring the impact of globalization on labor markets and job displacement.
• Analyzing the impact of minimum wage laws on employment and income levels.
• Investigating the effectiveness of monetary policy in managing inflation and unemployment.
• Examining the relationship between economic freedom and entrepreneurship.
• Analyzing the impact of income inequality on social mobility and economic opportunity.
• Investigating the role of education in economic development.
• Examining the effectiveness of different healthcare financing systems in promoting health equity.

Field: Sociology

• Investigating the impact of social media on political polarization and civic engagement.
• Examining the effects of neighborhood characteristics on health outcomes.
• Analyzing the impact of immigration policies on social integration and cultural diversity.
• Investigating the relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in older adults.
• Exploring the impact of income inequality on social cohesion and trust.
• Analyzing the effects of gender and race discrimination on career advancement and pay equity.
• Investigating the relationship between social networks and health behaviors.
• Examining the effectiveness of community-based interventions for reducing crime and violence.
• Analyzing the impact of social class on cultural consumption and taste.
• Investigating the relationship between religious affiliation and social attitudes.

Field: Computer Science

• Developing an algorithm for detecting fake news on social media.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different machine learning algorithms for image recognition.
• Developing a natural language processing tool for sentiment analysis of customer reviews.
• Analyzing the security implications of blockchain technology for online transactions.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different recommendation algorithms for personalized advertising.
• Developing an artificial intelligence chatbot for mental health counseling.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different algorithms for optimizing online advertising campaigns.
• Developing a machine learning model for predicting consumer behavior in online marketplaces.
• Analyzing the privacy implications of different data sharing policies for online platforms.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different algorithms for predicting stock market trends.

Field: Education

• Investigating the impact of teacher-student relationships on academic achievement.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different pedagogical approaches for promoting student engagement and motivation.
• Examining the effects of school choice policies on academic achievement and social mobility.
• Investigating the impact of technology on learning outcomes and academic achievement.
• Analyzing the effects of school funding disparities on educational equity and achievement gaps.
• Investigating the relationship between school climate and student mental health outcomes.
• Examining the effectiveness of different teaching strategies for promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Investigating the impact of social-emotional learning programs on student behavior and academic achievement.
• Analyzing the effects of standardized testing on student motivation and academic achievement.

Field: Environmental Science

• Investigating the impact of climate change on species distribution and biodiversity.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different renewable energy technologies in reducing carbon emissions.
• Examining the impact of air pollution on human health outcomes.
• Investigating the relationship between urbanization and deforestation in developing countries.
• Analyzing the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Investigating the impact of land use change on soil fertility and ecosystem services.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different conservation policies and programs for protecting endangered species and habitats.
• Investigating the relationship between climate change and water resources in arid regions.
• Examining the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Investigating the effects of different agricultural practices on soil health and nutrient cycling.

Field: Linguistics

• Analyzing the impact of language diversity on social integration and cultural identity.
• Investigating the relationship between language and cognition in bilingual individuals.
• Examining the effects of language contact and language change on linguistic diversity.
• Investigating the role of language in shaping cultural norms and values.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different language teaching methodologies for second language acquisition.
• Investigating the relationship between language proficiency and academic achievement.
• Examining the impact of language policy on language use and language attitudes.
• Investigating the role of language in shaping gender and social identities.
• Analyzing the effects of dialect contact on language variation and change.
• Investigating the relationship between language and emotion expression.

Field: Political Science

• Analyzing the impact of electoral systems on women’s political representation.
• Investigating the relationship between political ideology and attitudes towards immigration.
• Examining the effects of political polarization on democratic institutions and political stability.
• Investigating the impact of social media on political participation and civic engagement.
• Analyzing the effects of authoritarianism on human rights and civil liberties.
• Investigating the relationship between public opinion and foreign policy decisions.
• Examining the impact of international organizations on global governance and cooperation.
• Investigating the effectiveness of different conflict resolution strategies in resolving ethnic and religious conflicts.
• Analyzing the effects of corruption on economic development and political stability.
• Investigating the role of international law in regulating global governance and human rights.

Field: Medicine

• Investigating the impact of lifestyle factors on chronic disease risk and prevention.
• Examining the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for mental health disorders.
• Investigating the relationship between genetics and disease susceptibility.
• Analyzing the effects of social determinants of health on health outcomes and health disparities.
• Investigating the impact of different healthcare delivery models on patient outcomes and cost effectiveness.
• Examining the effectiveness of different prevention and treatment strategies for infectious diseases.
• Investigating the relationship between healthcare provider communication skills and patient satisfaction and outcomes.
• Analyzing the effects of medical error and patient safety on healthcare quality and outcomes.
• Investigating the impact of different pharmaceutical pricing policies on access to essential medicines.
• Examining the effectiveness of different rehabilitation approaches for improving function and quality of life in individuals with disabilities.

Field: Anthropology

• Analyzing the impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures and identities.
• Investigating the relationship between cultural practices and health outcomes in different populations.
• Examining the effects of globalization on cultural diversity and cultural exchange.
• Investigating the role of language in cultural transmission and preservation.
• Analyzing the effects of cultural contact on cultural change and adaptation.
• Investigating the impact of different migration policies on immigrant integration and acculturation.
• Examining the role of gender and sexuality in cultural norms and values.
• Investigating the impact of cultural heritage preservation on tourism and economic development.
• Analyzing the effects of cultural revitalization movements on indigenous communities.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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11.1 The Purpose of Research Writing

Learning objectives.

• Identify reasons to research writing projects.
• Outline the steps of the research writing process.

Why was the Great Wall of China built? What have scientists learned about the possibility of life on Mars? What roles did women play in the American Revolution? How does the human brain create, store, and retrieve memories? Who invented the game of football, and how has it changed over the years?

You may know the answers to these questions off the top of your head. If you are like most people, however, you find answers to tough questions like these by searching the Internet, visiting the library, or asking others for information. To put it simply, you perform research.

Whether you are a scientist, an artist, a paralegal, or a parent, you probably perform research in your everyday life. When your boss, your instructor, or a family member asks you a question that you do not know the answer to, you locate relevant information, analyze your findings, and share your results. Locating, analyzing, and sharing information are key steps in the research process, and in this chapter, you will learn more about each step. By developing your research writing skills, you will prepare yourself to answer any question no matter how challenging.

Reasons for Research

When you perform research, you are essentially trying to solve a mystery—you want to know how something works or why something happened. In other words, you want to answer a question that you (and other people) have about the world. This is one of the most basic reasons for performing research.

But the research process does not end when you have solved your mystery. Imagine what would happen if a detective collected enough evidence to solve a criminal case, but she never shared her solution with the authorities. Presenting what you have learned from research can be just as important as performing the research. Research results can be presented in a variety of ways, but one of the most popular—and effective—presentation forms is the research paper . A research paper presents an original thesis, or purpose statement, about a topic and develops that thesis with information gathered from a variety of sources.

If you are curious about the possibility of life on Mars, for example, you might choose to research the topic. What will you do, though, when your research is complete? You will need a way to put your thoughts together in a logical, coherent manner. You may want to use the facts you have learned to create a narrative or to support an argument. And you may want to show the results of your research to your friends, your teachers, or even the editors of magazines and journals. Writing a research paper is an ideal way to organize thoughts, craft narratives or make arguments based on research, and share your newfound knowledge with the world.

Write a paragraph about a time when you used research in your everyday life. Did you look for the cheapest way to travel from Houston to Denver? Did you search for a way to remove gum from the bottom of your shoe? In your paragraph, explain what you wanted to research, how you performed the research, and what you learned as a result.

Research Writing and the Academic Paper

No matter what field of study you are interested in, you will most likely be asked to write a research paper during your academic career. For example, a student in an art history course might write a research paper about an artist’s work. Similarly, a student in a psychology course might write a research paper about current findings in childhood development.

Having to write a research paper may feel intimidating at first. After all, researching and writing a long paper requires a lot of time, effort, and organization. However, writing a research paper can also be a great opportunity to explore a topic that is particularly interesting to you. The research process allows you to gain expertise on a topic of your choice, and the writing process helps you remember what you have learned and understand it on a deeper level.

Research Writing at Work

Knowing how to write a good research paper is a valuable skill that will serve you well throughout your career. Whether you are developing a new product, studying the best way to perform a procedure, or learning about challenges and opportunities in your field of employment, you will use research techniques to guide your exploration. You may even need to create a written report of your findings. And because effective communication is essential to any company, employers seek to hire people who can write clearly and professionally.

Writing at Work

Take a few minutes to think about each of the following careers. How might each of these professionals use researching and research writing skills on the job?

• Medical laboratory technician
• Small business owner
• Information technology professional
• Freelance magazine writer

A medical laboratory technician or information technology professional might do research to learn about the latest technological developments in either of these fields. A small business owner might conduct research to learn about the latest trends in his or her industry. A freelance magazine writer may need to research a given topic to write an informed, up-to-date article.

Think about the job of your dreams. How might you use research writing skills to perform that job? Create a list of ways in which strong researching, organizing, writing, and critical thinking skills could help you succeed at your dream job. How might these skills help you obtain that job?

Steps of the Research Writing Process

How does a research paper grow from a folder of brainstormed notes to a polished final draft? No two projects are identical, but most projects follow a series of six basic steps.

These are the steps in the research writing process:

• Choose a topic.
• Plan and schedule time to research and write.
• Conduct research.
• Organize research and ideas.
• Draft your paper.
• Revise and edit your paper.

Each of these steps will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter. For now, though, we will take a brief look at what each step involves.

Step 1: Choosing a Topic

As you may recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , to narrow the focus of your topic, you may try freewriting exercises, such as brainstorming. You may also need to ask a specific research question —a broad, open-ended question that will guide your research—as well as propose a possible answer, or a working thesis . You may use your research question and your working thesis to create a research proposal . In a research proposal, you present your main research question, any related subquestions you plan to explore, and your working thesis.

Step 2: Planning and Scheduling

Before you start researching your topic, take time to plan your researching and writing schedule. Research projects can take days, weeks, or even months to complete. Creating a schedule is a good way to ensure that you do not end up being overwhelmed by all the work you have to do as the deadline approaches.

During this step of the process, it is also a good idea to plan the resources and organizational tools you will use to keep yourself on track throughout the project. Flowcharts, calendars, and checklists can all help you stick to your schedule. See Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” , Section 11.2 “Steps in Developing a Research Proposal” for an example of a research schedule.

Step 3: Conducting Research

When going about your research, you will likely use a variety of sources—anything from books and periodicals to video presentations and in-person interviews.

Your sources will include both primary sources and secondary sources . Primary sources provide firsthand information or raw data. For example, surveys, in-person interviews, and historical documents are primary sources. Secondary sources, such as biographies, literary reviews, or magazine articles, include some analysis or interpretation of the information presented. As you conduct research, you will take detailed, careful notes about your discoveries. You will also evaluate the reliability of each source you find.

Step 4: Organizing Research and the Writer’s Ideas

When your research is complete, you will organize your findings and decide which sources to cite in your paper. You will also have an opportunity to evaluate the evidence you have collected and determine whether it supports your thesis, or the focus of your paper. You may decide to adjust your thesis or conduct additional research to ensure that your thesis is well supported.

Remember, your working thesis is not set in stone. You can and should change your working thesis throughout the research writing process if the evidence you find does not support your original thesis. Never try to force evidence to fit your argument. For example, your working thesis is “Mars cannot support life-forms.” Yet, a week into researching your topic, you find an article in the New York Times detailing new findings of bacteria under the Martian surface. Instead of trying to argue that bacteria are not life forms, you might instead alter your thesis to “Mars cannot support complex life-forms.”

Step 5: Drafting Your Paper

Now you are ready to combine your research findings with your critical analysis of the results in a rough draft. You will incorporate source materials into your paper and discuss each source thoughtfully in relation to your thesis or purpose statement.

When you cite your reference sources, it is important to pay close attention to standard conventions for citing sources in order to avoid plagiarism , or the practice of using someone else’s words without acknowledging the source. Later in this chapter, you will learn how to incorporate sources in your paper and avoid some of the most common pitfalls of attributing information.

Step 6: Revising and Editing Your Paper

In the final step of the research writing process, you will revise and polish your paper. You might reorganize your paper’s structure or revise for unity and cohesion, ensuring that each element in your paper flows into the next logically and naturally. You will also make sure that your paper uses an appropriate and consistent tone.

Once you feel confident in the strength of your writing, you will edit your paper for proper spelling, grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and formatting. When you complete this final step, you will have transformed a simple idea or question into a thoroughly researched and well-written paper you can be proud of!

Review the steps of the research writing process. Then answer the questions on your own sheet of paper.

• In which steps of the research writing process are you allowed to change your thesis?
• In step 2, which types of information should you include in your project schedule?
• What might happen if you eliminated step 4 from the research writing process?

Key Takeaways

• People undertake research projects throughout their academic and professional careers in order to answer specific questions, share their findings with others, increase their understanding of challenging topics, and strengthen their researching, writing, and analytical skills.
• The research writing process generally comprises six steps: choosing a topic, scheduling and planning time for research and writing, conducting research, organizing research and ideas, drafting a paper, and revising and editing the paper.

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Undergraduate Research: Importance, Benefits, and Challenges

Developing and maintaining undergraduate research programs benefits students, faculty mentors, and the university. Incorporating a research component along with a sound academic foundation enables students to develop independent critical thinking skills along with oral and written communication skills. The research process impacts valuable learning objectives that have lasting influence as undergraduates prepare for professional service. Faculty members at teaching intensive institutions can enhance learning experiences for students while benefiting from a productive research agenda. The university in turn benefits from presentations and publications that serve to increase visibility in the scientific community. Whether projects are derived through student-generated or mentor-generated means, students benefit from completion of exposure to the hypothesis-driven scientific method.

Does research have an appropriate place in the undergraduate curriculum of an exercise science-based department? Published findings, as well as personal experience, suggest that developing and maintaining undergraduate research benefits the students, the faculty mentors, the university or institution, and eventually society at large. Additionally, the scientific community places increasing importance on research performed at primarily undergraduate institutions. Since 1978, the Council on Undergraduate Research has promoted research opportunities for faculty and students at predominantly undergraduate institutions. This national organization of individual and institutional members currently represents over 900 colleges and universities with 3,000 members ( 1 ). The National Conferences for Undergraduate Research provides a venue for undergraduates to present findings at an annual meeting which featured 2,800 presenters in 2008 ( 4 ).

Our belief is that an exercise science curriculum provides students the opportunity to become responsible professionals of competence and integrity in the area of health and human performance. The components necessary for professional competency in exercise-related fields include an understanding of the basic concepts and literature in the health-related specialty that is being studied and knowledge of the terminology or technical language used professionally. Incorporation of research methodology and the hypothesis-driven scientific process can build on this foundation through the development of independent critical thinking skills as well as oral and written communication skills. Independent thinking can instill in the undergraduate student the confidence to form one’s own conclusion based on available evidence. Undergraduate students who took classes in the same department where the research projects occurred reported having increased independence of thought, a more intrinsic motivation to learn, and a more active role in learning ( 3 ). Thus, the research process has a very favorable impact on valuable learning objectives as undergraduates prepare for their respective professions.

Further benefits to the student have been reported and disseminated from the SURE study (Survey of Undergraduate Research Experiences) ( 3 ). Undergraduate students who completed a mentored research program identified multiple areas from which they benefited. Of interest to us as advisors of an undergraduate research curriculum were the following items, which were reported as being positively impacted by the research experience (for a complete list, see Figure 1 of Ref. 3 ):

• Understanding the research process
• Understanding how scientists work on problems
• Learning lab techniques
• Developing skills in the interpretation of results
• The ability to analyze data
• The ability to integrate theory and practice

However, participation in an undergraduate research experience also benefited students in areas that can reach beyond academia ( 3 ).

• Having tolerance for obstacles
• Learning to work independently
• Understanding how knowledge is constructed
• Self confidence
• Understanding that assertions require supporting evidence
• Clarification of a career path

These benefits persisted after a 9-month follow-up survey, suggesting some lasting changes in undergraduates’ perceptions of the value of research. The fact that participation in undergraduate research helps students clarify a career path is valuable not only for the student, but for society at large. Students who complete an undergraduate research opportunity report increased interest in careers in the areas of science, technology, engineering, or mathematics ( 7 ). After an undergraduate research experience, 68% of students stated they had some increased interest in pursuing a STEM career (i.e. Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics) ( 7 ). Additionally, 29% developed a new expectation of obtaining a PhD due to the experience of undergraduate research ( 7 ). This increased interest in careers in STEM benefits society at large as students develop interest in highly skilled professions that promote independence, collaboration, and innovation.

One of our own students, in response to a departmental exit survey stated, “research methodology is an important portion of the curriculum because graduate schools and supervisors are impressed when they see this on your resume, plus it’s a great experience.” We certainly believe undergraduate research to be an advantage when seeking post-graduate training; however, experience in research methodology is beneficial to all students not just those seeking further training after graduation. Ethical study and application of the scientific process develops critical thinking and independence necessary for achieving the highest standards of quality in scholarship, service and leadership. Developing skills in critical thinking and communication will allow students to emerge as leaders in multiple professions after graduation.

Faculty mentors also benefit from the undergraduate research process. The faculty mentor can initiate or continue a productive research agenda while at a teaching intensive institution. Interactions with students in the research process can enhance teaching ( 1 ) through the use of the scientific process as a class objective and by incorporating lab skills into the research process. This again facilitates the students moving from classroom theory to practical experience to solidify learning. Further, the university or institution will benefit from the publications, abstracts, and local, regional, national, or international presentations that increase visibility in the scientific community.

The scientific community also recognizes the importance of undergraduate research. Several national agencies have directly identified undergraduate research for funding initiatives. Funding for undergraduate research has been specifically identified by National Science Foundation which recently allocated $33 million for the Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program (REU) ( 6 ). This competitive mechanism typically funds an undergraduate student for a 10 week mentored project with a $3,000 – 4,000 stipend. The National Institute of Health has also announced the R15 mechanism or AREA grant which can provide an institution with up to $150,000 over 1 to 3 years for faculty mentored research at traditionally teaching institutions ( 5 ). An additional national funding opportunity for undergraduate students is the Howard Hughes Undergraduate Research Fellows Program providing a $2,600 stipend and possible tuition waiver ( 2 ).

Fifteen years ago, the faculty in our department had the foresight to require each senior to complete an individual research project. The implementation of a research project was quite a progressive idea for 1993, particularly in an undergraduate department housed within a liberal arts university whose mission was almost exclusively teaching focused. At the time, students in our department designed their projects, collected data, and presented their results in a single 15 week semester. The process of completing the research project has endured numerous transformations throughout the years and has morphed into its current state, a year-long faculty mentored research endeavor. The students learn research methodology and develop their research projects in one semester, while data is collected, analyzed, and presented during the second semester. The capstone assignments for the research projects include a journal-style manuscript, a poster presentation, and an oral presentation given to the faculty and staff of the department. Additionally, all students are required to present their research at local or state conferences and many have gone on to present at regional, national, and even international conferences.

Two schools of thought predominate when determining the research topics: a student-generated research topic versus a mentor-generated research topic. The former requires the student to perform a thorough literature review prior to the development of the project to ensure the project is novel. The student must then develop his or her own faculty-mentored methodology in order to appropriately answer the research question. This method provides a well-rounded research experience; however, the projects tend to be less sophisticated when compared to the mentor-generated projects. The more classic, mentor-generated projects often provide students with the opportunity for greater exposure to advanced laboratory techniques. However, as these projects are ongoing the student has less input into research design and methodology. Each method has its unique benefits and limitations, yet both result in excellent research experiences for the students. The decision to choose one method over the other often is dictated by the interests and future goals of the individual student. Those students who are interested in graduate or professional school tend to migrate towards mentor-generated projects in order to gain additional laboratory experience, though students can and often do chose a student-generated projects.

As we look to the future of our undergraduate research program, we continue to pursue opportunities to improve the quality of instruction and mentoring provided to our students with the hope that this will enrich the research experience for our students. We believe the greatest limitation to an established undergraduate research curriculum is monetary support. Many universities have an Undergraduate Research Office that provides small stipends for the students to travel and present research. We have found that our students are willing to present at regional or national conferences, but many do not have the funds for travel, registration, and professional membership dues, and therefore, often choose not to present their research. Thus, if we desire our students to gain the valuable experience of presenting at larger conferences (other than state or local), the financial burden lies with the student and/or the department. However, the precedent has been set within our university and other universities to seek external donations from community members who are committed to the development of future scientists. Such donations could provide the stimulus for increased research activity by making available stipends for students as well as for faculty mentors. The additional financial support would not only increase the quality of the research projects, but could also provide the much-needed support for students to present their data at larger conferences.

As faculty, we believe the research experience is extremely valuable for our students. It provides multiple benefits to students and faculty, as described above. However, those that have mentored research projects know it can be a trying or frustrating experience at times. Therefore, it is particularly gratifying to hear our students speak positively about the research process. One student reported last year, “I am really glad that I had the opportunity to complete a research project. It is an excellent tool for learning how to perform research, but also it has taught me skills I can use to complete any task.” For our purposes, this may be the primary goal of undergraduate research: students learn how to perform research, but they also learn problem-solving skills that translate to arenas beyond the classroom or laboratory.

10 Reasons Why Research is Important

No matter what career field you’re in or how high up you are, there’s always more to learn . The same applies to your personal life. No matter how many experiences you have or how diverse your social circle, there are things you don’t know. Research unlocks the unknowns, lets you explore the world from different perspectives, and fuels a deeper understanding. In some areas, research is an essential part of success. In others, it may not be absolutely necessary, but it has many benefits. Here are ten reasons why research is important:

#1. Research expands your knowledge base

The most obvious reason to do research is that you’ll learn more. There’s always more to learn about a topic, even if you are already well-versed in it. If you aren’t, research allows you to build on any personal experience you have with the subject. The process of research opens up new opportunities for learning and growth.

#2. Research gives you the latest information

Research encourages you to find the most recent information available . In certain fields, especially scientific ones, there’s always new information and discoveries being made. Staying updated prevents you from falling behind and giving info that’s inaccurate or doesn’t paint the whole picture. With the latest info, you’ll be better equipped to talk about a subject and build on ideas.

#3. Research helps you know what you’re up against

In business, you’ll have competition. Researching your competitors and what they’re up to helps you formulate your plans and strategies. You can figure out what sets you apart. In other types of research, like medicine, your research might identify diseases, classify symptoms, and come up with ways to tackle them. Even if your “enemy” isn’t an actual person or competitor, there’s always some kind of antagonist force or problem that research can help you deal with.

#4. Research builds your credibility

People will take what you have to say more seriously when they can tell you’re informed. Doing research gives you a solid foundation on which you can build your ideas and opinions. You can speak with confidence about what you know is accurate. When you’ve done the research, it’s much harder for someone to poke holes in what you’re saying. Your research should be focused on the best sources. If your “research” consists of opinions from non-experts, you won’t be very credible. When your research is good, though, people are more likely to pay attention.

#5. Research helps you narrow your scope

When you’re circling a topic for the first time, you might not be exactly sure where to start. Most of the time, the amount of work ahead of you is overwhelming. Whether you’re writing a paper or formulating a business plan, it’s important to narrow the scope at some point. Research helps you identify the most unique and/or important themes. You can choose the themes that fit best with the project and its goals.

#6. Research teaches you better discernment

Doing a lot of research helps you sift through low-quality and high-quality information. The more research you do on a topic, the better you’ll get at discerning what’s accurate and what’s not. You’ll also get better at discerning the gray areas where information may be technically correct but used to draw questionable conclusions.

#7. Research introduces you to new ideas

You may already have opinions and ideas about a topic when you start researching. The more you research, the more viewpoints you’ll come across. This encourages you to entertain new ideas and perhaps take a closer look at yours. You might change your mind about something or, at least, figure out how to position your ideas as the best ones.

#8. Research helps with problem-solving

Whether it’s a personal or professional problem, it helps to look outside yourself for help. Depending on what the issue is, your research can focus on what others have done before. You might just need more information, so you can make an informed plan of attack and an informed decision. When you know you’ve collected good information, you’ll feel much more confident in your solution.

#9. Research helps you reach people

Research is used to help raise awareness of issues like climate change , racial discrimination, gender inequality , and more. Without hard facts, it’s very difficult to prove that climate change is getting worse or that gender inequality isn’t progressing as quickly as it should. The public needs to know what the facts are, so they have a clear idea of what “getting worse” or “not progressing” actually means. Research also entails going beyond the raw data and sharing real-life stories that have a more personal impact on people.

#10. Research encourages curiosity

Having curiosity and a love of learning take you far in life. Research opens you up to different opinions and new ideas. It also builds discerning and analytical skills. The research process rewards curiosity. When you’re committed to learning, you’re always in a place of growth. Curiosity is also good for your health. Studies show curiosity is associated with higher levels of positivity, better satisfaction with life, and lower anxiety.

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Inquiry and the Research Process

Tips for ensuring that your students’ research fosters genuine inquiry.

Over the summer, I had a fascinating conversation with a group of educators. After spending several days discussing ways to encourage student inquiry, a technology specialist raised a pointed question: “What if the librarians already have a district-approved research process? Does what we’re doing conflict?” As I pondered her question, I realized a fundamental problem: inquiry and research had somehow morphed into synonyms.

Instead of answering her question, I posed another one: “Can students do research without inquiry, or inquiry without a formal research process?”

The Research Process and Active Learning

Over 10 years ago, our school librarian introduced me to the Kentucky Virtual Library research process . Using a gameboard as an interface, the process presents students with concrete steps to support their planning, searching, note taking, and writing. The clearly articulated steps, logical progression, and embedded strategies supported our students as they located, identified, and evaluated information. Though intended for elementary students, it provided a concrete pathway for our middle schoolers as well. We even printed out the main page of the website and gave the students stickers to mark off each task they completed.

While this research process helps students locate and evaluate information about any topic, it does not ensure that they have an opportunity to ask questions, investigate problems, or make connections to their own personal experience. By definition, inquiry requires students to engage in active learning by generating their own driving questions, seeking out answers, and exploring complex problems. Research, though often a component of inquiry, addresses the process of finding answers.

A teacher and I recently discussed this dichotomy. She explained that in her upcoming animal adaptation unit, the students would research a specific animal. They would locate facts about the animal’s appearance, habitat, etc., to fill in a provided outline.

Though the teacher provided excellent scaffolding of the research process so that her students could look up information from multiple sources, articulate their findings, and document their learning, inquiry would imply that the students asked the questions. We brainstormed what might happen if we asked students a driving question such as: “Why do some animals from around the world look the same and others look very different?” The students would still work through the research process, but they would also have to define same and then apply their definition.

When we asked our fourth graders this question during their study of animals in Africa, they drove the question around the world. Though they began their investigation by examining the similarities in physical characteristics between different animals in the same habitats, they quickly started asking questions on a global level. Besides physical characteristics, what traits do animals in the same habitat share? Do animals in the the same biome, but on a different continent, have similar traits? Why are some animals found on multiple continents while others are unique to just one location?

Another great example of scaffolded inquiry that I’ve seen recently comes from educators Anthony Egbers and Kerryn White of South Africa. They used Book Creator to make a workbook to guide their students in exploring the concept of the Cradle of Humankind . Unlike the Kentucky Virtual Library research process, theirs focuses as much on the questions that students ask as on the information that they find and evaluate.

Three Strategies to Encourage Inquiry

In the workshop that sparked this debate, we considered three strategies for encouraging student inquiry. First, we examined the use of visible thinking routines. These question sets—such as See Think Wonder and Think Puzzle Explore —scaffold students’ questioning and reflection so that they deeply consider both content and context. Sometimes, students need structure to begin asking questions.

Next, instead of focusing a research project on a topic or concept, we considered the power of an essential question. According to Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe, essential questions do not lead to a single answer but instead serve as a catalyst for discussion, require higher-order thinking skills such as inference and evaluation, and spark more questions (that lead to even more inquiry).

Finally, inquiry should tap into student curiosity and wonder. In his book The Falconer , Grant Lichtman discusses the importance of “what if?” questions. As an example, he poses this question: “What if the sun rose in the West and set in the East?” While the immediate reaction may be to just state that it doesn’t, what if it did? What would that imply? What else might have to happen? By asking such questions, teachers remove all limitations to how students may respond. Similarly, world-renowned innovator Min Basadur suggests framing questions with “How might we _____?” He argues that question stems such as this spark more imaginative thinking and remove judgment from perceived answers.

This brings us back to that original question: Can there be research without inquiry and inquiry without research? Consider the power of a science lab. Students generate questions, formulate a hypothesis, investigate their theory, and then use their observations to develop an understanding of their discovery. Apps such as Desmos and Geogebra allow students to engage in inquiry with math. They can ask questions about mathematical concepts, explore simulations and scenarios, and manipulate formulas, as they explore complex phenomena that previously could not be addressed through active, hands-on learning.

While research can certainly exist as a stand-alone process, inquiry should ultimately drive students to view research as a means through which they can seek out new ideas, answer new questions, and wrestle with complex problems.

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Six Reasons Why Research is Important

Everyone conducts research in some form or another from a young age, whether news, books, or browsing the Internet. Internet users come across thoughts, ideas, or perspectives - the curiosity that drives the desire to explore. However, when research is essential to make practical decisions, the nature of the study alters - it all depends on its application and purpose. For instance, skilled research offered as a  research paper service  has a definite objective, and it is focused and organized. Professional research helps derive inferences and conclusions from solving problems. visit the HB tool services for the amazing research tools that will help to solve your problems regarding the research on any project.

What is the Importance of Research?

The primary goal of the research is to guide action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to the growth of knowledge in data analysis. This article discusses the importance of research and the multiple reasons why it is beneficial to everyone, not just students and scientists.

On the other hand, research is important in business decision-making because it can assist in making better decisions when combined with their experience and intuition.

Reasons for the Importance of Research

• Acquire Knowledge Effectively
• Research helps in problem-solving
• Provides the latest information
• Builds credibility
• Helps in business success
• Discover and Seize opportunities

1-  Acquire Knowledge Efficiently through Research

The most apparent reason to conduct research is to understand more. Even if you think you know everything there is to know about a subject, there is always more to learn. Research helps you expand on any prior knowledge you have of the subject. The research process creates new opportunities for learning and progress.

2- Research Helps in Problem-solving

Problem-solving can be divided into several components, which require knowledge and analysis, for example,  identification of issues, cause identification,  identifying potential solutions, decision to take action, monitoring and evaluation of activity and outcomes.

You may just require additional knowledge to formulate an informed strategy and make an informed decision. When you know you've gathered reliable data, you'll be a lot more confident in your answer.

3- Research Provides the Latest Information

Research enables you to seek out the most up-to-date facts. There is always new knowledge and discoveries in various sectors, particularly scientific ones. Staying updated keeps you from falling behind and providing inaccurate or incomplete information. You'll be better prepared to discuss a topic and build on ideas if you have the most up-to-date information. With the help of tools and certifications such as CIRS , you may learn internet research skills quickly and easily. Internet research can provide instant, global access to information.

4- Research Builds Credibility

Research provides a solid basis for formulating thoughts and views. You can speak confidently about something you know to be true. It's much more difficult for someone to find flaws in your arguments after you've finished your tasks. In your study, you should prioritize the most reputable sources. Your research should focus on the most reliable sources. You won't be credible if your "research" comprises non-experts' opinions. People are more inclined to pay attention if your research is excellent.

5-  Research Helps in Business Success

R&D might also help you gain a competitive advantage. Finding ways to make things run more smoothly and differentiate a company's products from those of its competitors can help to increase a company's market worth.

6-  Research Discover and Seize Opportunities

People can maximize their potential and achieve their goals through various opportunities provided by research. These include getting jobs, scholarships, educational subsidies, projects, commercial collaboration, and budgeted travel. Research is essential for anyone looking for work or a change of environment. Unemployed people will have a better chance of finding potential employers through job advertisements or agencies. 

How to Improve Your Research Skills

Start with the big picture and work your way down.

It might be hard to figure out where to start when you start researching. There's nothing wrong with a simple internet search to get you started. Online resources like Google and Wikipedia are a great way to get a general idea of a subject, even though they aren't always correct. They usually give a basic overview with a short history and any important points.

Identify Reliable Source

Not every source is reliable, so it's critical that you can tell the difference between the good ones and the bad ones. To find a reliable source, use your analytical and critical thinking skills and ask yourself the following questions: Is this source consistent with other sources I've discovered? Is the author a subject matter expert? Is there a conflict of interest in the author's point of view on this topic?

Validate Information from Various Sources

Take in new information.

The purpose of research is to find answers to your questions, not back up what you already assume. Only looking for confirmation is a minimal way to research because it forces you to pick and choose what information you get and stops you from getting the most accurate picture of the subject. When you do research, keep an open mind to learn as much as possible.

Facilitates Learning Process

Learning new things and implementing them in daily life can be frustrating. Finding relevant and credible information requires specialized training and web search skills due to the sheer enormity of the Internet and the rapid growth of indexed web pages. On the other hand, short courses and Certifications like CIRS make the research process more accessible. CIRS Certification offers complete knowledge from beginner to expert level. You can become a Certified Professional Researcher and get a high-paying job, but you'll also be much more efficient and skilled at filtering out reliable data. You can learn more about becoming a Certified Professional Researcher.

Stay Organized

You'll see a lot of different material during the process of gathering data, from web pages to PDFs to videos. You must keep all of this information organized in some way so that you don't lose anything or forget to mention something properly. There are many ways to keep your research project organized, but here are a few of the most common:  Learning Management Software , Bookmarks in your browser, index cards, and a bibliography that you can add to as you go are all excellent tools for writing.

Make Use of the library's Resources

If you still have questions about researching, don't worry—even if you're not a student performing academic or course-related research, there are many resources available to assist you. Many high school and university libraries, in reality, provide resources not only for staff and students but also for the general public. Look for research guidelines or access to specific databases on the library's website. Association of Internet Research Specialists enjoys sharing informational content such as research-related articles , research papers , specialized search engines list compiled from various sources, and contributions from our members and in-house experts.

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The value of a good research plan

A research plan is a guiding framework that can make or break the efficiency and success of your research project. Oftentimes teams avoid them because they’ve earned a reputation as a dry or actionless document — however, this doesn’t have to be the case.

In this article, we’ll go over the most important aspects of a good research plan and show you how they can be visual and actionable with monday.com Work OS.

Don’t miss more quality content!

Why is the research plan pivotal to a research project.

A research plan is pivotal to a research project because it identifies and helps define your focus, method, and goals while also outlining the research project from start to finish.

This type of plan is often necessary to:

• Apply for grants or internal company funding.
• Discover possible research partners or business partners.
• Take your research from an idea into reality.

It will also control the entire journey of the research project through every stage by defining crucial research questions and the hypothesis (theory) that you’ll strive to prove or disprove.

What goes into a research plan?

The contents of a thorough research plan should include a hypothesis, methodology, and more. There is some variation between academic and commercial research, but these are common elements:

• Hypothesis:  the problem you are trying to solve and the basis for a theoretical solution. For example, if I reduce my intake of calories, I’ll lose weight.
• Research questions: research questions help guide your investigation into particular issues. If you were looking into the potential impact of outsourcing production, you might ask something like: how would outsourcing impact our production costs?
• Research method: the method you’ll use to get the data for your research. For example, a case study, survey, interviews, a clinical trial, or user tests.
• Definitions: a glossary for the research plan, explaining the terminology that you use throughout the document.
• Conceptual frameworks:  a conceptual framework helps illustrate what you think you’ll discover with your research. In a sense, it’s a visual representation of a more complex hypothesis.

For commercial plans, there will also likely be a budget and timeline estimate, as well as concrete hypothetical benefits for the company (such as how much money the project should save you).

OK, so you’ve got a handle on the building blocks of a research plan, but how should you actually write it?

How do you write a research plan on monday.com?

The first, and perhaps most crucial part of having a good research plan is having the right medium for creating and sharing it. Using a pre-defined template can also make it much easier to get started.

On monday.com, you can choose from several templates like the Project Proposal Template or better yet the Research Power Tools Template to manage all aspects of your project including important communication with internal and external stakeholders and teammates.

Use your template to:

• Create workdocs
• Upload assets
• Provide feedback
• Assign task owners
• Automate communication

The next step in writing a research plan is choosing the topic. To pick the right topic, focus on these factors:

• What are the priorities of the potential funder/employer, such as the company or institution?
• Are there any relevant recent studies with results you can build on and explore with further research?
• Can you creatively adapt your experience — whether post-grad or professional — to make you the natural candidate? They don’t just need to believe in the research project, but also in your ability to manage it successfully.

Do your research, no pun intended. Once you’ve got the topic, you need to work on fleshing out the core ideas with the building blocks we mentioned above.

• Get specific with your research questions and goals. Don’t go with, “how can we revolutionize our HR practices?” Instead use, “what is the economic and environmental impact of only accepting digital CVs?”
• Use clear language aimed at gatekeepers.  If it’s a CTO (Chief Technology Officer) or a lab committee, you can use well-known technical terms. If they aren’t technical experts, adjust accordingly.
• Include preliminary data or highlight similar studies.  For companies, showing that a similar approach helped a competitor is a better argument than an empty assertion.

The recommended length of the plan depends on who you’re sending it to and their expectations. If possible, look at successful examples or directly ask your potential employers about their preferences. Not only do you need the right idea, but you also need to present it in the right way for your research project to have a fighting chance.

What is a good research plan?

A good research plan is one that gets accepted and funded to start doing the research.

If you want to plan a pivotal study, it’s not enough to consider the problem in a vacuum. You also need to evaluate how you can best communicate the value of your project to the gatekeepers.

Consider the entirety of your current situation and what that means for your project.

For example, inputs like funding, staff, IP, and how the scale of the project lines up with your company’s research budget. Or how it aligns with the goals of a University program. If the primary goal of the research is to impact a company or government agency directly, you should consider these stages of research engagement.

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• Inputs: anything from funding and staff to company IP that you need to both run the project and implement any results. Does this line up with the budget?
• Activities: case studies, trials, surveys, the actual research.
• Outputs: the final reports, any publications, and raw data.
• Outcome: how will it directly impact the company, organization, or larger society?
• Impacts: what are the indirect benefits or downsides?

In an internal research proposal, you can outline these aspects in separate sections. That allows different execs or managers to focus on the details that matter most to them. You must also work to engage stakeholders  and make sure that they understand the importance of your project.

Frequently asked questions

What are the 5 purposes of research.

The 2 primary purposes of research are to gather information or test an existing theory. When broken down further, you can see 5 more specific purposes:

• Exploratory research  is an early-stage inquiry that explores a topic for further study down the line, like exploring the deep ocean with a submersible vehicle.
• Descriptive research  aims to explore and describe a specific substance, person, or phenomenon.
• Explanatory research  is about figuring out the causal relationship, why something happens.
• Predictive research  is all about trying to predict what might happen in specific situations based on the properties of the research object.
• Meta-research  looks for overarching insights from multiple sources and tests the validity of common hypotheses.

What is a research work plan?

A research work plan is another name for a research plan, which is a critical component of any research proposal. Universities, labs, and companies use them to evaluate research projects before they decide to accept them.

As a researcher, it’s essential when targeting a funding opportunity of any kind.

What are the methods of research?

There are many research methods ranging from a simple online survey to a high-budget clinical study. Here are some examples of popular data collection methods:

• Clinical trials
• Experiments
• Case studies
• Observations

Which one is right for your plan depends on your hypothesis, goals, industry regulations, and more.

Create a dynamic research plan

If you want to turn your research project into a reality, you need to go beyond the academic and into management mode.

With a template from monday.com, you can plan out a research project from start to finish. Including goals and objectives, budget estimates, milestones, and more.

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• Aims and Objectives – A Guide for Academic Writing
• Doing a PhD

One of the most important aspects of a thesis, dissertation or research paper is the correct formulation of the aims and objectives. This is because your aims and objectives will establish the scope, depth and direction that your research will ultimately take. An effective set of aims and objectives will give your research focus and your reader clarity, with your aims indicating what is to be achieved, and your objectives indicating how it will be achieved.

Introduction

There is no getting away from the importance of the aims and objectives in determining the success of your research project. Unfortunately, however, it is an aspect that many students struggle with, and ultimately end up doing poorly. Given their importance, if you suspect that there is even the smallest possibility that you belong to this group of students, we strongly recommend you read this page in full.

This page describes what research aims and objectives are, how they differ from each other, how to write them correctly, and the common mistakes students make and how to avoid them. An example of a good aim and objectives from a past thesis has also been deconstructed to help your understanding.

What Are Aims and Objectives?

Research aims.

A research aim describes the main goal or the overarching purpose of your research project.

In doing so, it acts as a focal point for your research and provides your readers with clarity as to what your study is all about. Because of this, research aims are almost always located within its own subsection under the introduction section of a research document, regardless of whether it’s a thesis , a dissertation, or a research paper .

A research aim is usually formulated as a broad statement of the main goal of the research and can range in length from a single sentence to a short paragraph. Although the exact format may vary according to preference, they should all describe why your research is needed (i.e. the context), what it sets out to accomplish (the actual aim) and, briefly, how it intends to accomplish it (overview of your objectives).

To give an example, we have extracted the following research aim from a real PhD thesis:

Example of a Research Aim

The role of diametrical cup deformation as a factor to unsatisfactory implant performance has not been widely reported. The aim of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the diametrical deformation behaviour of acetabular cups and shells following impaction into the reamed acetabulum. The influence of a range of factors on deformation was investigated to ascertain if cup and shell deformation may be high enough to potentially contribute to early failure and high wear rates in metal-on-metal implants.

Note: Extracted with permission from thesis titled “T he Impact And Deformation Of Press-Fit Metal Acetabular Components ” produced by Dr H Hothi of previously Queen Mary University of London.

Research Objectives

Where a research aim specifies what your study will answer, research objectives specify how your study will answer it.

They divide your research aim into several smaller parts, each of which represents a key section of your research project. As a result, almost all research objectives take the form of a numbered list, with each item usually receiving its own chapter in a dissertation or thesis.

Following the example of the research aim shared above, here are it’s real research objectives as an example:

Example of a Research Objective

• Develop finite element models using explicit dynamics to mimic mallet blows during cup/shell insertion, initially using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum.
• Investigate the number, velocity and position of impacts needed to insert a cup.
• Determine the relationship between the size of interference between the cup and cavity and deformation for different cup types.
• Investigate the influence of non-uniform cup support and varying the orientation of the component in the cavity on deformation.
• Examine the influence of errors during reaming of the acetabulum which introduce ovality to the cavity.
• Determine the relationship between changes in the geometry of the component and deformation for different cup designs.
• Develop three dimensional pelvis models with non-uniform bone material properties from a range of patients with varying bone quality.
• Use the key parameters that influence deformation, as identified in the foam models to determine the range of deformations that may occur clinically using the anatomic models and if these deformations are clinically significant.

It’s worth noting that researchers sometimes use research questions instead of research objectives, or in other cases both. From a high-level perspective, research questions and research objectives make the same statements, but just in different formats.

Taking the first three research objectives as an example, they can be restructured into research questions as follows:

Restructuring Research Objectives as Research Questions

• Can finite element models using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum together with explicit dynamics be used to mimic mallet blows during cup/shell insertion?
• What is the number, velocity and position of impacts needed to insert a cup?
• What is the relationship between the size of interference between the cup and cavity and deformation for different cup types?

Difference Between Aims and Objectives

Hopefully the above explanations make clear the differences between aims and objectives, but to clarify:

• The research aim focus on what the research project is intended to achieve; research objectives focus on how the aim will be achieved.
• Research aims are relatively broad; research objectives are specific.
• Research aims focus on a project’s long-term outcomes; research objectives focus on its immediate, short-term outcomes.
• A research aim can be written in a single sentence or short paragraph; research objectives should be written as a numbered list.

How to Write Aims and Objectives

Before we discuss how to write a clear set of research aims and objectives, we should make it clear that there is no single way they must be written. Each researcher will approach their aims and objectives slightly differently, and often your supervisor will influence the formulation of yours on the basis of their own preferences.

Regardless, there are some basic principles that you should observe for good practice; these principles are described below.

Your aim should be made up of three parts that answer the below questions:

• Why is this research required?
• What is this research about?
• How are you going to do it?

The easiest way to achieve this would be to address each question in its own sentence, although it does not matter whether you combine them or write multiple sentences for each, the key is to address each one.

The first question, why , provides context to your research project, the second question, what , describes the aim of your research, and the last question, how , acts as an introduction to your objectives which will immediately follow.

Scroll through the image set below to see the ‘why, what and how’ associated with our research aim example.

Note: Your research aims need not be limited to one. Some individuals per to define one broad ‘overarching aim’ of a project and then adopt two or three specific research aims for their thesis or dissertation. Remember, however, that in order for your assessors to consider your research project complete, you will need to prove you have fulfilled all of the aims you set out to achieve. Therefore, while having more than one research aim is not necessarily disadvantageous, consider whether a single overarching one will do.

Research Objectives

Each of your research objectives should be SMART :

• Specific – is there any ambiguity in the action you are going to undertake, or is it focused and well-defined?
• Measurable – how will you measure progress and determine when you have achieved the action?
• Achievable – do you have the support, resources and facilities required to carry out the action?
• Relevant – is the action essential to the achievement of your research aim?
• Timebound – can you realistically complete the action in the available time alongside your other research tasks?

In addition to being SMART, your research objectives should start with a verb that helps communicate your intent. Common research verbs include:

Table of Research Verbs to Use in Aims and Objectives

Last, format your objectives into a numbered list. This is because when you write your thesis or dissertation, you will at times need to make reference to a specific research objective; structuring your research objectives in a numbered list will provide a clear way of doing this.

To bring all this together, let’s compare the first research objective in the previous example with the above guidance:

Checking Research Objective Example Against Recommended Approach

Research Objective:

1. Develop finite element models using explicit dynamics to mimic mallet blows during cup/shell insertion, initially using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum.

Checking Against Recommended Approach:

Q: Is it specific? A: Yes, it is clear what the student intends to do (produce a finite element model), why they intend to do it (mimic cup/shell blows) and their parameters have been well-defined ( using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum ).

Q: Is it measurable? A: Yes, it is clear that the research objective will be achieved once the finite element model is complete.

Q: Is it achievable? A: Yes, provided the student has access to a computer lab, modelling software and laboratory data.

Q: Is it relevant? A: Yes, mimicking impacts to a cup/shell is fundamental to the overall aim of understanding how they deform when impacted upon.

Q: Is it timebound? A: Yes, it is possible to create a limited-scope finite element model in a relatively short time, especially if you already have experience in modelling.

Q: Does it start with a verb? A: Yes, it starts with ‘develop’, which makes the intent of the objective immediately clear.

Q: Is it a numbered list? A: Yes, it is the first research objective in a list of eight.

Mistakes in Writing Research Aims and Objectives

1. making your research aim too broad.

Having a research aim too broad becomes very difficult to achieve. Normally, this occurs when a student develops their research aim before they have a good understanding of what they want to research. Remember that at the end of your project and during your viva defence , you will have to prove that you have achieved your research aims; if they are too broad, this will be an almost impossible task. In the early stages of your research project, your priority should be to narrow your study to a specific area. A good way to do this is to take the time to study existing literature, question their current approaches, findings and limitations, and consider whether there are any recurring gaps that could be investigated .

Note: Achieving a set of aims does not necessarily mean proving or disproving a theory or hypothesis, even if your research aim was to, but having done enough work to provide a useful and original insight into the principles that underlie your research aim.

2. Making Your Research Objectives Too Ambitious

Be realistic about what you can achieve in the time you have available. It is natural to want to set ambitious research objectives that require sophisticated data collection and analysis, but only completing this with six months before the end of your PhD registration period is not a worthwhile trade-off.

3. Formulating Repetitive Research Objectives

Each research objective should have its own purpose and distinct measurable outcome. To this effect, a common mistake is to form research objectives which have large amounts of overlap. This makes it difficult to determine when an objective is truly complete, and also presents challenges in estimating the duration of objectives when creating your project timeline. It also makes it difficult to structure your thesis into unique chapters, making it more challenging for you to write and for your audience to read.

Fortunately, this oversight can be easily avoided by using SMART objectives.

Hopefully, you now have a good idea of how to create an effective set of aims and objectives for your research project, whether it be a thesis, dissertation or research paper. While it may be tempting to dive directly into your research, spending time on getting your aims and objectives right will give your research clear direction. This won’t only reduce the likelihood of problems arising later down the line, but will also lead to a more thorough and coherent research project.

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the importance of a good research plan

Have you ever embarked on a research project and found yourself struggling to stay on track, or feeling lost and unsure of what to do next? A research plan can help you avoid these challenges and ensure that your research project is a success.

In this article, we'll dive into the key features of a research plan, and outline the steps you can take to create one for your research project. Whether you're a student, researcher, or professional, you'll learn what is the importance of having a research plan and how to make one that will help you achieve your research goals.

What is a Research Plan in a Project Management?

A research plan in project management can be thought of as a blueprint for the research that will be done as part of the project. Essentially, it's a roadmap that outlines everything from the background of the project to the methods and techniques that will be used, to the timeline and resources required to carry out the research.

At its core, the purpose of a research plan is to make sure the research is organized, and systematic and contributes to the overall success of the project.

What are the 5 purposes of research?

Research is at the heart of human progress, and it serves a variety of purposes. Here are five key reasons why research is essential:

Knowledge Expansion

Research helps us better understand the world around us, uncovering new information and deepening our understanding of existing knowledge.

Problem Solving

Through research, we can identify the root causes of complex issues and develop innovative solutions to tackle them.

Policy Development

Research findings inform evidence-based policymaking, ensuring that decisions are grounded in data and best practices.

Technological Advancements

Scientific research paves the way for groundbreaking inventions and technological advancements that shape our lives.

Skill Development

The research process hones critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills, which are essential in today's fast-paced, ever-changing world.

What are the methods of research?

Various research methods are available to choose from, depending on your research question and objectives. Here are a few common methods:

Qualitative Research

This method focuses on exploring human experiences and understanding the meanings people attach to their actions or surroundings. It often involves interviews, focus groups, and observations.

Quantitative Research

Quantitative research seeks to quantify data and analyze relationships between variables using statistical methods. Surveys, experiments, and numerical data analysis are common in this approach.

Mixed Methods

This approach combines both qualitative and quantitative methods, capitalizing on the strengths of each to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research question.

Experimental Research

In this method, researchers manipulate one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable, allowing for causal inferences.

Case Studies

Case studies involve an in-depth examination of a specific situation or example, offering rich insights into the complexities of real-world phenomena.

When selecting your research method, consider the goals and context of your study. Keep in mind that the choice of method can significantly impact the outcomes and conclusions drawn from your research.

What goes into a research plan?

Here are some of the key components you might expect to see in a research plan:

1.       Background: This section gives a brief overview of what the project is all about and why the research is being done.

2.      Objectives: Here, you'll find the clear and specific goals for the research, along with the questions that will be answered and the outcomes that are expected.

3.    Methods: This section lays out the different methods that will be used to gather information, such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or experiments.

4.      Participants: You'll learn about the people who will be included in the research, along with the criteria for choosing them and how many participants there will be.

5.       Data collection: This section provides a detailed plan for how the data will be gathered, including the tools that will be used and the procedures for collecting and storing the information.

6.    Data analysis: Here, you'll find the plan for analyzing the data and what statistical methods will be used to do so.

7.       Timelines: This section outlines the schedule for carrying out the research, with deadlines for each step of the process.

8.      Budget: This part provides an estimate of the resources that will be required, including personnel, equipment, and materials.

9.       Ethical considerations: This section addresses important ethical issues, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and data protection.

Overall, a well-designed research plan is an essential part of successful project management, helping to minimize risk and reduce the chances of errors or delays.

Research Plan Features

Conducting a study can be compared to planning a road trip with your friends. Just like a well-planned road trip, a successful study requires a solid research plan. A research plan acts as a roadmap that guides you through the entire process, from start to finish, to ensure a successful outcome.

A study can have unexpected challenges and obstacles. For example, you may encounter bad weather or road closures on your trip. In a study, you may encounter unexpected challenges, like missing data or a lack of participants. But, with a well-planned research plan, you'll be prepared to handle these challenges and keep moving forward toward your destination.

Just like reaching your destination on a road trip, a successful study requires patience and persistence. You may encounter detours and delays, but with a clear roadmap, you'll be able to reach your destination. In a study, you may encounter setbacks, but with a solid research plan, you'll be able to overcome these challenges and achieve a successful outcome.

Here are some of the key features you need to include in your research plan:

Feature 1: Objectives and Goals - The Destination

Your research objectives and goals are like the destination you're trying to reach on your road trip. Just as you need to know where you're headed, your research plan should clearly define what you hope to achieve through your study. This includes defining the questions you want to answer, the outcomes you expect to see, and the impact you aim to have.

For example, if you're studying the effects of a new drug on patients with a specific illness, your objectives and goals might be to determine the drug's effectiveness and safety.

Feature 2: Methodology - The Route

Your methodology outlines the methods and techniques you'll use to conduct your study, just like choosing the best route for your road trip. This includes the study design, sample size, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. The methodology should be chosen based on your research question, available resources , and limitations of your study.

For example, if you're studying the impact of a new teaching method on student performance, your methodology might include conducting a randomized control trial to compare the new method to traditional teaching methods.

Feature 3: Timelines and Budgets - The Map

Your timelines and budgets act as the map you'll use to plan your road trip. Your research plan should include a schedule of when each aspect of your study will be completed and the resources you'll need to complete the project. These should be realistic and achievable, allowing for contingencies in case of unexpected events.

For example, if you're conducting a study on the effects of a new environmental policy on air quality, your timeline might include conducting air quality tests before and after the policy is implemented, and your budget might include the cost of the tests, equipment, and labor.

How to Write a Research Plan

Writing a research plan can seem overwhelming, especially if you're just starting. But trust me, having a solid plan in place will make the whole research process a lot smoother. A research plan is just a roadmap for your research project - it outlines your goals, the methods you'll use to achieve them, and the timeline for getting everything done.

So, where do you even begin with creating a research plan? Here's a step-by-step guide to help you get started:

Step 1: Find Your Focus - Define the Research Question

Before you dive into any research project, you need to have a clear idea of what you want to accomplish. The first step is to define the research question - this will serve as the cornerstone of your project. When formulating your research question, think about the problem you want to solve and how you want to approach it. It's important to make sure your research question is relevant, feasible, and aligns with the overall goals of your project.

Example: If you're interested in exploring the impact of social media on mental health, your research question could be "How does social media usage affect the mental well-being of young adults?"

Step 2: Get to Know the Literature - Review the Literature

Next, you'll want to familiarize yourself with what's already out there on your topic. This is where the literature review comes in - it will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of what's already known and what still needs to be explored. The literature review involves searching academic journals, books, and other sources for information on your topic. By the end of this step, you'll have a solid foundation of knowledge and a better idea of the gaps in the existing knowledge that your research project will fill.

Example: If your research question is about the impact of social media on mental health, you could search for articles and studies that have looked at the relationship between social media usage and mental well-being.

Step 3: Plan Your Attack - Develop the Methodology

Now that you have a good understanding of your topic and what's already out there, it's time to develop a plan for your research project. This is where you'll decide on the research design, sample size, data collection methods, and analysis techniques that will best address your research question. Your methodology should be based on the literature review and should be feasible, ethical, and reliable.

Example: If you're exploring the impact of social media on mental health, you could use a survey to gather data from young adults on their social media usage and mental well-being. You could also use statistical analysis to identify patterns and relationships between these variables.

Step 4: Get Organized - Prepare the Timeline and Budget

Finally, it's time to put all the pieces together and prepare a timeline and budget for your research project. This involves estimating the resources you'll need for each aspect of your project and creating a schedule for completing it. When developing your timeline and budget, it's important to be realistic, achievable, and flexible. Make sure to allow for unexpected events and contingencies.

Example: If you're exploring the impact of social media on mental health, your timeline could include steps like designing the survey, recruiting participants, collecting and analyzing data, and writing up the results. Your budget could include the cost of survey software, printing, and any other resources you'll need to complete the project.

How do you write a research plan on Edworking?

We understand the importance of a good research plan and how it can make or break your work. But where to begin? Enter Edworking, the all-in-one productivity platform that makes planning and executing research projects a breeze. In this article, we'll guide you on how to write a research plan on Edworking while providing helpful resources to empower you throughout the process.

Define your research objective

Before diving headfirst into the sea of research, it's essential to know your destination. What do you want to achieve with your research? By defining clear objectives, you'll be able to stay focused and streamline your efforts. Use Edworking's task management feature to create tasks and milestones for your objectives, keeping your research plan on track.

Identify your research questions

Once you've set your objectives, it's time to dig deeper. What are the burning questions that need answers? Listing these questions will help you stay on course and ensure you're gathering the right information. Try using the Stories feature in Edworking to share your questions with your team, encouraging open discussion and collaboration.

Outline your methodology

In the world of research, methodology is king. Decide which methods you'll use to collect and analyze data, and consider the ethical implications of your choices. Will you conduct interviews, surveys, or observe from afar? With Edworking's workspace, you can document your methodology in real-time, collaborate with your team, and even publish it as a blog.

Allocate resources and set a timeline

A good research plan needs a realistic timeline and proper resource allocation. Estimate how long each task will take, and assign resources accordingly. Edworking's task management tool lets you assign tasks to team members, track progress, and communicate updates seamlessly.

Monitor and adjust your research plan

Life is full of surprises, and your research plan is no exception. Keep an eye on your progress, and be ready to adapt to new information or unexpected obstacles. By using Edworking's integrated communication tools, you'll be able to pivot and make adjustments in real time, ensuring your research plan stays on course.

In conclusion, writing a research plan on Edworking is a walk in the park when you follow these steps. The platform's integrated features provide everything you need to create, manage, and execute your research plans, allowing you to focus on what truly matters: the success of your project. So, why wait? Sign up for a free demo on Edworking today and bring your research plans to life.

Thank you for taking the time to read this article on the importance of a good research plan. I hope you found it informative and helpful in your research journey. Remember, a solid research plan is the key to a successful research project and can make all the difference in achieving your goals and objectives.

If you're looking for a tool to help you create a research plan that's both well-structured and effective, I highly recommend checking out Edworking . This online platform provides you with all the tools you need to create a comprehensive research plan. With Edworking, you'll be able to streamline the research planning process and ensure that your project is a success. So why not give it a try today and see how it can help you reach your research destination with ease and confidence!

'A small seed of curiosity can grow and mature into a full-fledged thesis project'

Valerie Hu: Biology & Society

A&S Communications

Biology & Society Sunnyvale, Calif.

What is your main extracurricular activity and why is it important to you? 

When I came to Cornell, I knew I wanted to get involved in initiatives that aligned with my personal values of justice and mercy and served a community beyond the one on campus. I joined the Parole Preparation Project (now Cornell University Parole Initiative) and began working with an incarcerated person in preparation for a Parole Board hearing that determines whether he can be released on parole. Along with two other student volunteers, I liaised with community partners to establish a plan for re-entry, gathered various legal and medical documents for the parole packet, and met regularly with the parole applicant in a maximum-security correctional facility to practice for his hearing. Three and a half years later, I now consider the incarcerated applicant I work with not only a teammate and coworker, but also a friend. Through working together, we have found common ground in the pursuit of justice, the importance of family and the role of faith and prayer in guiding our lives. This year, I became a teaching assistant for the Cornell Prison Education Program, going to Auburn Correctional Facility once a week to teach incarcerated students within a French club and an anthropology course, which has allowed me to explore my interests in the intersection of education and incarceration. Due to Cornell’s resources and investment in community engagement, I had the unique opportunity to work within facilities that reveal the immense inequalities in America’s criminal legal system and to play a role in working toward a more equitable world.

What Cornell memory do you treasure the most?         

The Cornell memories I treasure the most are the evenings I’ve hosted potlucks or dinners with large groups of people at my apartment because they embody the best parts of my time at Cornell: community and bringing people together. I’ve invited close friends and acquaintances from my classes, faith community, work and clubs, many of whom do not know each other and otherwise wouldn’t cross paths, and new friendships have been formed. On these evenings, my kitchen and living room are full of conversations and laughter, and the area sometimes gets so warm because of the number of people that we have to open a window even in the winter, while we share food and discover unlikely common ground.

What are the most valuable skills you gained from your Arts & Sciences education?     

I learned how to critically examine the things I see and learn, rather than take them at face value and accept the status quo. I came into college accustomed to the type of learning that consisted of knowing facts and successfully regurgitating them on a test or essay. My eyes were opened to the beauty of academic discourse and debate in one of my first classes at Cornell. For each class topic, we read multiple scientific articles that built upon each other or disagreed with one another. As we discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each scientist’s research findings, I developed critical thinking and analysis skills. I learned not to take at face value every piece of information I am given within the context of a classroom, but gained the courage and confidence to challenge and critique other viewpoints while developing my own.    

What have you accomplished as a Cornell student that you are most proud of?

While working as an investigator at the public defender’s office in D.C., I wondered about a paradoxical observation I made: that people who have had negative experiences with the police seem to call the police a lot. At the beginning of my junior year, I had the opportunity to turn that curiosity into a semester-long research paper for Professor Joseph Margulies’ Crime and Punishment class. I began interviewing young people who have had negative encounters with law enforcement about times they have called the police. The class project evolved beyond the semester into an independent study, and eventually into my senior honors thesis. I’m most proud of my research because I learned that a small seed of curiosity can grow and mature into a full-fledged thesis project. Through my thesis, I’ve been able to combine my interests in social justice with academic pursuits, and I learned how to conduct research that has implications for public policy and social change.

Who or what influenced your Cornell education the most?     

Cru has undoubtedly influenced my Cornell education more than anything else. I came into college with an abundance of questions about meaning and purpose, both generally and personally. Through the Cru community, I have become close friends with people from so many more backgrounds, cultures, and life experiences than I thought possible. Together, we have wrestled with difficult and existential questions. The diverse set of friends offering input and encouragement has been invaluable to my growth, as I figure out who I am and why I’m here. We have also supported each other through some of the most challenging times of sorrow and loss that tested the strength and genuineness of our beliefs. The Cru community has taught me to be resilient in the face of difficulties and to find hope in something bigger than myself. I learned how to allow my personal values to fuel every pursuit —academic, extracurricular, spiritual and personal — and every moment of my life, from the biggest highlights to the utterly mundane.

Every year, our faculty nominate graduating Arts & Sciences students to be featured as part of our Extraordinary Journeys series.  Read more about the Class of 202 4.

More News from A&S

American Sign Language has found a growing home on the Hill

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Missouri Ecological Services Field Office

Projects and Research

Natural resources damage assessment.

The Missouri Field Office manages two very large mining sites, the  Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District  and Tri-State Mining District , that encompass multiple Superfund sites, thousands of acres of impacted land, and hundreds of miles of contaminated streams.  The two mining districts make up the number one historic lead and zinc production areas in the nation, respectively.  Managing these cases requires extensive coordination and collaboration with state partners, Department of the Interior Office of the Solicitor, U.S. EPA and the Department of Justice. 

Outreach and Education

The Missouri Field office is dedicated to supporting conservation education across the state. Staff members often volunteer with partners at events to share the importance of conservation work, research, and partnerships. You can find our table at events such as Columbia Earth Day, Arrow Rock Birds, Bees and Blooms Festival, and many more. In 2023, the Missouri Field Office partnered with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to produce educational videos about bats , crayfish , and freshwater mussels . Those videos can be located in the Missouri Ecological Services Video Library. 

Working closely with biologists and researchers from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Louis District, Missouri Department of Conservation and U.S. Geological Survey, we developed educational videos with several goals in mind. 

• Introduce some of Missouri’s federally listed species
• Spotlight the people working to protect, conserve and recover federally listed species in Missouri
• Demonstrate how our agency and our partners study these animals
• Highlight conservation successes
• Share ways people can help protect and conserve species at home and in their communities.

The Trustees recently amended two Restoration Plans and an agreement in order to provide funding for third-parties to maintain, monitor and administer long-term stewardship of previously funded restoration projects using Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration (NRDAR) funds obtained through various settlement agreements and bankruptcy proceedings. The draft amendment was put out...

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service are seeking public input on two draft Restoration Plans for the Viburnum Trend and the Meramec Basin.  These plans describe efforts to implement woodland and stream restoration on private and public lands in the Viburnum Trend, and to work with land owners in the Big River...

Bats across North America are in decline, scientists across the globe strive to protect them.  Our agency actively collaborates with federal, state and non-governmental partners to conserve and restore listed bat species. The full video series on bat conservation in Missouri can be accessed on YouTube. 

There are more than 600 species of crayfish in the world, and about 400 in North America. Invasive species are negatively impacting ecosystems across the world, including crayfish habit  Our agency actively collaborates federal, state and non-governmental partners to study and protect these aquatic invertebrates. The full video series on crayfish...

Freshwater mussels across the world, including Missouri, are increasingly threatened by habitat loss and degradation. Our agency actively collaborates with federal, state and non-governmental partners to study and protect these essential species. The full video series on freshwater mussel conservation in Missouri can be found on Youtube

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Planning Your Research

• First Online: 03 January 2022

Cite this chapter

• Rob Davidson 5  

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Planning your research is a vital aspect that needs to be done prior to commencement of the research project. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) once stated that if he had an hour to solve a problem he would spend 55 mins thinking about the problem and 5 mins thinking about solutions. This statement underpins the importance of planning, including for research.

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New Zealand. http://www.hrc.govt.nz/ethguid4.htm

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Davidson, R. (2021). Planning Your Research. In: Seeram, E., Davidson, R., England, A., McEntee, M.F. (eds) Research for Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79956-4_3

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Newborn Screening and Genetics: Hemoglobinopathies Project

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The Strengthening Public Health Laboratories: Newborn Screening and Genetics – Hemoglobinopathies Project aims to prevent and lower complications of blood disorders such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia by providing tools and technical assistance.

In 2013, the Association of Public Health Laboratories' (APHL) Newborn Screening and Genetics in Public Health Program and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Division of Blood Disorders and Public Health Genomics (DBDPHG) began working together on the Strengthening Public Health Laboratories: Newborn Screening and Genetics – Hemoglobinopathies Project to help prevent and lower complications related to hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia . 'Hemoglobinopathies' is the medical term for a group of blood disorders and diseases affecting red blood cells.

The project provides public health technical assistance with screening (a test to look for a disease before it is noticeable) activities, including needs assessments for laboratories, as well as education for patients, caregivers, and healthcare workers on hemoglobinopathy screening programs.

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Hemoglobinopathy screening programs, including newborn screening (NBS) , identify which individuals have SCD or thalassemia. These conditions can influence an individual's long-term health or survival. Correctly screening for SCD and thalassemia is important to help individuals and their families get connected to healthcare services, treatment, and support groups to help manage the condition and improve long-term health.

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'Be persistent, be passionate, and be true'

5/17/2024 A&S Communications

Ariel Baksh

Physics Cherry Hill, N.J.

What was your favorite class and why?

My favorite class changes every semester as I take more classes within my major. Currently, my favorite course is one that may change my entire career trajectory; Phys 4444: Particle Physics. Professor Yuval Grossman is one of the best professors within the department of Physics, and his love for the subject translates well to his lecture style. It is through a class I previously took with him, Phys 3317: Applications of Quantum Mechanics, that I first felt as if the underlying physical intuition it takes to be a true student of Physics was finally within my grasp. Professor Grossman described the Particle Physics course as though it is a baby's introduction to Quantum Field Theory, which is in my eyes the most beautiful theory in modern-day Physics. Throughout my whole life, I have been waiting for Physics to finally make sense to me, and it is through this course that I feel like I have finally reached that point. When I was younger, one of the first Physics books that I read was about Particle Physics, so it is no small thing to say I have been waiting for at least ten years to take Particle. However, it is through Professor Grossman's teaching and his way of delivering this seemingly incomprehensible thing in a way that simplifies it and has it make sense that makes me fall in love with the subject even more. To me, the theories of Physics are the most beautiful things in the world, and to have them laid out on a chalkboard and be able to comprehend the thing I have been chasing my entire life leads to a feeling that I cannot even begin to put into words.

What is your main extracurricular activity and why is it important to you?

I have had a few extracurricular activities that I deem important to me, namely being a member of the Cornell Astronomical Society, and the Society of Physics Students. I have had the privilege to hold E-Board positions for both clubs as well, being the Treasurer of the Cornell Astronomical Society for the duration of my sophomore year, and the Treasurer then the President of the Society of Physics Students during my freshman, sophomore, and junior year. It is through these two organizations that I learned invaluable leadership skills, and also met some of my closest friends. Both clubs are important to me in different ways, but it is through being the President of the Society of Physics Students that I was able to become closer with the Department of Physics. Through this position, I was able to get to know the current Director of Undergraduate Studies, Professor Tomás Arias, who has provided invaluable support to me as a Physics major. I owe my extracurricular activities gratitude for teaching me important skills, as well as being the mediums through which I got to know the people who made my time at Cornell invaluable.

What have you accomplished as a Cornell student that you are most proud of?

During my time at Cornell I had the privilege to be part of various research groups. Since my sophomore summer, I have been a member of Professor Nicholas Battaglia's research group, in the field of Cosmology. Through his support, and the support of the McNair Scholars Program which I am a member of, I was able to attend the American Astronomical Society's research conference during my junior year, and presented my then-current work. Throughout my time at Cornell, this has been one of my proudest achievements, and the fact that I was able to present my research at a national conference dedicated to Astronomy is still something I view as unbelievable. As a freshman, I had aspirations to do research, but did not think I would be able to do anything substantial. However, as a junior, being in Seattle for AAS was the most exciting and nerve-wracking experience of my life. Looking back, I view this as my greatest achievement, and the highlight of my research career as an undergraduate.

If you were to offer advice to an incoming first year student, what would you say?

When asked this question, I often think back to myself as a first year student and wonder what would I say to that starry-eyed girl who had no clue what the next four years would bring. As the person on the other end of said four years, I do not think there is anything else to say but this: be persistent, be passionate, and be true. Through persistence, anything is achievable. It is through my persistent pursuit of various things during my time at Cornell that I was able to achieve as much as I did. However, persistence does not come without passion, since the desire to do something must come from a place of affection or devotion. For me, I have always been passionate about Physics, and it is through this passion that I was able to give meaning to my learning, and to hold true to myself, my goals, and my dreams.

'I learned to build expertise in new sub-fields from scratch'

'I made a major contribution to my research group’s software'

'It was incredibly rewarding to tackle such difficult problems'

Projects funded by 2024 New Frontier Grants look toward the future

Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

At michigan state university, international research team uses wavefunction matching to solve quantum many-body problems, new approach makes calculations with realistic interactions possible.

FRIB researchers are part of an international research team solving challenging computational problems in quantum physics using a new method called wavefunction matching. The new approach has applications to fields such as nuclear physics, where it is enabling theoretical calculations of atomic nuclei that were previously not possible. The details are published in Nature (“Wavefunction matching for solving quantum many-body problems”) .

Ab initio methods and their computational challenges

An ab initio method describes a complex system by starting from a description of its elementary components and their interactions. For the case of nuclear physics, the elementary components are protons and neutrons. Some key questions that ab initio calculations can help address are the binding energies and properties of atomic nuclei not yet observed and linking nuclear structure to the underlying interactions among protons and neutrons.

Yet, some ab initio methods struggle to produce reliable calculations for systems with complex interactions. One such method is quantum Monte Carlo simulations. In quantum Monte Carlo simulations, quantities are computed using random or stochastic processes. While quantum Monte Carlo simulations can be efficient and powerful, they have a significant weakness: the sign problem. The sign problem develops when positive and negative weight contributions cancel each other out. This cancellation results in inaccurate final predictions. It is often the case that quantum Monte Carlo simulations can be performed for an approximate or simplified interaction, but the corresponding simulations for realistic interactions produce severe sign problems and are therefore not possible.

Using ‘plastic surgery’ to make calculations possible

The new wavefunction-matching approach is designed to solve such computational problems. The research team—from Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University in Turkey; University of Bonn, Ruhr University Bochum, and Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany; Institute for Basic Science in South Korea; South China Normal University, Sun Yat-Sen University, and Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics in China; Tbilisi State University in Georgia; CEA Paris-Saclay and Université Paris-Saclay in France; and Mississippi State University and the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University (MSU)—includes  Dean Lee , professor of physics at FRIB and in MSU’s Department of Physics and Astronomy and head of the Theoretical Nuclear Science department at FRIB, and  Yuan-Zhuo Ma , postdoctoral research associate at FRIB.

“We are often faced with the situation that we can perform calculations using a simple approximate interaction, but realistic high-fidelity interactions cause severe computational problems,” said Lee. “Wavefunction matching solves this problem by doing plastic surgery. It removes the short-distance part of the high-fidelity interaction, and replaces it with the short-distance part of an easily computable interaction.”

This transformation is done in a way that preserves all of the important properties of the original realistic interaction. Since the new wavefunctions look similar to that of the easily computable interaction, researchers can now perform calculations using the easily computable interaction and apply a standard procedure for handling small corrections called perturbation theory.  A team effort

The research team applied this new method to lattice quantum Monte Carlo simulations for light nuclei, medium-mass nuclei, neutron matter, and nuclear matter. Using precise ab initio calculations, the results closely matched real-world data on nuclear properties such as size, structure, and binding energies. Calculations that were once impossible due to the sign problem can now be performed using wavefunction matching.

“It is a fantastic project and an excellent opportunity to work with the brightest nuclear scientist s in FRIB and around the globe,” said Ma. “As a theorist , I'm also very excited about programming and conducting research on the world's most powerful exascale supercomputers, such as Frontier , which allows us to implement wavefunction matching to explore the mysteries of nuclear physics.”

While the research team focused solely on quantum Monte Carlo simulations, wavefunction matching should be useful for many different ab initio approaches, including both classical and  quantum computing calculations. The researchers at FRIB worked with collaborators at institutions in China, France, Germany, South Korea, Turkey, and United States.

“The work is the culmination of effort over many years to handle the computational problems associated with realistic high-fidelity nuclear interactions,” said Lee. “It is very satisfying to see that the computational problems are cleanly resolved with this new approach. We are grateful to all of the collaboration members who contributed to this project, in particular, the lead author, Serdar Elhatisari.”

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the German Research Foundation, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative, Volkswagen Stiftung, the European Research Council, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Security Academic Fund, the Rare Isotope Science Project of the Institute for Basic Science, the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Institute for Basic Science, and the Espace de Structure et de réactions Nucléaires Théorique.

Michigan State University operates the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) as a user facility for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC), supporting the mission of the DOE-SC Office of Nuclear Physics. Hosting what is designed to be the most powerful heavy-ion accelerator, FRIB enables scientists to make discoveries about the properties of rare isotopes in order to better understand the physics of nuclei, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental interactions, and applications for society, including in medicine, homeland security, and industry.

The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of today’s most pressing challenges. For more information, visit energy.gov/science.

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• Bruce Hamilton 1 , 2 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-2814 Larissa Trease 3 , 4 ,
• Corey Cunningham 4 , 5
• 1 Sports Medicine , High Performance Sport New Zealand AUT Millennium Institute of Sport and Health , Auckland , New Zealand
• 2 SPRINZ , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
• 3 La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre (LASEM) , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
• 4 Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
• 5 New South Wales Institute of Sport , Sydney Olympic Park , New South Wales , Australia
• Correspondence to Dr Bruce Hamilton, Sports Medicine, High Performance Sport New Zealand AUT Millennium Institute of Sport and Health, Auckland, New Zealand; bruce.hamilton{at}hpsnz.org.nz

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108554

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• Sports medicine

Over 20 years ago, Thomas Best and Domhnall MacAuley rhetorically posited that evidence-based sports medicine was potentially a ‘contradiction in terms’. 1 In 2010, Evert Verhagen and Willem van Mechelen stated that ‘most individuals involved in sports medicine are not thoroughly trained in epidemiological and methodological rigour’. 2 Despite these somewhat disparaging views, research has long been recognised as an important component of specialist training in sport and exercise medicine, 3 4 at least in part as a result of academic medical centres demonstrating better patient outcomes. 5 Indeed, the Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP) has centralised the role of research in sports medicine training since its inception in 1985, incorporating a requirement to complete original research as part of fellowship training. 6 Until 2023, in order to graduate from the training programme, registrars were required to complete a series of mandatory research modules and undertake ‘an original research project, and [be] published as first author in an international refereed journal’. 7

As part of an internal 2022 review of the college’s research requirements, several limitations with this research approach were identified including:

A focus on publication in a high-level journal as a binary outcome, rather than the process of research.

Inconsistency with the research requirements with other specialist training programmes in Australia and New Zealand. 8

A reliance on the nuances and publication imperatives of academic journals to determine registrar research outcomes, with resultant delays, difficulties in publishing and an inability to complete the fellowship requirements.

A lack of focus on identifying and developing research competencies.

A lack of access for registrars to research environments, resources and technical capability.

Registrar dissatisfaction, frustration and disengagement with research activities.

The review highlighted a conflict between the desirability of incorporating research requirements into specialist sports medicine training, and the unavoidable challenges of performing quality research. Reflecting this, the Medical Council of New Zealand specifically highlights the importance of ‘enquiry, intellectual curiosity and evidence-based practice’ in specialist training, but also acknowledges that ‘not all trainees will have the inclination, opportunity or aptitude for an extended period of research activity’. 9

Following the 2022 review, the ACSEP ‘doubled down’ on its desire to develop specialists who were competent in critically interpreting, applying and undertaking sports medicine research. While recognising that trainee approaches to research engagement may vary, all trainees are required to contribute to or lead a research study. 8 In essence, the college recognised that while not all specialist sport and exercise registrars were destined to be researchers, all specialists must be able to engage positively in research activity. One size does not fit all. Subsequently, the college overhauled the training programme approach to research with the goal of achieving greater research engagement from both registrars and fellows.

In 2023, the ACSEP formally evolved its training requirements to a competency-based assessment with the removal of the singular publication outcome requirement and providing a range of means by which registrars could complete their individualised ‘research-based activity (RBA)’. While the participation in original research remained a requirement, evidence of developing research competencies such as the formulation of research questions and hypotheses, literature reviews and the development of a research methodology allowed registrars to establish a broad research portfolio in order to complete the training requirements. Furthermore, evidence of ongoing involvement in research and the demonstration of the translation of novel research in sporting or clinical environments can contribute to a registrar’s RBA portfolio.

In recognition of the constraints many registrars face in linking with effective research environments and supervisors, the ACSEP has recruited a technical advisor to support registrars in developing appropriate projects and to guide them towards national and international research support networks. Finally, the college has committed to promoting research from its registrars and fellows with a view to ensuring the ongoing involvement in research is seen as a viable and rewarding professional pathway for sport and exercise physicians.

For the specialty of sport and exercise medicine to thrive requires highly skilled and informed clinicians who are able to interpret and use a broad range of 21st century research techniques. In modernising its research curriculum, the ACSEP hopes to be at the forefront of clinical and evidence-based sports medicine in the decades to come. Evidence-based sports medicine should not be a contradiction.

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• MacAuley D ,
• Verhagen E ,
• van Mechelen W
• Humphries D ,
• Dijkstra HP , et al
• Khullar D ,
• Orav EJ , et al
• Brukner PD ,
• Crichton KJ ,
• Stehlik P ,
• Brandenburg C , et al

X @DrLarissaTrease

Contributors All authors contributed to the development of this editorial.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests CC is the president of the Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians (ACSEP) and BH is the chair of the Research Committee of ACSEP.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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Blue carbon: The potential of coastal and oceanic climate action

The oceans and coasts are the Earth’s climate regulators. Covering 72 percent of the planet’s surface, they have absorbed around 40 percent of carbon emitted by human activities since 1850. 1 Pierre Friedlingstein et al., “Global carbon budget 2019,” Earth System Science Data , 2019, Volume 11, Number 4. Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrass meadows act as deep carbon reservoirs, while marine ecosystems absorb and sequester greenhouse gases (GHG) through the carbon cycle. 2 International Union for Conservation of Nature issues brief , International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), November 2017. The bad news for humankind is that both oceans and coasts are under pressure, amid atmospheric and marine warming, habitat destruction, pollution, and the impacts of overfishing and industrial activity. These destructive factors are undermining the role of oceanic systems in slowing climate change.

Humankind’s impact on coastal and offshore ecosystems is a double-edged sword. While we are responsible for significant destruction, we also have agency over potential outcomes. Through our efforts, we can avert damage to or restore the oceans. This would increase carbon absorption from the atmosphere and move the world toward the net-zero emissions envisaged by the Paris Agreement on climate change. Companies that are seeking to offset their carbon emissions through voluntary and compliance carbon markets, and in particular those whose activities are connected to the oceans, such as the fishing industry, would have a key role to play in facilitating this process.

One of the key tools to tackle climate change is the carbon markets, through which organizations can trade emissions allowances to achieve reduction targets. The vast majority of funding provided by carbon markets is allocated to so-called nature-based solutions (NBS). These are focused on the protection, restoration, and management of natural and modified ecosystems. On land, the most recognizable NBS is planting of trees to restore forests. In this report, we analyze the potential of so-called blue carbon NBS, which are designed to protect or enhance ecosystems on coasts and in the oceans. We consider three categories of blue carbon solutions, which we rank according to their scientific and economic maturity:

• Established solutions: We consider blue carbon NBS to be “established” when they meet minimum standards of scientific understanding and implementation potential. These relatively mature solutions are focused on the protection and restoration of mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. They are more widely understood than many less mature blue carbon solutions, offer scientifically verifiable levels of carbon abatement, and are amenable to funding through the carbon markets. 3 Carlos M. Duarte and Catherine E. Lovelock, “Dimensions of blue carbon and emerging perspectives,” Biology Letters , 2019, Volume 15, Number 3.
• Emerging solutions: Emerging solutions are those for which there is an existing body of peer-reviewed research to quantify CO 2 abatement potential, but for which further research is required to align with funding frameworks such as the Core Carbon Principles, published by the Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets. The emerging category includes the protection and restoration of seaweed forests, extension of seaweed forests, and strategies to reduce bottom trawling.

Nascent solutions: The nascent and potentially largest blue carbon NBS category focuses on the protection or restoration of marine fauna populations. This category is the most challenging in terms of understanding impacts, establishing permanence (preventing leakage), and proving the vital concept of additionality—meaning the benefit would not have accrued anyway, for example, for economic or legal reasons. Fish themselves are not considered a form of carbon sequestration, but they contribute to the effectiveness of the biological carbon pump and therefore to exportation of carbon into the deep sea. Also in the nascent category are reef-based solutions. Healthy reefs may contribute to carbon sequestration through their support for a range of organisms and shell fish.

Due to the scientific challenges around quantification, the nascent category is not yet financeable through carbon markets.

Assessing blue carbon solutions

McKinsey’s new report,  Blue Carbon: The potential of coastal and economic climate action , sizes blue carbon NBS and measures their impacts, costs, and likely access to future funding. It highlights the latest scientific research and leverages McKinsey analysis to estimate abatement or conservation potential on a 2050 timeline. Deep dives on kelp reforestation and bottom trawling show how economies of scale in these emerging solutions could help reduce costs.

Explore COP28 with McKinsey

Join us for a series of dynamic virtual events during COP28. Discover new research, practical strategies, and collaborations across sectors that propel climate action and growth towards net-zero.

If fully implemented, the established class of solutions would offer 0.4 to 1.2 metric gigatons (Gt) of annual CO 2 abatement, or between 1 and 3 percent of total current annual emissions (Exhibit 1). That potential jumps to approximately 3 GtCO 2 of annual abatement (about 7 percent of total current annual emissions) if the solutions in the emerging category, such as large-scale seaweed farming and bottom-trawling management, were to be fully confirmed and implemented. Nascent solutions might add another 1 to 2 GtCO 2 of annual abatement potential in the longer term, but the science remains highly uncertain. 4 Estimate based on emerging and evolving science and the assumptions we outline in this report; $18/tCO 2 based on opportunity cost of lower-end estimate of bottom trawling impact (approximately 0.4 Gt) in emerging category. If bottom trawling is confirmed at full potential (approximately 1.5 Gt), price viability for large portion of abatement potential could drop to approximately $11/tCO 2 . To put these numbers into context, annual human emissions are currently around 40 GtCO 2 . 5 Myles R. Allen et al., Special report: Global warming of 1.5°C: Summary for policymakers , Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018.

Alongside the climate case for blue carbon solutions, there are potentially significant ecosystem benefits. For example, as mangroves recover, fish and marine-fauna populations will expand, supporting both fisheries and nature-based tourism, as well as bolstering coastal protection and filtering runoff. 6 Michael Getzner and Muhammad Shariful Islam, “Ecosystem services of mangrove forests: Results of a meta-analysis of economic values,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 2020, Volume 17, Number 16.

When it comes to costs, preliminary analysis suggests that around one third of the total abatement potential would be viable below $18 per tCO 2 . This is more than the $5 to $15 per tCO 2 average price paid in the voluntary carbon markets but below the $40 to 100 per tCO 2 paid in the European compliance markets over the past year (February 2021–2022) (Exhibit 2). 7 Voluntary carbon markets offer entities or individuals the opportunity to buy GHG or carbon credits to offset their emissions and to finance the avoidance or reduction of emissions from other sources; the $18 per tCO 2 estimate is based on the opportunity cost of the lower-end estimate of bottom-trawling impact (approximately 0.4Gt) in the emerging category. If bottom trawling is confirmed at full potential (approximately 1.5Gt), price viability for a large portion of abatement potential could drop to approximately $11 per tCO 2 ; Kate Abnett, Nina Chestney, Susanna Twidale, “Europe’s carbon price nears the 100 euro milestone,” Reuters , February 6, 2022.

Significant hurdles

While blue carbon solutions are an increasingly viable option to help companies and organizations get to net zero, many promising ideas face significant hurdles. Scientific research into many solutions remains at an early stage, creating uncertainty over the impacts of abatement. For example, it is scientifically unclear how seaweed farming or avoided bottom trawling reduces atmospheric CO 2 (complex biogeochemical cycles in seawater and ocean currents influence net exchange of CO 2 with the atmosphere 8 Peter Macreadie et al. “The future of blue carbon science,” Nature Communications , 2019, Volume 10, Number 3998. ). In addition, there is insufficient modeling of how terrestrial processes such as agricultural runoff and climate change may impact the ocean’s continued ability to sequester carbon. 9 Peter Macreadie et al. “The future of blue carbon science,”  Nature Communications , 2019, Volume 10, Number 3998.

Beyond scientific uncertainty, matters of coastal and marine law are often complex or opaque. Estuarine and coastal environments, which are subject to national jurisdictions, are often governed by numerous subnational regulatory and administrative regimes. Offshore ocean environments are mainly overseen by the consensus-oriented United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and UN Environment Programme. However, individual nations retain rights to resources up to 200 nautical miles from their coastlines. Nearer to shore, disputes over land tenure are common. Finally, in many countries, the practical path to implementation is likely to be bumpy. Coastal blue carbon project developers will need to engage with local communities, respecting traditional access and tenure rights and supporting marine-resource stewardship. We show how some organizations are working to tackle challenges in these areas.

Apple’s blue carbon initiative

Despite varying levels of practicality and scientific certainty, there are viable arguments to suggest that blue carbon solutions present a net opportunity. Indeed, companies are starting to roll out projects as part of their journeys toward net-zero emissions. Apple is working with nonprofit Conservation International to preserve a 27,000-acre mangrove forest in Colombia, the first fully accounted carbon offset credit for a mangrove, expected to sequester one million metric tons of CO 2 over its lifetime. Procter & Gamble, meanwhile, has partnered with the same organization to safeguard 31 species of mangroves in the Philippines.

Another tailwind is the ongoing development of methodologies to report and quantify project impacts. In 2020, standards setter Verra published the first blue carbon conservation methodology approved under any major carbon-offset program. The methodology, which is a revision to the VCS REDD+ Methodology Framework (VM0007), adds blue carbon conservation and restoration activities as eligible project types, and is expected to unlock new sources of funding for tidal wetland conservation and restoration. 10 This methodology provides a set of modules for various components of a methodology for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). The modules, when used together, quantify GHG emission reductions and removals from avoiding unplanned and planned deforestation and forest degradation. This methodology is applicable to forest lands, forested wetlands, forested peatlands, and tidal wetlands that would be deforested or degraded in the absence of the project activity.

Actions to support funding

There is no escaping the fact that blue carbon solutions are, for the most part, in their infancy. Just a trickle of projects have qualified for carbon markets to date, and there are significant financial, practical, and legal hurdles to scaling in ocean and coastal environments. In short, there are deficits in both supply and demand, resulting in a challenging risk-return profile. That said, the science that supports established blue carbon sequestration is sound, and there is clear opportunity for corporations to consider blue carbon opportunities. Moreover, given their beneficial impact on biodiversity and coastal communities, blue carbon solutions are particularly rich in “cobenefits” beyond their abatement profiles. Therefore, amid narrow pathways toward a 1.5°C outcome, the solutions merit serious consideration across financial markets, corporates, and governments .

Financial markets

As in any nascent technology, a key early requirement is to get to sufficient scale to achieve critical mass. At financial institutions, current investment in blue carbon projects is rooted in a broader mismatch between climate ambition and operational resources. Outside the top tier, many banks and investors lack the strategy and capabilities to commit to a relatively marginal asset class. Ticket sizes tend to be small compared with the effort required, and there is often a gap to cost parity with incumbent technologies. To resolve these challenges, financial institutions need to find ways to layer blue carbon into portfolio allocation frameworks and source the knowledge resources that can help them navigate new markets. Even then, there are doubts around returns profiles and timelines. These present significant barriers that need to be overcome if blue carbon is to become established as an alternative to terrestrial solutions.

Corporate scaling opportunities

Companies looking to offset their carbon emissions face similar challenges to those faced by financial institutions. In comparison with more readily available terrestrial credits, blue carbon offset opportunities may appear high risk, subscale, and expensive. Still, Apple and others have shown there are opportunities, particularly in the established class of solutions. For companies focused on the ocean, such as expedition cruise lines, there is also the chance to align their net-zero programs with their real-world activities. Tackling the challenge of scaling both supply and demand, the recently announced Blue Carbon Buyers Alliance aims to aggregate and educate buyers around a clear demand signal, with members committing to funding or purchasing credits from high-quality blue carbon projects. 11 Blue Carbon Buyers Alliance: Scaling blue carbon markets to conserve and restore coastal ecosystems , Business Alliance to Scale Climate Solutions, 2021. These collective, early mover signals could have a significant impact on supply, potentially bringing down prices in the process.

Project leads and governments

To support financial and corporate initiatives, blue carbon project leads have an important role to play. They must seek out more risk-tolerant financing and then design, pilot, and demonstrate project feasibility. This will establish the track record that will support more capital inflows. To create early momentum, they should share their early successes as widely and as comprehensively as possible.

Finally, governments will be critical in scaling participation and funding. A good blueprint is the work of the US Advanced Research Projects Agency, which is tasked with promoting and funding research into advanced energy technologies. In addition, multilateral and development assistance agencies can fund innovative and scalable programs. Progress at the COP26 summit in Glasgow on drafting the terms of a future structure for carbon markets under the revised Article 6 of the Paris Agreement was a positive step, and more progress is expected over the coming year. Governments could also signal support by including blue carbon solutions in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Through these kinds of initiatives, they could nudge blue carbon toward the mainstream, and the world toward a promising new abatement opportunity.

Julien Claes is an associate partner in McKinsey’s Brussels office, Duko Hopman is a partner in the New Jersey office, Gualtiero Jaeger is a consultant in the Miami office, and Matt Rogers is a senior partner emeritus in the Bay Area office.

The authors wish to thank Joe Roman at the University of Vermont, Amy Schmid at Verra, and David Wigan at Perceptive Communications, as well as our McKinsey colleagues Urs Binggeli, Caroline De Vit, Hauke Engel, Kartik Jayaram, Laurent Kinet, Peter Mannion, Sébastien Marlier, Erik Ringvold, Ignus Rocher, Robin Smale, Antoine Stevens, and Matt Stone for their contributions to this article.

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